3. Substituting the CONTAINING for the CONTAINED. It is in this metaphor that the toper is said to be fond of his bottle; and the highwayman calls out your purse or your life!' In a quotation already made, the country is substituted for its inhabitants:

"A time there was, ere England's griefs began."

4. Substituting the name of the PLACE where a thing is made for that of THE THING itself. It is hence that we speak of a bottle of Burgundy,' or of a glass of Hollands,' meaning Burgundy Wine, or Holland Gin: but these are elliptical phrases rather than metaphors.

5. Substituting the SIGN for the thing SIGNIFIED. Thus, 'He carried away the palm, means that he conquered: the palm being the emblem of victory.

6. Substituting the ABSTRACT NAME for the CONCRETE. Thus, in the expression, "Hope deferred maketh the heart sick,' hope is taken for the things that are hoped for; and when we say, "O Lord, grant us our prayer," we mean by prayer the things prayed for.

The preceding are the principal species of Metonymy; but, under this head, we may include a whole class of Metaphors, derived from the theories of antiquity, which connect certain parts

of the human body with the powers and feelings of the mind. Thus, the Brain,

‘Which some suppose the soul's frail dwelling house,' has been long considered as the seat of the understanding; and diseases of the brain are believed to be the chief causes of the diseases of the mind. He has no brains is equivalent to saying he is a fool. Whether, in fact, the brain is, or is not, the seat of the soul, as our ancestors imagined it to be, we shall not attempt to determine; but the subject has of late been admirably burlesqued, by the revivers of the ancient science of phrenology. But to return:

The Heart has been accounted the seat of the mental affections; and hence we say that a man has a good, or a bad, heart, according as we suppose him to be actuated, generally, by kind or by envious feelings. The epithets are numerous. One is said to be openhearted, or kindhearted; and another is blackhearted, rottenhearted, &c. all from the same hypothesis.

A variable or temporary influence has been ascribed to the state of other viscera. The Liver, according to the old anatomists, was the seat of the turbulent passions; and hence Shakspeare's repeated allusions:

"O she that hath a heart of that fine frame

To pay this debt of love but to a brother,

How will she love, when the rich golden shaft
Hath kill'd the flocke of all affections else

That live in her. When Liver, Braine, and Heart,
These soveraigne thrones, are all supply'd and fill'd."

That yellow-coloured bitter fluid called Bile, which is secreted in the liver and concentrated in the gall-bladder, is connected, in its quantity and consistence, with the healthful or diseased functions of the body; and, consequently, is frequently referred to when speaking of the mind. 'A Liver burning hot' is Shakspeare's phrase for excessive love; and White-livered is understood as the symbol of Cowardice. The virulent passions are the effects of an Atrabilarious habit of body; and the vindictive satyrist is said to dip his pen in gall. The spleen is the chosen abode of Envy. Vapours, Nervousness, Lowspirits, and various other names, are metaphors from theories some of which are now obsolete.

METALEPSIS.

The Metalepsis, or transmutation, (from the Greek meta and lambano, I take) is a combination of Tropes, by which one idea, or thought, is exchanged for another which precedes or follows, in point of time: it consists in taking the consequent for the antecedent, or the antecedent for the consequent, and is, therefore, a species of

Metonymy. For example, He was then alive' informs us that he is now dead; and a previous intimacy is inferred from the expression He has forgotten me,'-in consequence of the word forgotten. 'He has got his wish,' implies that he has got what he wished for.

SYNECDOCHE.

A Synecdoche (from the Greek syn, together with, and ekdechomai, to expect, or look for,) is a figure which comprehends more or less in the expression than the word which is employed literally signifies. Thus, in taking the census of the inhabitants of a district, they are often enumerated as so many thousand souls; whereas, a soul is only the thinking part of a human being. In like manner, a direct tax, imposed upon every individual, is termed a poll-tax, from poll an old word signifying head; and we still say a hundred head of cattle.' Workmen, belonging to the same workshop, are termed hands. The manufacturer employs fifty hands,' means that he has fifty labourers in his trade. A sail, for a ship, and a door, for a house, are figures of every day

occurrence

The Metaphor of a part referring to the Whole is sometimes practically expressed by symbols: 'The governor came forth, and delivered up the

keys of the fort to the conqueror';- The Lord Chancellor waited on His Majesty and resigned the seals': The Keys are the symbols of power, as the Seals are of office.

In the following example, an Individual repreNation:

sents

"Others more soft may carve the breathing brass;
Nay, living looks, I think, from marble draw;
Plead causes better; with a wand, describe
The heavenly host; and count the rising stars:
Roman, remember thou, to rule the world;
Be these thy arts;-to fix the laws of peace,
To spare the suppliant and confound the proud!"

The Synecdoche of taking the whole for a part requires very careful management to prevent it from running into Hyperbole. There are, however, expressions, in every language, which, though hyperbolical in their origin, do not usually produce the idea of exaggeration. Every body,' meaning a very great proportion of the persons alluded to, is legitimate English; and Pope has literally translated the equivalent French phrase (tout le monde) in his Rape of the Lock:

"Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.”

'He knows the World,'' He has seen the World,' Nothing in the World would give me greater pleasure,' &c. are similar metaphors which pass unobserved: they are idioms of the language.