finitive; as μeilwvn se déçew, too great to be endured. Which has been introduced only to prevent ambiguity, or to adorn the sentence; though sometimes they neglect using these circumlocutions, 25 κάλλιον εὖ ποιεῖν φίλες, οθνείων, Aristot. instead of κάλλιον εὖ παι· eiv pínes, à ölveles, it is more commendable to serve one's friends than strangers: where it is observable, that the genitive ¿tív is governed by the comparative, though there is an accusative before ies, which we must suppose to be done by virtue of the preposition understood.

There is likewise another sort of periphrasis with the prepositions, without : πλείονος δόξης παρὰ Μωσήν ἠξίωται, Heb. xiii. he was counted worthy of more glory than Moses; that is, in comparison with Moses. "Υσερα τὰ ἄλλα πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν, Thucyd. instead of üsiga τñs ageτñs, every thing is inferior to virtue. We find also other prepositions used on this occasion; weg, inig, &c. Ofici τῷ αἰῶνος τότε φρονιμώτεροι ὑπὲς ὑὸς τῇ φωτός, Luke xv. the children of this world are more prudent than the children of light. Which Virgil seems to have imitated.

Scelere ante alios immanior omnes. Æn. I.

They also join other particles with the comparative, to augment its force, as λίαν, πάνυ, μᾶλλον, πολὺ, &c. πάνυ μείζον, a great deal bigger; μädhov étoóregor, much readier, a great deal better prepared; and such like.

Sometimes they put aλor with the positive, instead of the comparative, as magis in Latin: μακάριόν ἐςι διδόναι μᾶλλον ἢ λαμ Cave, it is a happier thing to give than to receive. And sometimes it is understood: καλὸν τὸ μὴ ζῆν ἐσιν, ή ζῆν ἀθλίως, Menander, it is better to be dead, than to live in misery. 'Ayabòv wewidivai èmì Kúgion, weroidivai in avgúπv, Psalm cxviii. it is better to trust in the Lord, than to put confidence in man; bonum est sperare in Domino, quam sperare in homine.

Now because the force of the comparison is included in the particle, as we have proved in the Latin method, we can also make use of the superlative, where one would think there ought to be a comparative, or vice versa: as öre deóratos caute hota, Xenoph. when you even surpassed yourself; that is to say, in caure, or ago caure, præ te ipso, in comparison to yourself. And in St. John i. eurós us v, prior me erat; that is to say, węŵros wei ius, he was before me. Τὰ ἄῤῥενα κυόμενα κινητικώτατά έσι τῶν Snλiwv, Aristot. the males are much apter to move in the womb of their mothers, than the females. On the contrary, we find the comparative put for the superlative; axew wavтwy Bagúteggs, Synes. for faguraros, a great deal troublesomer than all the rest.

It is proper also to observe, that sometimes the comparison is taken in a bad sense, though the words do not seem to import it; as ngeittwy Tñs wasdrías, eruditione melior, vel fortior, that is to say, past correction, too bad to be taught any good. Just as when the French say, on ne luy sçauroit rien apprendre, it may bear two dif ferent senses, being applicable to a very learned man, who knows every thing; or to a heavy blockhead, who is unteachable.

The Government of Adverbs.

4. A genitive is also put after several adverbs; as Adverbs of place: μέχρι Σέσων, Arist. "as far as Suze. Ἔως τῷ ἔξω τόπε, Id. as far as the place without. Ἔτεινον εὐθὺ Βαβυλῶνος, I drew directly towards Babylon. Ἐντὸς ἑαυτῷ εἶναι, to be within one's self. Ἐκτὸς ἑαυτῶ εἶναι, to be out of one's self. Οἱ ἐντὸς λόγων, the learned, those that are versed in the arts and sciences. Οἱ ἐκτὸς λόγων, those that do not concern themselves with the sciences. Ἔξω βελῶν, extra tela, extra aleam, out of danger. Ἐγγὺς κατάρας, prope diras, near malediction. Τηλὲ τῶν ἀγρῶν, far from the fields. Πόῤῥω τῆς ὑποθέσεως, far from the subject. Οὐκ ἄποθεν τῆς ̓Αντιοχείας, not far from Antioch. Πέραν τῷ Ἰορδάνε, the other side of Jordan. Πέρα πάσης διηγήσεως, exceeding all recital or narrative. Εμε προσθεν ἐκείνων τάττειν, to place before them. Κράζει ὄπισθεν ἡμῶν, she cries after us. Επάνω πάντων, above all. Ὑποκάτω τῆς συκής, under a fig-tree. Μεταξὺ ἡμῶν καὶ ὑμῶν, between you and us. Κυκλόθεν τε πρνόs, round about the throne. Ἐναντίον ὑμῶν, in your presence. Adverbs of hiding and concealing: κρύφα τῶν ἄλ λων, unknown to the rest. Λάθρα πατρός, without his father's knowledge.

Of separation : ἄνευ καμάτε, without trouble. Οὔτε συμπόσιον ἄνευ ὁμονοίας, ἔτε πλᾶτος χωρὶς ἀρετῆς ἡδονὴν ἔχει, Procop. there is no real satisfaction in feasts without concord, nor in riches without virtue. Δίχα ἐκείνων, without them. Ἐκτὸς ὠδίνων, without pain. Ιδίᾳ τῶν άλλων, separately, by one's self.

Of exception: πλὴν ἄλλων, excepting the rest. Χωρίς τῶν εἰρημένων, exclusive of what hath been said. Τὸ γὰρ ἀνὰδυνον πᾶτο, ἐκ ἄνευ μεγάλων ἐγγίνεται μισθῶν τῷ ἀνθρώπως τεθηριώσθαι γὰρ εἰκὸς, ἐκεῖ μὲν σῶμα τοιῦτον, ἐνταῦθα καὶ ψυχήν. These words of Crantor thus translated by Tully: istud nihil dolere non sine magnà mercede contingit, immanitatis in animo, stuporis in mente, Tusc. 3. this exemption from pain is purchased by man at a very extravagant rate, since his body is rendered thereby dull and heavy, and his mind becomes savage and cruel.

1

Of order: ¿Qй T ivós, deinceps post unum. "Ež τῆς τάξεως, extra ordinem.

Of number: aτα éviάuтa, once a year.

Of the fmal cause: To BeλTi58, for the best. To xéo̟δες ἔκατι, for the sake of gain. Τῆς ἀληθείας χάριν, for truth's sake.

Of time: TOTE TO ET89, at what time of the year, Απαξ τῆς ἡμέρας, once a day. Δὲς τῶ μηνὸς, ἰwice a month. Τρὶς τὸ ἐνιαυτῷ, thrice a year. Ἕως τῷ νῦν, το the present time, till now. "Axg1 Tйs σýμegov žμégas, to this present day.

Those that relate to time and place: axe noge, to satiety. Μέχρι το δυνάτε, as long as is possible. Μεταξὺ Aéywv, in the midst of the discourse.

Of exclamation: wiμo Tv итμáτwv! alas, my poor goods! " To áðinuatos! O, what injustice! or simply, Tйs Túxиs, sup. ŵ, what an adventure!

ANNOTATION.

Sometimes the genitive precedes the adverb, by which it is governed:, Aristot. without which: low, Id. in which. K δύνων ὄντας πόῤῥω, τῶν δ ̓ ὠφελειῶν ἐγγύς, being distant from danger, and near to help.

Sometimes the adverb is in the middle: rs días Evexey Exogas, Demosth. moved by a private enmity.

Reason of the Government of thèse Adverbs.

Sometimes it is because of their having the force of a noun substan tive: for as the French say, lors du concile de Trente; so the Greeks say, ômÓTE TỸ Tus, when, or at what time of the year. And the same may be said of several others, though it is true that the modern idioms do not always answer to the clearness of the Greek expression.

Sometimes a preposition is understood; as rivos xág, that is to say, πρὸς τίνος χάριν, in cujus gratiam, in whose favour; χάριν being a real accusative from xagis, gratia: just as when Aristotle says, worap dinn, instar fluviorum, we must understand xarà; like instar, which being a real noun, as well as exemplar, supposeth ad; ad instar, after the manner, like.

Sometimes it is a division: πανταχόσε γῆς διαδράμοι, Εuseb. he would travel all over the world, or through all parts of the world. Sometimes we find these adverbs with other governments, but then it is by virtue of something else; as kyyós ésı tỹ xoiλíg, Aristot. is near the belly, where txokig is the dutive of relation. 12v slow, Hom. into Troy, where "1210v is the accusative of motion. And then slow is the same as the preposition rîs.

Sometimes they are put absolutely: irniyyùs relaxiσia, Thucyd.. near three hundred years.

Several Nouns governed in the Genitive.

We likewise put in the genitive, by virtue of a noun or preposition understood,

5. The cause, or why: Qiheï autòv Tys ågetÿs, sup. χάριν, he loves him for his virtue. Εὐδαιμονίζει σε τῆς σου Dias, sup. wegí, he thinks you happy for your wisdom. 6. Nouns expressing price: voάμny dúo ¿borav, I

bought it for two pence.

7. Matter: @ETOINTαι níos, it is made of stone; or with the preposition, én is.

8. Part: TOV T oive, which is akin to the French phrase, j'ai bu du vin; that is to say, part, and not all the wine. Λύκον τῶν ὤτων κρατῶ, Prov. lupum auribus teneo, I have hold of the wolf by the ears. Lucian has put a preposition here, ἐκ τῆς ἐρᾶς λαμβάνεσθαι, το take hold of by the tail.

9. Time, either of duration and answering to the Latin quamdiu; πέντε ὅλων ἐτέων, during five whole years: or the precise time, and answering to quando; ἡμέρας, καὶ νυκτὸς μελετῶν, to meditate night and day.

ANNOTATION.

Nouns of Time, that are put in the Accusative, or in the Ablative.

The time either precise, or of duration, is put also in the accusative, or the ablative, either with or without a preposition, as in Latin. But we have mentioned in the rule, only what was particular to the Greek.

ἡμέρᾳ, or with the Τὸν μὲν χειμῶνα, τὸ Πᾶν τὸ ἀρχαιότητε

Thus we say for the precise time, τῇ αὐτῇ preposition, ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ, the same day. Si Jigos, sup. narà, hyeme quidem, æstate vero. Siapegov aldicor, Basil. we ought to reverence every thing that is remarkable for antiquity.

We likewise say for the duration of time, ὀκτὼ καὶ δέκα ἔτεσί, ΟΙ else ἐν ἔτεσι, during eighteen years. Τρεῖς ὅλες μήνας, οι ἐπὶ τρεῖς, during three whole months; πολὺν χρόνον, or ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον, during a long time.

Οςις πολὺν χρόνον ἀδικῶν ἀκόλαφος μένει, το τον δεῖ νομίζειν τὸν aruxisarov, Justin. we ought to think that man very unhappy, who lives a long time in his wickedness with impunity.

Φιλοῖ μὲν γὰρ τὸ θεῖον, ὃς ἀντ ̓ ἀδικίας σφῶν πικρῶς τιμωρεῖσθαι θέλῃ, τώτας ἀζημίας τε, καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον εὐδαίμονας ἐᾷν, ἵνα τῇ τῶν πραγ μάτων μεταβολῇ μᾶλλον βαρύνωνται: the Greek translation of Caesar attributed to Gaza, where he saith, consuesse enim Deos immortales, quò gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere corum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res, et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere, 1. de bello Gallico: that it was customary for the immortal Gods, when they pleased to signalize their justice on the wicked, to suspend their vengeance for a while, and permit them to flourish, to the end that they may be afterwards more sensibly affected with their reverse of fortune.

Οὕτω καὶ τῶν πονηρῶς ὅσοι τὴν παραυτίκα πληγὴν ἐκφυγεῖν ἔδοξαν, ὲ μετὰ πλείονα χρόνον, ἀλλ ̓ ἐν πλείονι χρόνῳ τιμωρίαν μακρότεραν, ο βραδύτεραν τίνεσιν, ἐδὲ γηράσαντες ἐκολάσθησαν, ἀλλ ̓ ἐγήρασαν κολαζόμενοι, Plut. thus the wicked that seem to escape immediate vengeance for their crimes, are not punished later, but longer; nor does justice overtake them when they are old, but they wax old in the punishment of their iniquity.

The Matter and Price in the Ablative.

The matter is sometimes put in the ablative, as in Latin, though not so often : αἱ μὲν γὰρ κεράεσσι τετεύχαται, αἱ δ ̓ ἐλέφαντι. Οd. το where he speaks of the gates of hell, some are made of horn, and some of ivory.

As also the price: ἰδίῳ θανάτῳ τὸ ποίμνιον πριάμενος, S. Chryso ransoming his flock at the price of his own death.

Reason of these Governments.

In short, wheresoever an ablative case is governed in Latin, the same government may be in Greek, unless it be drawn to the genitive by virtue of a preposition, as mentioned in the rules. And when an ablative is put, it is only by virtue of a preposition understood: which is proved not only from the general practice of expressing it thus in modern languages, but moreover because it is often used so in Greek. Ογκᾶσθαι ἐπὶ γένει, ἐπαίρεσθαι ἐπὶ πλέτῳ, καὶ φυσᾶσθαι ἐπὶ δυνάμει, ἐδενὶ θέμις ἐςὶ, Xenoph. to be proud of birth, vain of riches, or haughty in power, is what nobody is allowed. Ἡ δὲ κτῆσις αὐτῶν ἐσιν ἐδαμῶς σὺν τῇ βίᾳ, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον σὺν τῇ εὐεργεσίᾳ, Xenoph. these things are not obtained by force, but by mildness and benevolence, Τὸ μὲν χρυσίον ἐν τῷ πυρὶ δοκιμάζομεν, τὰς δὲ φίλες ἐν ταῖς ἀτυχίαις, Isocr. as we make a trial of gold in the fire, so friends are tried in adversity. In like manner the rest.