all the issues in the cause, that was a waiver of the objection to his competency; and it cannot afterwards be made. 2. Quære. QUÆRE. If permitting the examination of W in chief without objection before it is done, is a waiver of the objection to his compe tency. 3. Notice of Judgment-Proof. The charge of notice of the judgment being expressly denied by C and W, the proof of notice must be very clear and conclusive to establish it. 4. Issue out of Chancery-Discretion of Chancellor.-Though the evidence is contradictory, if the chancellor is satisfied that the weight of evidence is on one side he is not bound to direct an issue. By deed bearing date the 3rd of July 1866, Robert L. Martin and wife conveyed 50 to Joseph W. Colbert, *Jr., several tracts of land in the county of Fauquier, his household and kitchen furniture, horses, cattle, &c. and farming utensils, in trust to secure two bonds, held by William S. Colbert. One of these bonds bore date on February 1st, 1866, and was payable one day after date to Robert L. Colbert, for $3,150.54, and assigned by him to Wm. S. Colbert; and the other was dated January 1st, 1862, payable one day after date, to William S. Colbert, for $4,500. This deed was admitted to record in the clerk's office of the county court of Fauquier on the 17th of August 1866. Previous to the execution of this deed, viz: on the 5th of November 1865, Enos Hord recovered a judgment against Robert L. Martin for $900, with interest from the 20th of March 1861, and costs. This judgment was v. Trice, 75 Va. 690. In Hill v. Postley, 90 Va. 200, it was held that objection to competency of a witness was not necessarily waived unless made before the examination in chief, citing as authority Warwick v. Warwick, 31 Gratt. 70, and distinguishing the principal case. See generally, 29 Am. & ng. Enc. Law 648. *Notice of Judgment—Fraud-Proof.—In Houghton v. Graybill, 82 Va. 580, the court says: "The doctrine that fraud will not be presumed, but must be distinctly charged and the grounds specified, and must be clearly and conclusively proved as alleged, to justify the court in granting relief against and setting aside a contract, and especially a contract executed by the delivery of deeds by and between the contracting parties, is familiar and well established by the authorities on equitable jurisprudence; and by the decisions of this court as laid down by the opinion of JUDGE RICHARDSON in Rixey v. Moorehead, 79 Va. 576, and in the case of Crebs v. Jones, 79 Va. 381 and in Hord v. Colbert, 28 Gratt. 49." See also Engleby v. Harvey, 93 Va. 445, citing the principal case and Herring v. Wickham, 29 Gratt. 628; Gregory v. Peoples, 80 Va. 355; Insurance Co. v. Cottrell, 85 Va. 865, citing the principal case; Matthews v. Crockett, 82 Va. 394; Vest v. Michie, 31 Gratt. 149 and note; White v. Perry, 14 W. Va. 87; Shurtz v. Johnson, 28 Gratt. 657; Nash v. Nash, 28 Gratt. 686; Whittaker v. Imp. Co., 34 W. Va. 222; Jones v. Degge, 84 Va. 685; Luddington v. Renick, 7 W. Va. 273; Burt v. Timmons, 29 W. Va. 441; 14 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2nd Ed.) 191. not docketed until the 1st of November 1867. At the same term of the court John S. and N. A. Clopton recovered a judgment against Martin for $3,452.37, with interest from the 17th day of November 1860, and costs. And this judgment was docketed on the 28th of September 1867. There were a number of other judgments, three of which for small amounts, were docketed before the deed was recorded; but the others were either recovered or docketed afterwards. In June 1869 Hord's administrator instituted his suit in equity in the circuit court of Fauquier county against the Colberts, Martin and wife, the Cloptons and Martin's assignee in bankruptcy. In his bill, after setting out the judgment of Hord against Martin and his deed of trust to Joseph W. Colbert, and referring to the judgment of Cloptons, he charges that Joseph W. Colbert had notice of the judgment recovered by Hord against Martin before the execution of the deed aforesaid, and Wm. S. Colbert had 51 constructive *if not actual notice thereof; and he insisted that therefore the lien of the deed was to be postponed to that of his judgment. He further charged that the deed was intended to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of Martin; that Martin never was indebted to either of the Colberts as set out in the deed; or if at all indebted, to a much less amount than is therein claimed. He insists that the deed is therefore null and void as to bona fide creditors of Martin. And he prays that the deed may be set aside as to creditors, and that a commissioner may be directed to ascertain and report the priorities of the liens by judgments and deed of trust; and whether the Colberts or either of them had notice of the judgments at the time of the execution of the deed; whether or not there was fraud in it, or whether there was any purpose to hinder, delay or defraud the creditors of Martin. William S. and Joseph W. Colbert answered separately. They both deny any notice or knowledge of the plaintiffs judgment before or when the deed was executed and recorded. They insist that the debts secured court, after expressly approving the rule laid down in the principal case in regard to the discretionary powers of the chancellor in directing an issue, adds: "But as a general rule, where the credit and accuracy of the witnesses are impeached, or where the evidence is clashing and conflicting, rendering it necessary to weigh the character and credibility of witnesses, or where the evidence is so equally balanced on both sides that it becomes doubtful which scale preponderates, an issue ought properly to be directed," citing Wise v. Lamb, 9 Gratt. 294. See also Robinson v. Allen, 85 Va. 725; Carter v. Carter, 82 Va. 624; Keagy v. Trout, 85 Va. 390; Setzer v. Beale, 19 W. Va. 289, citing the principal case and Nice v. Purcell, 1 H. & M. 372; Rohrer v. Travers, 11 W. Va. 146; Arnold v. Arnold, 11 W. Va. 449; Anderson v. Cranmer, 11 W. Va. 562; Jarrett v. Jarrett, 11 W. Va. 584; Nease v. Capehart, 15 W. Va. 299; Stannard v. Graves, 2 Call 369; Beverley v. Walden, 20 Gratt. 154; Rowton v. Rowton, 1 H. & M. 93; Smith v. Betty, 11 Gratt. 752; Pairo v. Bethell, 75 Va. 825; *Issue out of Ford v. Gardner, 1 H. & M. 72. See generally, 4 Court. In Williams v. Blakey, 76 Va. 259, the Hurst's Dig. 525 et seq., 11 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 619. Chancery-Discretion of by the deed are justly due from Martin; and Joseph W. Colbert, who was the active party in the adjustments of the debts with Martin and in obtaining the deed, states the consideration of the debts, and why it was that though both bonds were executed at the same time, viz: in February 1866, one is dated January 1st, 1862-that being the time at which the accounts on which it was based terminated, and Martin was not willing to have the interest added to the principal, so as to carry interest. 52 The cause came on to be heard in September 1869, when the court referred it to a commissioner to enquire and report the debts due by Robert L. Martin; *and that he especially enquire and report as to the respective priorities of the liens on the real estate of the said Martin by judgments, and the said deed of trust. In September 1870, the commissioner returned his report. He reported the debts due by Martin, constituting liens on his real estate, calculating the interest up to September 1st, 1870, at $18.400.94; and he was of opinion that Joseph W. Colbert, the trustee, had no notice of the judgments other than those docketed, prior to the recordation of the deed of trust; and therefore they were given priority over all the other judgments, including those of Hord's adm'r and Cloptons. The report was excepted to by the counsel for Hord's adm'r and Cloptons; and the commissioner returned with his report all the evidence which was before him. This evidence was very voluminous. A number of depositions were taken by both parties, and both Joseph W. and William S. Colbert were examined for the defendants; and their evidence was excepted to by the plaintiffs, on the ground that Hord being dead, they were incompetent to testify. It appeared, however, that the exception was not taken to either of them until his testimony had been concluded; and that in the case of Joseph W. Colbert, he had been subjected to a very extended cross-examination on all the issues involved in the cause. bert and the trustee Joseph W. Colbert had notice of an undocketed judgment held by Hord against Martin. The defendants answered the bill, positively denying all the allegations in respect to fraud and notice. At the September term 1869, a decree was entered, directing one of the commissioners "to take an account of Martin's debts, and also to inquire and report as to the respective priorities of the liens by judgment and the deed of trust." Under this decree other judgment creditors came in, and proved their debts before the commissioner, and numerous depositions were taken bearing upon the questions at issue. The commissioner reported in favor of the deed of trust; giving it priority over the plaintiff's judgment and the other judgments against Martin not regularly docketed. This report was excepted to by the creditors; and the same coming on to be heard at the June term 1873 of the chancery court of Richmond, to which it had been removed, the chancellor rendered a decree overruling the exceptions to the commis 54 sioner's report, sustaining the deed of trust, and directing a sale of the land. From that decree an appeal was taken by Hord's administrator to this court. Before considering the case upon its merits, it is necessary to dispose of a preliminary question raised by the exceptions to the depositions of Joseph W. and William S. Colbert. These exceptions are based upon the ground that Enos Hord, the plaintiff's intestate, being dead, the defendants are incompetent to testify in this cause. One of them, Joseph W. Colbert, was cross-examined at great length by the counsel for Hord's administrator, upon all the issues involved; and when the whole examination was concluded, the objection was then for the first time made to the competency of the witness. It does not appear that the attention of the court below was called to the objection; nor does it appear whether that court considered the deposition in rendering its deThe cause having been removed to the cree of the June term 1873. It is very certain chancery court of Richmond, came on to be that the counsel making the objection was heard on the 21st of June 1873, when the aware of it, as well before as after the crosscourt overruled the exceptions to the re-examination was commenced and concluded. port, and confirmed the same; and commissioners were appointed to sell the land in the proceedings mentioned, upon terms stated in the decree. And thereupon Hord's administrator applied to this court for a appeal; which was allowed. 53 *Meredith and Blackwell, for the appellant. Neeson, Spilman, Ould & Carrington and Marshall, for the appellees. STAPLES, J. This suit was instituted in the circuit court of Fauquier, by the administrator of Enos Hord against Robert Martin and William S. and Joseph W. Colbert. The bill charges that a deed of trust executed by Martin on the 3rd of July 1866, for the benefit of William S. Colbert, is fraudulent and void; and further that at the time of executing the deed both William S. Col The question is, has it not been waived by this manner of proceeding. Is an adverse party with knowledge of the alleged incompetency, permitting to extract whatever he can from a witness upon a rigid and protracted cross-examination; and if the testimony is favorable to his side insist upon its being read, if unfavorable have it excluded? Upon this point the authorities leave no room for doubt. They hold that if the party be aware of the existence of the interest, he will not be permitted to examine the witness and afterwards to object to his competency if he should dislike his testimony. The writers on the law of evidence go further and declare that in the common law courts, where the examination is conducted orally, the objection on the ground of interest, if known, *must in general be taken before the witness is examined in chief, otherwise the objection might be sup 55 for pressed for the purpose of obtaining an unfair advantage. Formerly, indeed, it was considered necessary to raise the objection on the voir dire; and if once the witness is sworn in chief, he could not afterwards be objected to on the ground of interest. But this rule has been relaxed in modern times; and now it is allowable to make the objection after the witness is sworn in chief, but before the examination is commenced; and where the interest is incidentally disclosed for the first time in the course of the trial the evidence may then be excluded. See 1 Starkie on Evidence 134; 1 Greenl. Evi., sec. 421. This last author (Greenleaf) says the rule in equity is now the same as at law; and the principle applies with equal force to testimony given in a deposition in writing and to an oral examination in court. of 1873, page 1109. Under this provision it *In the case of William S. Colbert, when his deposition was taken, the counsel of the plaintiff was present at the examination in chief; but did not cross-examine. When the deposition was completed an exception was then taken for the first time to the testimony on the ground already stated. Whether this action constituted a waiver of the objection is a question already adverted Whether as a general rule the objection to, not decided nor intended to be decided on the ground of interest must in the com- here. The case may be decided without mon law courts be made before the exam- reference to the evidence of William S. ination in chief, and whether the same rule Colbert, and it is better perhaps so to decide it prevails in equity, are questions not neces-than to settle an important principle of pracsary now to be decided; and no opinion is tice upon a slight and cursory examination. intended to be given on that subject. It is sufficient for the purposes of this case to say, that when the party cross-examines upon the issues involved, with a knowledge of the interest of the witness, he will not be permitted afterwards to make the objection. Having made the objection however in due season, he may then proceed to cross-examine without prejudice to his right to move to suppress the deposition at the hearing. Jacobs v. Laybom, 11 Mees. & Welsby R. 684; Moorhouse v. De Passon, 19 Ves. R. 432; Harrison v. Courtauld, 5 Eng. Ch. R. 428; Donelson v. Taylor, 8 Pick. R. 390; Graves v. Graves, 2 Paige R. 62, 3 Paige 240-554; *1 Payne C. C. R. 400; 1 Phillip on Evidence 789. 56 It may be said that the rule here stated has no application to parties examined as witnesses. Under the former practice, in the chancery courts of this state, when a special commission was issued to take the deposition of a party, saving all just exceptions, the duty devolved on the court to take notice ex officio of objections to the competency of the witness arising from his interest in the event of the cause. And in such a case an appellate court will consider and decide upon the question of competency, although the deposition may have been read in the court below without objection. Such was the decision in Beverley v. Brooke & als. 2 Leigh 425. The court was of opinion there that the question would have presented more difficulty had the deposition been taken under a general commission. Whatever may have been the distinction formerly between parties and other witnesses, that distinction has been entirely abrogated by the statute, which declares that no witness shall be incompetent to testify because of interest; and in all actions, suits, and other proceedings of a civil nature, at law or in equity, the parties thereto shall, if otherwise competent to testify, and subject to the rules of evidence, and of practice applicable to other witnesses, be competent to give evidence. Code Having thus disposed of the question relating to the evidence, we are now to consider the merits of the controversy. And first as to the question of fraud: Is the deed of trust fraudulent? This involves an inquiry into the consideration of the two bonds secured by that deed. Upon this point it is only allowable to examine a few of the more prominent facts established by the evidence. It cannot be expected that this court is to exercise the functions of a commissioner in chancery, settle an account, and undertake to ascertain how far each item is sustained by the evidence. Our inquiry is with the charge of fraud: Is it established by the testimony? And here it must be borne in mind that the law does not presume fraud. It is not to be assumed on doubtful evidence, or circumstances of mere suspicion. The party alleging the fraud must clearly and distinctly prove it. The onus probandi is upon him to prove his case as charged in the bill. If the fraud is not strictly and clearly proved as it is alleged, although the party against whom relief is sought may 58 not have been perfectly clear in his dealings, *no relief can be had. Kerr on Fraud and Mistake 382-4. JUDGE STAPLES here went into a critical examination of the evidence upon the question. The conclusion he arrived at was, that the testimony so far from establishing the existence of fraud, tended strongly to show that the bonds, which are the subject of controversy, are founded upon a bona fide indebtedness from Martin to the Colberts. Having concluded his review of the question of fraud. JUDGE STAPLES then proceeded to consider the testimony in relation to the alleged notice. Upon this branch of the case he also concurred with the chancellor, who pronounced the decree, that the notice is not satisfactorily or sufficiently proved. The consideration of this subject involved a very careful and detailed examination of the testimony in all its aspects. The dis cussion however being one purely of fact, and very extended, is omitted by the direction of JUDGE STAPLES. In conclusion he said: 59 These creditors were required by the plain terms of the statute to docket their judgments in order to preserve their liens. The whole tendency and spirit of modern legislation is to impose upon creditors and purchasers the duty of putting upon the record the evidences of their rights. It is the registration that is to be looked to as furnishing the notice. It is very true an exception is made in the case of a purchaser with notice. The reason is, he is deemed guilty of a fraud in taking a conveyance with knowledge of a better right in another. It is therefore held, that the notice in such cases must be very clearly proved. This is peculiarly so when the notice is sought to be established against the positive denials of the defendant; *for the result is to convict the latter of perjury as well as fraud. Here the creditors have neglected a plain duty in failing to docket their judgments; they seek to substitute in place of the record certain oral admissions alleged to have been made by the defendants years before, to be proved exclusively by the creditors themselves and their counsel. However high the source from which such evidence emanates-however incorruptible we may suppose some of the witnesses by which it is given-such evidence must, nevertheless, be received with the greatest caution. "Consisting as it does (evidence of mere verbal admissions) in the mere repetition of oral statements, it is subject to much imperfection and mistake, the party himself either being misinformed, or not having clearly expressed his own meaning, or the witness having misunderstood him. It frequently happens also that the witness, by unintentionally altering a few of the expressions really used, gives an effect to the statement completely at variance with what the party did say." This is the language of a very accurate and learned author. 1 Greenleaf, sec. 200. And he is fully sustained by the most eminent writers and judges. See cases cited, and also 1 Starkie on Evidence, page 462. I repeat, this caution cannot be too strongly observed when the alleged notice is to be established upon the testimony of parties and counsel against the positive denials of the answers, and those answers strongly supported by independent evidence and corroborating circumstances. The learned counsel for the appellant has pressed upon us the propriety and even necessity of an issue at least to be tried by a jury; and he has cited a number of the decisions of this court in support of that practice. The law upon this subject is too clear for 60 *controversy. Its application to particular cases is the great difficulty. The chancery court often directs an issue where the evidence is so contradictory as to render an open cross-examination of the witnesses before a jury necessary and proper. Not unfrequently the evidence is so equally balanced on both sides it is difficult to say which scale preponderates; and in such case an issue is of advantage, and proper to satisfy the conscience of the chancellor. But it does not follow that an issue is necessary and proper in every case where the evidence happens to be conflicting. If this was the rule the chief time of the chancery courts would be occupied with trials before juries, or in considering their verdicts. The circuit courts and the judges of this court are constantly called upon to decide questions of fact upon testimony of a very conflicting character. In Nice v. Purcell, i Hen. & Mun. 372, it was held that a court of equity is not bound to direct an issue on the mere ground that the evidence is contradictory; but it may judge of the weight of evidence; and if its conscience is satisfied, decide without a jury. The decision in Samuel v. Marshall & wife, 3 Leigh 614, is to the same effect. See also Wise v. Lamb, Gratt. 294; 2 Daniel Ch. Pr. 1073. As the issue is directed exclusively for the information of the court, if it is satisfied upon the evidence, there is of course no ground for the intervention of a jury. 61 In the case before us, so far as the question of fraud is concerned, the plaintiffs have utterly failed to prove it. In regard to the notice the case is not so free from difficulty. But the preponderance of facts and circumstances is with the defendants. As has been seen, the whole case turns upon the effect of certain admissions *alleged to have been made by the defendants. In my judgment a court is as competent, and perhaps more so, to decide upon the weight to be given to these admissions as any jury of twelve men to be selected according to the practice and mode of proceeding in trials by jury as now prevailing in the country. My opinion is therefore to affirm the decree of the chancery court. MONCURE, P., and CHRISTIAN, J., concurred in the opinion of STAPLES, J. ANDERSON, J., was inclined to think it was a case for an issue; but after hearing the opinion of STAPLES, J., he could not dissent. DECREE AFFIRMED. States and the Republic of Switzerland, 11 U. S. Stat. at Large, p. 590, Article 5, clause 3, by its terms depends for its operation and effect upon the legislation of the state in which the real estate lies; and no right in real estate in Virginia will vest in a citizen of that republic under said treaty, there having been at the death of H no statute authorizing it. This was a petition filed in the circuit court of the city of Richmond, by Henry Hauenstein and others, claiming to be the heirs and next of kin of Solomon Hauenstein, deceased, seeking to recover certain real estate of which the said Solomon Hauenstein had died seized, and which had been escheated to the commonwealth. Pending the proceeding the real estate was sold by the escheator, which the approval of the petitioners; and they asked that they might receive the proceeds of the sale. The circuit court dismissed the petition, and the petition63 ers applied to a judge of this court for an appeal; which was allowed. The case is sufficiently stated by JUDGE MONCURE in his opinion. Johnson & Royall, for the appellants. The Attorney General and Lynham, for the appellee. MONCURE, P., delivered the opinion of the court. This is an appeal from a decree of the circuit court of the city of Richmond, rendered on the 20th day of October 1876, in a suit in said court in which the appellants were plaintiffs and John A. Lynham, escheator for the commonwealth of Virginia, was defendant. Solomon Hauenstein, a citizen of Switzerland, had emigrated to Virginia, and settled here many years ago; had continued to reside here until his death; had acquired, by purchase and conveyance at different times, in the years 1856 and 1858, and from different persons, quite a large real estate, of which he continued to be seized and possessed until and at the time of his death; and he died in 1861 or '2. intestate, unmarried and without issue. Having no known heirs, it was supposed that his estate devolved on the commonwealth for defect of heirs. There was an inquisition of escheat, which found accordingly; and the said estate came to the hands of the said Lynham as escheator, who was proceeding to sell the same in the execution of his duties as such, when the appellants, citizens of Switzerland, claiming to be the next of kin, or their representatives, of the said intestate, and to be entitled as such to his said estate, or the proceeds of the sale thereof, filed their petition for the recovery of the same, under the Code of 1860, chapter 113, section 8. page 547, which enacts 64 *that "when the verdict on such inquest is for the commonwealth, any person claiming any interest in the lands (escheated), whether legal or equitable, may, before the sale thereof, petition the said circuit court (to which the inquisition is directed to be returned), for redress. To such petition the escheator shall be a defendant. He V R, 28 Gratt-3 | shall file an answer, stating the objections to the claim. And the cause shall be heard without ny unnecessary delay, upon the petition, answer and the evidence." In the petition, the petitioners expressed their willingness to unite in a sale of the property by the escheator. To this petition, the escheator accordingly filed an answer, stating the objections to the claim. Evidence was taken and filed on both sides, but chiefly on the side of the petitioners, and as especially to prove that they were, in fact, they claimed to be, the next of kin of the said intestate, or their representatives. On the 20th day of October 1876, and during the same year in which the petition was filed, the cause came on for final hearing; when the court, being of opinion that the plaintiffs had no claim upon the fund arising from the sale of the real estate disposed of by the escheator (but without deciding whether the petitioners were the next of kin, or their representatives, of the intestate, as they claimed to be), therefore dismissed the petition, and decreed that the petitioners pay to the defendant his costs by him about his defence in that behalf expended. From that decree the petitioners applied to a judge of this court for an appeal, which was accordingly allowed, and which is the case now to be disposed of by this court. We proceed at once to enquire whether the appellants are entitled to the estate of the intestate Solomon Hauenstein, or 65 the proceeds of the sale thereof, *even if they be in fact, as they claim to be, his next of kin, or their representatives, which latter question will not be decided, unless its decision be rendered necessary for the decision of this case by our opinion on and decision of the question first above propounded. If the appellants, who are citizens of Switzerland and aliens to the commonwealth of Virginia, be entitled to the estate, or the proceeds of the sale thereof, which they claim (even admitting them to be in fact the next of kin of the said intestate), they must be so entitled either first under the common law; or, secondly, under some statute law of the state of Virginia; or, thirdly, under some treaty between the United States and the Republic of Switzerland. 1st. Are they entitled under the common law? Certainly not. Under the common law an alien is incapable of taking real estate by descent. 1 Rob. Pr. (new) 125, and cases cited; 2 Kent's Com., 53 marg. 2dly. Are they entitled under any statute law of the state? If there was any such law in existence at the time of the intestate's death, in 1861 or 1862, it is embodied in the Code of 1860; for no law on the subject was enacted before his death and after the publication of the said Code. There is but one provision in that Code which can have any bearing on the subject; and that is the sixth section of chapter 115, page 557, which is in these words: "When by any treaty now in force between the United States and any foreign country, a citizen or subject of such country is allowed to sell real property in this state, such citizen or subject may sell and 33 |