Pov, vonis, intelligere: yiλğu, yiλan, ridere. And the Dorics in the first person plural; Túloμss, verberamus: grouss, serpebamus. See the conjugations, Book III. By the same analogy, the people of Crete used for v, erat: ans, for any, semper: us for piv, quidem: xañàs, for xanh, pulchram. And the Latins of icy, have made plus; of wgiv, prius, &c. Σ is often added for greater emphasis; as φάω, φάζω, σφάζω, jugulo, macto, immolo: is, oμã, quæro: μigow, opigiw, video. The same practice almost obtained among the old Latins; for they used stlites for lites: stlocum for locum, &c. And of ti they made si; of siui, sum, &c. as the French of umbra have made sombre. On the contrary, the Ion. and Æol. frequently rejected it; as σμίλαξ, μίλαξ, hedera, taxus : σμικρός, μικρός, parvus : σκεδάζω, κεδάζω, dissipo, dispers 50: σφιν, φὶν, sibi. A practice that has been sometimes followed by the Latins; σφάλλω, fallo : σφενδόνη, funda, &c. The Lacedæmonians, and those of Pamphylia, Euboea, and Argos, rejected it, substituting a rough breathing in its place; μšoa, uša, musa: wasa, wää, omnis: feroa, ßria, boum custos: Iv roì, îv, oi, bene tibi sit; from whence comes euoë, an exclamation of joy. Hence also is, for sus still remains in the common tongue. The Latins on the contrary have often changed the rough breathing in10 ; o, sub: væìp, super: 1%, sex, &c. And even sometimes they have put it for a smooth breathing, as in, si. The people of Crete and Megara used to add it to the end of words; öinadı, öınadıç, ad domum: kys, ays, duc, age. And this perhaps may be the reason of our saying in the imperative, axis, tene: irioxis, intende: Dis, pone: figs, Opis, (by syncope) fer, &c. which are the imperatives of oxñus, τίθημι, &c. The poets on the contrary do some. times cast off the final, to serve the measure of their verse; dnlání, sæpius: Xups, seorsum, &c. as the old Latins used to say versibu' tuu', &c. The Dor. used also for os, qui; and is for ceris, quicunque. T. Jaỡ, tau, and not taf, from the He brew tau, which has preserved the old Syrian name. This has been a favourite letter of the Egyptians. The Athenians used it for ; is. σαρα, τέταρα, quatuor : σήμερον, τήρεια gov, hodie, &c. As did also the Dor. but less frequently, où, Tù: ròs, Tros, tuus: siciv, ivri, or, according to the Æol. siri, sunt. Thus the Latins of us, have made ut; of mira, tol, &c. The same Dorics put for x; xeivos, Taivos, ille. both The old Attics often added to nouns and verbs; πόλεμος, πόλε pos, bellum; from whence comes Ptolemy : κόπω, κόπω, eddo : τύπω, τύπο To, verbero, &c. And hence it is that the nouns often take a r in the genitive; v, vuxès, nox, noctis: ava ἄνακος, rer; whence ἀνακτόριον, templum, palatium: γάλαξ, (or γάλα) γάλακος, lac. See the list of genitives in the second book. The Latins in like manner of linum, have made linteum, &c. Tis added to several adverbs, when they bear a relation to others; or, rórs, cum, sum: hvína, rnvíxa; quando, tum, jam: is, Tus, ut, sic: öpgu, ToOga, interim, aliquando: "lus, ríos, quamdiu, tamdiu: öli, téli, ubi, ibi: ödev, τόθεν, unde, inde: ἦμος, τῆμος, and nuros, quando, tunc. And in French amita, tante. It is also sometimes cut off; wigTI, wigs, vitula, juvenca: and hence upps in Lycoph. Thus from ligra comes perna in Latin, &c. Υ. Tad, little u, to distinguish it from the Latin U, which was fuller, and sounded like the French diphthong ou. It was sometimes put for a, but not very frequently ; τέσσαρες, τέσσερις, quatuor: yṛúpu, yλúfw, fodio, scalpo. Thus of ἀγκύλος, the Latins have made uncus. Sometimes for ι; ἀμφιλιων, ἀμφι vv, qui circum-circa habitat: rgifáλsiα, pupáka, galeu tres habens cristas. And often for among the Eol. evoua, övvua, nomen: μέγις, μύγες, τία, @gre, &c. In like manner the Latins of Nouades have made Numidæ ; of BoxCos, bulbus; Oròs, Deus, &c. The people of Crete rejecting a, used frequently to substitute an F ἁλκυὼν, &υκυὼν, halcyone: ἀλκὴ, ἀνκά, subsidium. The same has been imitated by the French; alter, autre : Alvernia, Auvergne, &c. after The poets casting off use an v; àyards, ayavòs, pulcher, splendidus: ἀνίαχος, ἀνίαχος, resonans, tumultuosus. We read also in Hesiod, xaváža for xaratas, confregeris; from xaláyvus, rejecting the r, and assuming an v. The Ionics often insert an an a; xópos, xogos, filius, puer, juvenis, mus, germen, ramus: gos, egos, mons. Thus of oures, multipes, piscis, tuburculum in nare, the Attics make ouros, and the Ion, and Dor. Χύπος. veluti Balbinum polypus Agnæ. HOR In like manner Souges, impetuosus, libidinosus, from Soc, terreor, salio, curτοῦ ὀλομένη, οὐλομένη, pestifera, noria : "OLUμTOS, OULUмres, Olympus, a moun, tain of Thessaly. T is added to some verbs, in order to form derivatives; and, anduw, plenus sum, farcio, intumesco: 1xw, ixú∞, or changing into n, rúw, and according to the Dor. úzów, jubeo, clamo. Tis also sometimes cut off; ἀέλλος τους, ἀλλοπος, velox: ἀρτίπους, ἄρτιπος, valens pedibus. In the same manner, δίπον, bres : τρίπον, tripes, &c. So from va comes λa, suleus, and anaxia, sulco, aro; as in Latin from παῦρον comes parum; from παυρόνπερ, parumper, &c. Φ. Di, fhi, or phi, viz. a p aspirated, or at least an half p, to soften the letter a little, because of the roughness of the aspiration, which must absolutely be expressed. Besides the change of this mute into its corresponding letters, as we have shewn above, Chap.v. and which may be observed here in the word opiv, from whence comes sibi, the Eol. moreover used for 9; 9alew, qxiew, comprimo, frango: from whence parts Tai, teret, Hom. So in Latin from Súpa, comes foris, and from Seiw, suffio, &c. The Eol. used also for x3 auXiva, avgiva, cervicem, fauces, jugulum; collum. X, 'Quiya, o magnum, to distinguish it from the little, o, micron. It is sometimes formed of and; as ὁ ἐγὼ, “γω, Theocrit. ego, qui: τὸ ἔνδυμα, Αtt. τούνδυμα, Dor. τώνδυμα, amictus. See above, Chap. xi. Rule ix. Thus of Marci pueri, Publii pueri, they used formerly to make Marcipores, Publipores, to signify the slaves or servants of Publius and Marcus, &c. The poets change sometimes a into win the circumflex verbs in as; new, neww, pubesco. The Boot. practised the same on other occasions; exμsvos, gxμrvos, incipiens: àgicos, optimus; wgios. Thus in Latin from g, and agμ, comes aro. The Ionics change on into ; Bonow pures, clamabo. In like manner from privative and, is derived vavuper, obscurus, ignobilis. E The poets change into w, in the first of barytons, of which they make circumflex verbs in a; reize, TOWπάω, ω, verto : νέμω, νωμάω, ώ, divi do, &c. In like manner from Xie comes X, chi, viz. a c aspirated, which waów, navigo, though a baryton; and in the opinion of some, from w, jów, fuo. In circumflex verbs in , they change e into ως δάω, δώσει, δώσομεν, άν, dumus: xów, xww, II. n, fucio, trasci, pervium reado, molesto. The Ion. and Dot. change & info w; ,, igitur, certe: fv, Bay, bovem : Beri, Bari, bobus, &c. H is often change d into w, to make a fuller sound; alioow, wiwoow, formido: xw, xw, radio, stringo, permulceo: ¡nyvvu, jrango; iffonæ, fractus sum. The old Attics used to insert this letter; psixa, àpíwna, dimisi: ila, tilap, and iwla, consuevi. Sometimes it is cut off by syncope; ὀπίσωθεν, ὄπισθεν, retro, pone: πρώην, gn, and Dor. gàv, paulo ante. The Latins have done the same; nogum, cornix; or else they add an «, as in μárga, matrix. From aλrn comes vulpes; for the Eolians added a digamma to it, Γαλώπαξ; of which it is proper we take some notice. Of the Eolic digamma, The Fol. having no rough breathing, invented another character, which they called digamma, from its figure, resembling that of two gammas, one over the other, thus, F. From whence the Latins have taken their great F, which they even used instead of a consonant, when there followed a u vowel, as serFus, DaFus, &c. Hence the Eolans used to write Foivos, vnum: Fioriga, vespera: Fiλiva, Helena, &c. Heschus therefore is mistaken in writing several words with a y, which should be written with a digamma; as γιλλος, γισχύς, for Ειλλος, Εισχὺς, taken from laxis: strabus, rusciosus; and irxès, vis, fortitudo, robur, &c. Into which error the resemblance of the capital characters might perhaps have led him. In the very same manner he has erred in writing πέπλα, τενοικέντι, for Filα, FIVOINTI, coming from ità, septem, ἐνοικᾶσι. The people of Crete made us of a B for a digamma; actor, ovum: Babi. 2105, for dives, sol, &C. And hence perhapsarose the error of pronouncing 3 like au consonant. To this digamma we must refer the etymology of some French words; as flanc, from Fazyon for Aayon: flatter, from laciere. To this same digamma we must likewise refer a multitude of words, to which the Latins have added a o consonant; as μ, Fiμ, vomo: isía, Fisia, Vesta. As also in the middle; , F, ævum. But for a further explanation of this matter, I refer the reader to the treatise of letters in the New Method of learning the Latin Tongue. CHAP. XIII. Of some other particulars that relate to reading and writing. 1. Marks of separation. "O divide syllables, two points are put over the vowel, which is separated from the other, as wais, puer, a dissyllable, for was, a monosyllable. The Greeks call this diavos, dissolutio, dissolution. The Greeks use also another figure of separation, called by them diason, which is a small comma placed between two syllables, to make two distinct words, and prevent them from coalescing into one, as o,r, which, to distinguish it from r1, that; upon which we shall make some remarks in the eighth book, chap. ii. 2. Marks of re-union. There are two sorts of marks of re-union in writing. The first is between syllables, as when we are obliged to divide a word at the end of a line; which is done with a small stroke, thus - : The second is in the composition of words, and is figured thus , as ossov, for sis ; sub-deacon, for subdeacon. The Greeks call it içir, subunio, to unite under, because it used to be put under the words. But instead of the latter, we often make use of the former small stroke between two words, thus, sub-deacon, &c. The Greeks also make use of a couchant line, to mark a long syllable, as in Latin; likewise for a mark of abbreviation, as es, Oεds, Deus. And for a mark of things taken materially, as rò a, this letter ā: Te B, of this letter B: rò Пérgos, this word Пirgos. 3. Of proper names. The same mark was also employed in the 16th century for proper names, which they afterwards distinguished from one another by the addition of certain points. For whereas the ancients never made any difference betwixt these and other words; the Venetian and Paris printers were the first who devised to put a single line over proper names of men, women, or animals, and their derivatives, as duas, Ulysses. To put a line and a point over it, as a mark of the names of different people and nations, as taxas, Greece; Ants, the Greeks. To put this same line and two points for mountains, as wagacos, mount Parnassus. And finally, to put a line and three points for seas, rivers, lakes, morasses, &c. as aλnomoros, the IIellespont. But all these marks are laid aside, since the practice has been introduced of marking proper names with capitals, as in Latin; and of leaving the others without any distinction. write Aéwy for Leo, a proper name; and Aiwv, a lion. the rest. 4. Of dialogues and pointing. Thuse we And so for It is proper also to remark, that with respect to dialogues, the personages are not only distinguished by putting their names, but likewise by the letters of the alphabet, especially where there are but two: A denoting the first, and B the second. But as for pointing, since it tends more particularly to prevent obscurity and confusion in speech, we shall treat of it in the in troduction to syntax, Book VII. |