But if the final is not cut off, rró is, then is has no accent, but throws it back upon ró, according to the foregoing rule. RULE XXIV. Of Words that have no Accent. 1. O', v, oi, ai, ei, eis, ès, ¿v, 8, 8×, ¿x, ws, èu, èka have no accent. 2. But & takes an acute at the close of a period; as likewise at the end of a verse. EXAMPLES. 1. All the above monosyllables are without an accent; but the four first, which are the nominative masculine and feminine of the prepositive article singular and plural, and ŵs, ut, as, have a rough breathing, the rest a smooth one. 2. Nevertheless takes an acute at the end of a period, as also at the end of a verse. ANNOTATION. All those words however may have the accent of the following enclitic, pursuant to the preceding rules, orig, sicut, as; ut, si quis, & any loly, &c. ༔ ", admits also of an accent on divers occasions. 1. When it follows the word to which it refers: iınys üs, like an no'chet. 2. When it is employed in similes; as ὣς εἰπών, ὡς φάτο, ώς άρα φωνήσας, having thus spoke, &c. 3. When it is joined to dì or undì. 'Aan d' as, but not even so. 4. When we say, svs,, this may be in some measure. And the reason of this is, because with the accent is taken for rás, which used to be put instead of "res, thus, as Henry Stephen observes, and as may be seen in several passages of Homer. For which reason when 5 is put also for us, tamen nevertheless, it requires an accent, and some even insist on its being a circumflex, as resulting from the juncture of two syllables; but Henry Stephen is of a different opinion, and it is more probable that it is a syncope, than a contraction. RULE XXV. 1. The article and the relative, 2. the letters &, 3. and p, require a rough breathing. 4. è at the beginning of pronouns has a smooth breathing; as also auTÒS. 5. All the other pronouns have a rough breathing; as also , se, himself. 6. The syllabic augment & has a smooth breathing, ex- 7. a in compounds has also tooth breathing, excep! 3. The Attic & reduplicated as the breathing of the verb. 9. Prepo 9. Prepositions are marked with a smooth breathing; 10. As also conjunctions, except a few. EXAMPLES. We shall only mention a word or two in regard to breathings, leaving the rest to the use of authors, or dictionaries. Only observe, that the breathing of the nominative goes through all the other cases, as that of the present is generally continued in all the tenses; and that of the primitive through all the derivatives and compounds. But we must also observe, 1. That the article,, and the relatives, %, %, have always a rough breathing. For, which is in the room of a vocative, is not an article, but an adverb. The article has only a breathing in those cases which begin with a vowel; and only an accent in those which begin with a consonant, as r; whereas the relative has always a breathing and an accent together, as è, &c. 2. All words beginning with the vowel, have also a rough breathing; the other vowels and diphthongs have more frequently a smooth one. 3. Among the consonants there are four which take a rough breathing, viz. the three mutes a, x, 7, (for which there have been characters purposely invented, 9, 2, 9, so that there is no occasion for our treating further of them here) and the letter, in the beginning of words, as pan, robur, strength. But if in the middle of a word, there happens to be two successively, as in wójjw, the former takes a smooth breathing, because it terminates the preceding, syllable; and the latter has a rough breathing; concerning which I refer the reader to what has been said Book I.-Chap viii. 4. All pronouns that begin with an , have a smooth breathing; as ¿yò, iuè, me; Èxtivos, he: as also airòs, ipse, himself. 5. All the other vowels of the pronouns have a rough breathing; as nμeis, nos, we; Bros, ille, he; likewise , se, himself: whence its compound izvre, and by aphæresis abre, sui ipsius, takes also a rough one. 6. A in composition has commonly a smooth breathing; as amais, without children. These two however are rough: vois, a chain: dons for diòns, pluto, hell. 7. The syllabic augment has also a smooth breathing; as ITUTION, ITETUCE, &c. But sana, the preterperfect of mu, sto, ἔτυπον, ἐτετύφειν, to stand, as well as its derivatives iraws, e5ws, stans, have a rough one from thence also comes ishxw, to stand stedfast. 8. The Attic & prefixed to verbs, which begin with an o ora, retain the breathing of the present; as bew, I see; ingana, I have een; inoxiu, pincerna sum, I am a cup bearer; iger, I did pour out wine. 9. Prepositions and conjunctions have likewise a smooth breathing, except a few, such as a, cows vexa, &c. which must be learnt by practice. CHAP. CHAP. X. Divers Observations in regard to Accents and the Diftinction of Words. I. That the Accents are useful in pointing out the Quantity, and how. T It is to observe here, that as the rules of quantity are the foundation of the rules of accents: in like manner the accents are frequently of use, in leading us to the knowledge of quantity, by rising from the effect to the cause. For instance, when the acute is on the antepenultima, we may infer that the last syllable is short, save only the Attic words, which have been already excepted. The last is likewise short, when the penultima is circumflexed; and on the contrary, it is long itself, when marked with a circumflex. The last is also long, when a penultima long by nature is only marked with an acute; by reason that if the last was short, the penultima would be circumflexed. But when the alst is short by nature, and the penultima is only acuted, we may conclude that the penultima is also short; because if it were long, it would have a circumflex. Of all which, examples may be seen above, without there being any necessity for repeating them here. We may likewise find out the quantity of the nominative singular by the accent of the other cases, or of the other numbers; and that of a primitive by its derivatives, or vice versa. Thus we see, that the nouns in iras, not formed of a verb, have the penultima long; as oxirns, e, a citizen, because in the plural this is circumflexed, wira: wherefore the feminine, which is taken from these nouns, has also a circumflex, woris, a she citizen. Thus nav, júvenis, a young man, has the last long by nature, because we say vavos in the genitive, with a circumflex on the penultima: as Eavías, and Veavionos, &, a young man, have also a long in the second syllable. II. That the Etymology oftentimes leads us to the Knowledge of Quantity and Accents. By the knowledge of etymology, and the origin of words, we may attain to that of quantity and accents, and frequently even of orthography. Thus we see that fabuμos, idle, effeminate, must be written with an a subscribed in the first syllable: and a in the second, because it comes from padios, ensy, and Jouòs heart or mind. Thus we say arn with a rough breathing, because it comes from aur, hæc, she: rére, because it comes from re aire: To, as coming from οἱ αὐτοὶ, &c. But the dialects frequently change the accent and the breathing, as also the orthography, as we shall see hereafter. III. That III. That the Accent and Breathing help to distinguish several Words. The accent and breathing are frequently of use in distinguishing several words from one another; as i, if; ei, es, thou art: hic, he; %, quod, which, hæc, she;, quæ, which: ", ve!, or, quam, than, alioqui, otherwise;, dixit, he has said, or erat, he was;, sit, he may be; 4, cui, to whom; suæ, &c. quâ, which way; ubi, where; as also how, in order to, inasmuch as, &c. In like manner anλà, but; äλλx, alia, other things; quos, &, the shoulder; wpòs, cruel: ixbçà, hostile things; xgx, enmity; elo, he goeth; sisi, they are; xeivw, I judge; xew, I will judge; sein, rack or torment; sçeban, ñs, crooked: Lao, alive: Cov, an animal : xidos, Tò, glory; xúdós, ô, disgrace: μórn, alone; μovn, a mansion. IV. That some Words happen to have the same Accents in different Significations. ει Sometimes words are neither distinguished by the accent, nor by the breathing; the difference therefore must be found out by the sense, and by the context; as, ubi, where; &, cujus, of whom: T, eratis, ye were; rt, sitis, ye may be içsuvat, investigatis, ye search; igevvate, investigate, search ye: waoneo, cognoscunt, they know; yoxer, cognoscentibus, to those that know: in th SA (in the dative singular) SA, (third sing. fut. act. indicat.) σ o xogos ge, Deut. xxviii. 57. in the affliction wherewith thy enemy will oppress thee; wiσouar, I will persuade, or I will believe or obey, taken trom wiw; weicoμai, I shall suffer, for w σομαι, taken from σήθω, whence comes πάσχω, to suffer: ή πόσις, Ews, a potion or draught; & woois, 10s, a husband: pǹv, nevertheless; μà, nvòs, a month : soav duo (aorist of the first active) they presented two of them, Acts i. 23. ostoav woppwley (aorist of the second active) who stood at a distance from him, Luke xvii. 12. V. Other Means to distinguish Words. Since we are upon this subject, it will not be improper to observe, that there are several other methods of distinguishing between words; as by the gender; as, áñòs, o, salt; äns, años, n, the sea: Báros, &,, a bramble bush; Báros, &, o, a sort of liquid measure. By the vowel: varos, &, with an omega, the back; vótos, &, the south wind. ૪, By the consonant: vélos, &, spurius, a bastard; vóros, &, the south wind. By the dipthhongs: ini, upon; imì, whereas. And those who follow the right pronunciation, as pointed out and explained in the first book, have this advantage, that not only they contract in a very short time the habit of distinguishing a vast multitude of words; but that even in pronouncing they render the distinction sensible to their hearers. THE THE THIRD PART of this BOOK. of DIALECTS, and POETIC LICENCES. CHAP. XI. Of the Four Dialects in General. WHAT regards the particular of each dialect, has been al ready sufficiently explained in its respective place in the preceding books; yet it is proper to make a recapitulation, in order to give the reader a general idea thereof; and to point out at the same time the different countries or provinces where those dialects obtained, as also the authors that made use of them. 1. The Attic is that which was used at Athens, and in the adjacent country. The principal writers in this dialect, are Thucydi des, Aristophanes, Plato, Isocrates, Xenophon, and Demosthenes. 2. The Ionic differed very little from the ancient Attic; but having afterwards found its way to some towns of Asia Minor, and to the adjacent islands, which were colonies of the Athenians and Achaians (among which are reckoned Samos, Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna, and some others) it imbibed, as it were, a new, tincture, and fell greatly short of that delicacy, which the Athenians afterwards attained to. Hippocrates and Herodotus made use of this dialect. 3. The Doric was used first among the Lacedemonians, and the inhabitants of Argos; afterwards in Epirus, Libya, Sicily, Rhodes, and Crete. This dialect was used by Archimedes and Theocritus (both of Syracuse) and Pindar. 4. The Æolic was spoken at first among the Boeotians and their neighbours; it passed afterwards into Eolia, a province of Asia Minor, between lonia and Mysia, which included ten cities, all Greek colonies. The chief writers were Sappho and Alceus, of whose works very little is now extant. But we find it also occasionally mingled in Theocritus, Pindar, Homer, and others. The difference of times has introduced a great difference into these very dialects. For instance, in the Attic, the stile of Demosthenes is quite another thing from that of Thucydides and the Ionic dialect, as observed above, has not continued invariably the same; those of Asia speaking it differently from the old Ionians of Greece, |