EXERCISES.

Accuso, to accuse. Adumbro, to shade. Edifico, to build.

FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Estimo, to value.

Animo, to encourage.
Appello, to call.
Apto, to fit.

Assevero, to affirm.
Bello, to war.
Beo, to bless.
Calco, to tread.
Castigo, to chastise.
Celo, to conceal.
Clamo, to cry.
Cogito, to think.
Comparo, to compare.
Considero, to consider
Contamino, to pollute
Creo, to create.
Curo, to care.
Damno, to condemn.
Declaro, to declare.
Decoro, to adorn.
Dedico, to dedicate.
Desolo, to lay waste.
Dono, to present.
Educo, to bring up.
Emendo, to amend.
Erro, to wander.
Exploro, to search.
Extrico, to disentangle.
Fabrico, to frame.
Fascino, to bewitch.
Fatigo, to weary.
Festino, to hasten.
Flagito, to dun.
Flo, to blow.
Frio, to crumble.
Fugo, to put to flight.
Guberno, to govern.
Gusto, to taste.
Honoro, to honour.
Jacto, to boast.
Iminolo, to sacrifice.
Impero, to command.
Inchoo, to begin.
Indico, to show.
Instigo, to push on.
Intro, to enter.
Invito, to invite.

Jubilo, to shout for joy.
Juro, to swear.

Laboro, to labour.
Lacero, to tear.
Latro, lo bark.

Lego, to send an embassy
Libo, to taste.
Libero, to free.
Ligo, to bind.

Mando, to command.
Meneoro, to tell.
Migro, to remove.
Muto, to change..
Narro, to relate.
Navigo, to sail.
Nego, to deny.
Nomino, to name.
Nudo, to make bare.
Numero, to count.
Obsecro, to beseech.

Odore, to perfume.
Onero, to load.
Opto, to wish.

Singular.

1. Amo, I love,

Supine. ǎmátum,

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense, love, do love, or am loving.

2. Amas, thou lovest,

3. Amat, he loves;

Plural.

Amamus, we love,.

Amatis, ye love,

Amant, they love.

1. Amāvissem, I might have loved,

Amarēmus, we might love,
Amaretis, ye might love,
Amarent, they might love.
have loved.

Amaverimus, we may have loved, Amaveritis, ye may have loved, Amaverint, they may have loved. could, or should have loved.

Amavissemus, we might have loved,

2. Amavisses, thou mightest have loved, Amavissetis, ye might have loved, 3. Amavisset, he might have loved; Amavissent, they might have loved. Future, shall have loved.

1. Amávěro, I shall have loved, 2. Amaveris, thou shalt have loved, 3. Amaverit, he shall have loved;

Amaverimus, we shall have loved, Amaveritis, ye shall have loved, Amaverint, they shall have loved.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

2. Ama, v. amāto, love thou, 3. Amato, let him love;

Pres. Amare, to love.

Amāte v. amatote, love ye,
Amanto, let them love.

INFINITIVE MOOD.
Perf. Amavisse, to have loved.

Fut. Esse amaturus, to be about to love, Fuisse amaturus, to have been

What is a letter? What is orthography?
How many letters in Latin?

Which English letter is wanting in Latin?
Into what are letters divided?

How many vowels? How many consonants?
What is a vowel? What a consonant?

What is a simple sound? What is an articulate sound?

Into what are consonants divided?

Why is a mute so called? Which are the mutes?
And the semi-mutes? What is a semi-vowel?
Repeat them; and the liquids. Why so called?
How are the mutes and semi-vowels distinguished?
Which are the double consonants?

Of what is a made up? What is said of z?
What letters are found only in Greek words?
What is h?

DIPTHONGS.

What is a dipthong? a proper dipthong and an improper?

Repeat the proper; and the improper.

In the improper which vowel is heard?

How did the ancients write these vowels?

SYLLABLES.

What is a syllable? How many syllables in a word? What is the exception? Why?

What is a monosyllable? a dissyllable? a polysyllable?

How are we directed in dividing words?

How are compound words divided?

How is a long syllable marked? how a short?

N. B. A circumflex accent marks a contraction. See page 175 for the definition of penult, and antepenult; and page 182 for the accents, and learn the following

THREE RULES FOR ACCENTS.

1. All dissyllables have the accents on the first. 2. Long penultimates always have the accent on them.

3. Short penultimates throw the accent on the antepenultimate.

WORDS.

What are words? What is etymology? or analogy? What are the divisions of words?

What is the figure of words? What the species? What is a simple word?

What is a compound word?

What is a primitive word? and a derivative?

The classes of words are called what?

PARTS OF SPEECH.

How many and what are the parts of speech?
Which declined? and undeclined?

When is a word said to be declined?

What is termination? What are accidents?
To what is declension applied? and conjugation?
Which part of speech has the English more than
the Latin?

What is said of the want of the article?

What is the first observation? Give examples.
What are these called?

What is the second observation?

What gender are the names of months, winds, rivers and mountains? Why? The exception? What gender are the names of countries, towns, trees and ships? Why? The first exception? the second exception? the third? the fourth?

What is the third observation?

What is meant by doubtful gender?
What is meant by common gender?

Does common gender apply to any nouns except the names of males and females?

FIRST DECLENSION. (See page 10.)
How do nouns of this declension end?
How many terminations? What are they?

How do Latin nouns end? What are the termina-
tions of the different cases?
Decline musa, without the English.
Decline musa, a song, with the English.
Decline bona, good, in the same manner.
Decline bona musa, a good song, with the English,
singular and plural. Write it on the slate.
How do you say a good song in Latin? nominative
and accusative?
songs?

of a good song?

to or for a good song? songs?
O good song?
songs?

with a good song? songs? What case is of a good song? to a good song? with, in, or by, a good song?

Write on the slate the declension of the following words:

atra cura, black care. (See page 11.)
magna stella, a great star.

pretiosa gemma, a precious jewel.

with the English.

How do you say, with black cares? O great stars? of precious jewels?

Dat. Aulaibus,

Acc. Aulaes, contracted Aulas, &c. What does a circumflex accent mark? (Line 11, page 191.)

What illustration is here found? Ans. Gen. Aulâs, like familiâs, and aulâ. For what is aulâ contracted. Ans. For aulae. What other proof of this old form remains? Ans. The dative and ablative plural of the nouns mentioned in the third exception? What are those nouns? How declined? Why so declined? How many nouns are mentioned in the third exception? What others may be added? Ans. Socia and Domina. Write the declension of filia, daughter, in full.

Decline formosa, beautiful, like musa. Decline formosa filia, with the English.

How do you say in Latin, a beautiful daughter? of a beautiful daughter? to a beautiful daughter? How do you say, with or to beautiful daughters? Which terminations of the first declension are

Greek? What gender? Decline JEneas. Has it any plural? Why not? (4th General rule.) How does the accusative vary? Decline Ossa. Where is Ossa? How is Anchises declined? Why does it want the plural? Decline Penelope. How many syllables has Pe-nel'o-pe? Why? (Ans. 2d question under syllables.)

How are Greek nouns in es and e changed? Give examples. How is the genitive plural contracted? What marks a contraction?

N. B. A Geographical Exercise, on the names mentioned in the Grammar may be introduced with advantage.

SECOND DECLENSION. (Page 10.)

How do nouns of this declension end?
How many terminations? Repeat them.
How many of these are Latin terminations?
How many Greek? Write an example of each.
What is the rule for gender?

What is the termination of the genitive? dat. and abl. acc.? vocative? How many simple nouns in ir? and ur? What nouns lose e in the genitive? What is the example? Distinguish liber, bark, from liber, free, by the declension; by the quantity. How is liber, a book, pronounced? Ans. short i. How is liber, free, pronounced? Ans. long i. What examples in us and um are given? How are they declined? Write them. Write bonus puer, with the English in full.

What is the nominative case? the genitive? and the other cases?

What is the English of bonus puer?

What is the Latin of a good boy? and so on through the cases in Latin and English.

Decline and write bonum donum, pulcher liber, benignus gener, doctus vir, a learned man.

EXCEPTIONS IN GENDER.

What nouns are feminine? To these what is added? Why? Other names of jewels and plants are what gender? What nouns are either masculine or feminine? What nouns are neuter? Which one masculine or neuter?

EXCEPTIONS IN DECLENSION. What is the rule for the vocative of proper names in ius, with filius and genius? Decline Deus. What is the vocative of Deus? and of meus? How do other nouns in ius make the vocative? How do the poets make the vocative of nouns in us? Does this occur in prose? Explain the contraction of nouns in the genitive singular? and plural?

GREEK NOUNS.

What terminations of the second declension are Greek, and how are they changed? What terminations are contracted?

How are nouns in os declined?

How do some neuters make the genitive plural?

THIRD DECLENSION.

How many final letters in the termination of nouns of this declension? How many peculiar to this declension? Name them. Which are common to other declensions? Which are Greek? What are the terminations of the cases? How are nouns of this declension known? Decline the examples given on the 10th page. What case is sermonis? Why? What case is sermoni? Can you write this declension with the English? How do you say with speeches in Latin? of heads? to journeys? in seats? on rocks? with stones? Why does iter make itineris in the genitive? Ans. Because contracted from itiner. Decline lenis sermo, a mild speech. Write it. Decline felix iter, a happy journey. Write it.

RULES FOR THE GENDER AND THE GENITIVE.

What is the first rule for the gender? for the genitive?

What is the second rule? First exception of nouns in io? Without a body? With a body? Second exception of nouns in do and go? Which are feminine? Which masculine? What gender is cupido?

when um? Monosyllables in as? Polysyllables? Nouns in es and is, not increasing the genitive? Nouns ending in two consonants? which five excepted?

What is the third exception? Write the declension of bos, and contract it. Greek nouns? Which have the genitive in on?

Nouns which want the singular? Names of feasts?

en ?

DATIVE PLURAL.

N. B. All nouns should be declined backward as well as forward.

What is the third rule? Write the eight exceptions.
What is said of D?

The fourth rule? Recite the four exceptions.
The fifth rule? How many nouns excepted?
The sixth rule? The first exception? What gender
is arbor? What is the distinction between tu-
ber, a tree and a fruit? decline both.
What is the second exception?
What is said of nouns in ter? Decline Jupiter.
What is the gender of linter, a boat?

What is the seventh rule? The first exception?
Recite the note. What is the second exception?
What is the eighth rule? The first exception? The
second exception? The third exception?
Decline Dares and Achilles, names of men.
What is the ninth rule? The first exception?
Explain the difference between Latin and Greek
nouns în nis?

What is the second exception?

What gender is semis? (See also note under rule 7.) How many doubtfuls under the third exception? What is the fourth exception? And the fifth? What is the eleventh rule? The first exception? The second exception? The third exception? Decline glomus, Venus, vetus, Edipus, Trupezus, tripus.

What is the twelfth rule?

Thirteenth rule? Repeat all the nouns in aes and

aus.

What are nouns in aus? How declined?

What is the fourteenth rule? and the five exceptions?

What is the fifteenth rule?

What is the sixteenth rule?

What gender are polysyllables in ex and ax?
What nouns are added? What excepted?
What is the second exception? The third?
Repeat the fourth exception, and decline and write
the words.

DATIVE SINGULAR.
How did the dative singular formerly end?
Example's.

ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. What nouns have im? What proper names of cities? of rivers? of Gods? How do these sometimes make the accusative?

What nouns have em or im?

How do Greek nouns form the accusative?
Repeat and write the five specifications.

ABLATIVE SINGULAR.

What nouns have i in the ablative? What y or ye?

NOMINATIVE PLURAL.

How do Greek nouns in a form the dative plural? from what nominative?

How do the poets form the dative plural?

ACCUSATIVE PLURAL.

How do nouns which have ium in the genitive form the accusative plural?

If the accusative singular ends in a, how is the plu Decline and write Greek nouns through all cases. ral?

FOURTH DECLENSION,

How do nouns of the fourth declension end? Which are masculine? Which neuter, and which indeclinable? What are the terminations of the different cases?

How do you say of a chariot? to a chariot? with a horn? to horns? with chariots? of a horn? What is the English of cornuum curribus? currus? currus? cornua? cornibus? cornu? What nouns in us are feminine? Which vary in gender? and which in declension ? What declension is Capricornus? and the compounds of manus?

Decline domus, a house, with the English. What gender? decline pulchra, beautiful, with domus. How do you say, a beautiful house? of a beautiful house? to a beautiful house? with beautiful houses? of beautiful houses? What is the English of pulchras domus? pulchris domibus? What is the distinction between domus and domi? What nouns make ubus in the dative, and ablative plural? and what ibus?

How is Jesus declined? write it.

To which declension did the nouns of this declension anciently belong? Write the old form. What cases are contracted? How is the genitive in some writers? and the dative? and the genitive plural?

FIFTH DECLENSION. How do nouns of the fifth declension end? What gender? Decline res, a thing. And bona, good And bona res, a good thing. How do you say with good things?

What nouns are excepted in the gender? How d the poets make the genitive? and the dative? How many nouns of the fifth declension ? To which declension did they formerly belong? What cases are often wanting? How do these noun. end? How many in es? Which are they? How many in ies, not of this declension? Name them. Write the declension of quies and requies.

IRREGULAR NOUNS. How many classes of irregular nouns? VARIABLE NOUNS.

How do nouns vary? What are heterogeneous nouns?

GENITIVE PLURAL.

When do nouns make ium in the genitive plural, and

and neuter in the plural. What are these sup posed to be? What is understood?

What is the second division of the heterogeneous nouns?

What is the third? and the fourth? and the fifth?

and the sixth?

Repeat the nouns under each division. What are heteroclites? Repeat them.

DEFECTIVE NOUNS.

How many ways are nouns defective? Repeat the six ways, with examples, of nouns defective in cases.

Repeat the eight ways, with examples, of nouns defective in number. What means castrum? Of what noun is it the singular? and litera?

REDUNDANT NOUNS.

Repeat the eight ways, with examples, of redund

ant nouns.

DIVISION OF NOUNS, &c.
What is a collective noun? a patronymic?
How do names of inen end? and of women?
What is a patrial or gentile noun?
What are patrials to be considered?

What is an abstract noun? What are concretes?
How do abstracts end? What is said of them?
What is a diminutive? Are more than one derived
from the same primitive? Examples.
How do they end? Of what gender?
What is an amplificative? How do they end?
What is a verbal noun? What is said of them?
How do they end?

ADJECTIVES.

What is an adjective? Ans. A word which qualifies or specifies a noun.

Can an adjective make full sense by itself?
How are adjectives varied?

Of what declension are they? What exception? What are the terminations of the genders? and cases? and numbers? Decline bonus and tener. What compounds have this form? What letter is often dropped? Give the example. What has dexter?

What adjectives have the genitive in ius, and dative ini? What are these adjectives, except totus, called? How anciently declined? How is an adjective properly declined? How do we say a good man in Latin? a good woman? a good thing?

What words are here understood?

Of how many terminations are adjectives of the third declension?

Decline an adjective of one termination? of two terminations? of three terminations? Repeat the two rules.

Exception 1. What adjectives have e in the abla

lative?

Exception 2. What others and what parts wanting? What is the third exception? and the fourth?

Remarks. What is the first? second? third? fourth? fifth? sixth? seventh? eighth ? ninth?

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

How many classes? What are they called?
Repeat the cardinal? Which want the singular?
When is unus used in the plural?
Decline duo and tres. Decline ambo.
Which cardinal numbers are indeclinable?

Which are declined? How is mille used?
When used as a substantive, how declined?

When used as an adjective how? to express more than one thousand?

What are the ordinal numbers? Repeat them.
The distributive? and the numeral adverbs?
What are the multiplicative numbers?

What are the interrogative words? Which are indeclinable?

To these numerals what may be added?

COMPARISON.

What does comparison of adjectives express.
What adjectives are compared? How many de-
grees of comparison? Explain each.
How is the comparative formed? The superlative?
If the positive ends in er? Of what declension is
the comparative? and the superlative?
IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE COMPARISON.

Compare bonus, malus, magnus, parvus,multus.
For what is major contracted? Ans. Ma(gn)ior.
And maximus? Ans. Magnissimus.
Repeat and compare those that have limus.
Compare those that have the superlative irregular.
Compare the compounds in dicus, &c.
Compare nequam.

Are all adjectives compared that are capable of having their signification increased?

Which want the positive? Which the comparative? Which the superlative?

Supply the superlative of juvenis or adolescens. Of

senex.

What other adjectives want the superlative?

What are only comparative?

What adjectives not compared at all?
How is the defect supplied?

Is this form used for regular adjectives?

What is a pronoun ?

PRONOUN.

What do they serve to point out? They serve what else? Simple pronouns how many? Substantives how many? Adjectives how many?

What part of ego is wanting? How is mihi contracted? Write it. For what are nostrum and vestrum contracted?

What is the difference in the use of nostrum vestrum and nostri vestri?

How are the English pronouns he, she, it, expressed in Latin? Distinguish ille, iste, and hic, and is. What do ille and iste imply?

To what is ipse joined, and what force has it? Decline it.

What are the other pronouns? How declined? How are nostras, vestras, and cujas, declined? Distinguish cujus genitive, cujas, and cujus, nomi

native.

What does meus make in the vocative?

What has qui in the ablative? What is remarkable?

Explain the six classes of pronouns.

COMPOUND PRONOUNS

In how many ways are pronouns compounded?
Of what is idem compounded? How declined?
What pronouns are most frequently compounded?
How is quis placed in composition?

How is qui? Decline the first class. Decline quisquis. What part of it is wanting? What is said of quisquam? What is said of the compound of quis in which quis is placed last? How do they make the feminine? Which are read separately? Decline the second class.

What compounds have quis in the middle? What are the compounds of qui? Decline them. What have these compounds in the dative plural? What has quis in comic writers? How is quidam declined? Distinguish quod and quid. Which are reckoned substantives, and why?

VERB.

What is a verb? Why called the word by way of eminence? How may a verb be distinguished? Do we find the same word used as different parts of speech? How many classes of verbs with respect to their signification? Why?

What is an active verb? A passive? A neuter?