Elme, siquidem, is generally put with the indicative, to insert some little proof, that supports a proposition; as woTigor i oglas ἕνα ἐρανὸν προειμήκαμεν, ἢ πολλὲς καὶ ἀπείρας λέγείν ἦν ὀρθότερον; ἕνα, εἴπερ κατὰ τὸ παράδειγμα δεδημιεργημένος ἐςι, Plato in Timao, rectene igitur unum mundum dixerimus, an sint plures & innumerabiles dictu verius? unus profecto, siquidem factus ad exemplum, Cic. de Universo, shall we then justly say that there is but one world, or, with more reason, that there are many, and even innumerable? undoubtedly one only, since it was created upon this one only model.

̓Αρχῆς γὰρ δὴ ἀπολλυμένης, ἔτε αὐτή ποτε ἐκ τῶ, ὅτε ἄλλο ἐξ ἐκείνης γενήσεται· εἴπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς δεῖ τὰ πάντα γίγνεσθαι, Plato in Phæd. nam principium extinctum, nec ipsum ab alio renascitur, nec à se aliud creabit: siquidem necesse est à principio oriri omnia, Cic. Tusc. 1. for when once the principle is destroyed, it can neither be reproduced by any thing else, nor can it produce any thing else itself; because every thing must necessarily take its rise from the principle.

Eng is frequently put without expressing the verb; as åλλà rõs σάλπιγγος ακέων, εἴπερ ἄρα, περιβλέπεις τὸ κατὰ σεαυτὸν, Lucian, that is to say, se äça ànées, but as soon as you hear the sound of the trumpet, if perchance you do hear it, then look about

you, &c.

IV. Of thofe that are made ufe of to exprefs a Doubt.

When there happen to be several members of interrogation, the Greeks express the first sometimes by πότερον, or πότερα, somnetimes by si, and the last by. The first answers to the Latin utrùm, and the second to their an.

:

A is also put in the beginning, when it serves to form an objection but this particle is used likewise in answering. 'Aλa δια και χώρις τέτω συγγενεῖς πολλοὶ καὶ καλοὶ καγαθοὶ παραςάντες αὐτὸν ἐξαιτήσονται, ἀλλ' ἔτ ̓ εἰσὶν ἔτ ̓ ἐγένοντο πώποτε, Dem. I. in Aristog. but without this perhaps a great number of brave and honourable relations will assist and rescue him: but he has none, nor had he ever any. In like manner at is repeated in Latin: at ludos quos Cæsaris victoriæ Cæsar adolescens fecit, curavi: at id ad privatum officium, non ad statum reipublicæ pertinebat, Mutius Ciceroni. But perhaps it will be objected, that I have had the care of the public games which young Cæsar gave in honour of Julius Cæsar's victory: but that regarded, &c.

'Aaaa is never used in interrogations in the middle of a period; on the contrary, is never put in the first member.

"H,, answer to annon, and nonne in Latin.

*Aga is also used in interrogations, and is generally rendered by the Latin an. But Tully, in the fifth of the Tusc. has translated it likewise by ergo; because of its being put there to draw a conclusion. Τὸν μὲν γὰρ καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθὴν ἄνδρα καὶ γυναῖκα, εὐδαίμονα εἶναί φημὶ τὸν δὲ ἄδικον καὶ πονηρὸν, ἄθλιον, "Αθλιος ἄρα ὗτός ἐτιν ὁ ̓Αρ χέλαος, κατὰ τὸν σὸν λόγον ; Εἴπερ γε, ὦ φίλε, ἄδικος, Plato in Gorg. ita prorsus existimo bonos beatos, improbos miseros. Miser ergo Archelaus? Certe si injustus, Tusc. v. for it is my opinion that the just alone are happy, and the wicked miserable. According to your argument,

argument, therefore, must Archelaus be deemed miserable? Undoubtedly, if he be wicked.

V. Of thofe that are used in drawing Conclufions.

Kai dù, quamobrem, quocirca, wherefore, therefore: nai dù narà ταῦτα καὶ ἡμῖν λεκτέα μὲν ἀπφότερα τὰ τῶν αἰτίων γένη, Plato in Tim. quocirca nobis sic cerno esse faciendum, ut de utroque nos quidem dicamus genere causaram, Cic. de universo, wherefore, since it is so, I think it is fit we should treat here of both those sorts of causes.

Er de serves for a connection to add a fresh proof, after having produced already several arguments, and is rendered by jam, jamvero, præterea, moreover, besides, likewise, &c. Ti di Tois wábio ἀκολυθητικὸς ὤν, ματαίως ἀκέσετας καὶ ἀνωφελῶς, Aristot. 1. de Moribus. jamvero, quum. &c. and being moreover a slave to his passions, it will be of no manner of service to him to hear these things.

VI. Of adverfative Particles.

Kai To is joined either with the subjunctive, or with the optative: καὶ τοι τί γένοιτ ̓ ἂν νεώτερον, ἢ Μακεδών, ἀνὴς καταφρονῶν ̓Αθη vaiwr, Dem. quanquam quid tam novum esse potest, quam Macedonem quendam esse qui Athenienses despiciat? but what can be more surprising, than to see a Macedonian despise the Athenians.

Kay is put with the subjunctive, and dè with the indicative: examples of which are very common.

Kaing is put sometimes without a verb, along with the participle: ἀδύνατον ὧν Θεῶν παισὶν ἀπιςείν, καίπερ ἄνευ τε εἰκότων καὶ ἀναγκαίων ἀποδείξεων λέγεσιν, Plato in Timæo; where λέγεσιν refers to παισὶν; ac difficile factu est à Diis ortis fidem non habere; quanquam nec argumentis, nec rationibus certis eorum oratio confirmetur, Cic. it is impossible not to give credit to those that draw their origin from the Gods, even when they do not support their assertion by the strength of argument and reason.

ANNOTATION.

I might still enlarge upon the divers properties of particles, which may be seen more particularly in Budæus, towards the end of his commentaries, in H. Stephen's Thesaurus, and in Perionius, from whence this chapter is borrowed. But I have been satisfied with pointing out what I thought worthy of observation, all the rest being very easy..

We must only take notice, that these particles being inserted in order to connect the members of a period, and to give it different turns, it is easy to translate them, when once their force is in general well understood: for they may be rendered a thousand ways, which cannot be all specified here, nor even in the most copious dictionaries, by reason there is nothing more particular in all languages, nor more susceptible of a variety of forms in translating.

The End of the EIGHTH BOOK,

BOOK IX.

of QUANTITY, ACCENTS, DIALECTS, and POETIC LICENCES.

Of the Quantity of Syllables.

N the present treatise of quantity, we shall only take notice of

omit any thing that can be esteemed necessary, not only for the composing of verses, but, moreover, for a thorough knowledge of accents, and the exact pronunciation of prose.

CHAP. I.

Some General Rules of Quantity.

I. Obfervations on the Mutes and Liquids. 1.A Mute, joined with the liquids A, e, makes the syllable com

mon by position, as in Latin: and the same effect is produced by the following letters, when joined together in the same syllable, xv, xт, μV, TIT. Hence it is, that those verbs, which begin with these letters thus joined, frequently repeat the first in the reduplication of the preter-perfect, xixrnual. See Book III. Rule vii.

2. Sometimes a liquid before the mute, renders the syllable short, as μπ, về, ix, vt, or even two liquids, as μg.

Τῶν μνῆσαι, φίλον τέκνον, ἄμυνε δὲ δήιον ἄνδρα. 11. 22.
Horum memento, chara proles, & fuga inimicum virum.

But this does not happen often; wherefore some read here pine TEXVO, correcting thus all the other editions.

3. E is sometimes cut off, either in the middle, or the end, espe cially before a mute: in which case it forms no position; as,

Ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος ὅςτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέξει.

Sic pereat & alius quicunque talia perpetrat.

Let all those perish thus, that act in the like manner.

For here, which is in the middle of ors, slips away, without making the syllable long by position. In like manner, at the end of πολύφωνος, in Hesiod, κρώζει πολύφωνος κορώνη, Arat. crocitat clamosa, cornix: which Virgil has imitated in his second Eneid;

Limina lectorum & medii in penetralibus hostem,

as some read it. See the New Latin method, in the treatise of poetry; and Erytreus in the seventh chapter.

III. Of long or Short Syllables in general.

1. The two vowels and always lengthen a syllable; as, on the contrary, the two short ones, and o always make it short. 2. All diphthongs are long, save only, that at the end of words, and have the same effect as short syllables with regard to the

accent.

3. Short finals are sometimes made long, not only by virtue of a casura, which happens also in Latin, but even without a

cæsura.

4. A liquid following a short vowel, makes it long, even when this vowel happens to be in the next word; as in Cehov, I ought; « in wodλà disquévw, Il. 22. using many intreaties.

5. Several monosyllables, though short of their own nature, are frequently made long by poetic licence; such as av, yàg, yì, dì, xì, κέν, μὲν, μίν, νύ, νῦν, ὅς, πες, πείν, ῥὰ, τὰ

6. The long vowels, and even the diphthongs, may be shortened, when they happen to precede another vowel or diphthong, particularly at the end of words, because the Greeks are not ob liged to make elisions; as in the first Iliad,

*Αξω ἑλών· ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅνκεν ἵκωμαι.

Auferam: ille autem indignabitur ad quem venero.

Which has been sometimes imitated by the Latins, as we have made appear in the Latin method.

7. The same happens sometimes, even when the following word beginneth with a consonant: as,

Εἰδέ κεν οἴκαδ ̓ ἵκωμαι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν. Odyss. 2.
Quod si domum venero, in charam patriam.

8. The long vowels are frequently shortened before σ. 9. Prepositions that either begin or end with one of the three common vowels, make this vowel short, either in composition, or out of composition; as iπì.

10. A privative is commonly short.

CHA P. II.

Of the particular Rules of Quantity..

And firft of the three common Vowels before the Penultima.

THE

HE particular rules of quantity ought to be considered according to the three common vowels a, i, u.

They are very often short or long indifferently in several words, which upon that account admit of no difficulty, because they may be taken either way.

GENERAL RULE for the three Vowels A, I, T. Generally speaking, they are short in whatsoever syllables, save only those which we shall except in the following articles and chapters.

EXCEPTIONS.

I. Of A before the Penultima.

1. A is long, when it supplies the place of the augment, as aov, forov, I did hear, from aïw, to hear.

2. A privative, which of itself is short, is sometimes lengthened, where there happen to be three short syllables successively; as axáparos, indefatigable; abávaros, immortal.

3. A is likewise long before a vowel in the following words; divaos, always flowing, for avaos, instead of which they likewise use iwaos, perennis, eternal: digos, aerius, airy: ans, always green: "Aoves, Aones; atoow, to rush, to fall upon: in, an impetuous motion: dine;, from the singular aïž, a violent motion: ¿ázтos, (where the middle a is long) who does not leave unpunished; or very prejudicial; or inviolable, invulnerable: angάavrov, imperfect, unuseful: Bryaïos, a bragger, a prauler: Bialopa, to use force or violence: ios, oleaginus, made of an olive tree: láouai, to cure.

4. Likewise the derivatives of haas, a stone: λaïvos, made of stone. It is also long before consonants in the following words. 5. Before y, in apgayiw, sigillo, to seal: vavayiw, to be shipwrecked: vaváyior, shipwreck.

6. Before d: ádnues, overcome with grief, for åndnxùs, from indéw, to be tired and heavy, to be uneasy.

7. Before 9, in palvμos, lazy, or negligent: Bayerns, legitimate. 8. Before x, in xéos, involuntary: Siάxovos, a deacon or minister: λακέω for ληκέω, to resound.

Likewise in numerals in όσιος; as διακόσιος, τριακόσιος, plural Sianódio, two hundred; reiaxóoo, three hundred, and such like.

9. Before 2, paλaim, balæna, a whale cicindela, a glowworm or gnat; hopes, non cristatus; or, Nicand. folly, madness.