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I.

XIII. I final is long; as, Domini, patri, doceri.

Exc. 1. Greek vocatives are short; as, Alexi, Amarylli.

Exc. 2. The dative of Greek nouns of the third declension which increase, is common; as, Palladi, Minoidi.

Mihi, tibi, sibi, are also common: so likewise are ibi, nisi, ubi, quasi; and cui, when a dissyllable, which in poetry is seldom the case. Sicubi and necubi are always

short.

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The dative and ablative Greek nouns, as, Didō, nouns; as, certò, falsò,

XIV. O final is common; as, Virgo, Amo, quando. Exc. 1. Monosyllables in o are long; as, ō, dō, stō, prō. sing. of the second declension, are long; as, libro, domino: also and Athō the genitive of Athos, and adverbs derived from paulo. To these add quo, eō, and their compounds, quōvis, quocunque, adeò, ideō; likewise, illo, idcircō, citrō, intrō, retrõ, ultrō.

Exc. 2. The following words are short; Ego, scio, cedo a defective verb, homo, cito, illică, imò, duò, ambo, modò, with its compounds, quomodo, dummodò, postmodo: but some of these are also found long.

Exc. 3. The gerund in DO in Virgil is long; in other poets it is short. Ergó, on account of, is long; ergo, therefore is doubtful.

U and Y.

XV. U final is long; Y final is short; as, Vultū, Molÿ.

B, D, L, M, R, T.

XVI. B, D, L, R, and T, in the end of a word, are short; as,
Ab, apud, seměl, precòr, capăt.

The following words are long, sal, sol, nil; pār, and its compounds, impar, dispar, &c. fär, lár, Nār cür für; also nouns in er which have eris in the genitive; as, Crater, ver, Iber likewise aer, æther; to which add Hebrew names; as, Jōb, Daniel, David.

M final anciently made the foregoing vowel short; as, Militum octo, Ennius. But by later poets, m in the end of a word is always cut off, when the next word begins with a vowel; thus, Milit, octo; except in compound words; as, circămăgo, circumeo.

C, N.

XVII. C and N, in the end of a word, are long; as,

Ac, sic, non. So Greek nouns in n ; as, Titān, Sirēn, Salamin, Æneān, Anchisēn, Circen, Lacedæmōn, &c.

The following words are short, nec and doněc; forsitan, in, forsăn, taměn, ăn, viděn'; likewise nouns in en which have inis in the genitive; as, carměn, criměn ; together with several Greek nouns; as, Ilion, Pylon, Alexìn.

The pronoun hic, and the verb fac, are common.

AS, ES, OS.

XVIII. AS, ES, and OS, in the end of a word, are long; as, Mās, quiēs, bonōs.

The following words are short, anãs, es from sum, and penes; os, having ossis in the genitive, compos, and impos; also a great many Greek nouns of all these three terminations; as, Arcăs and Arcădăs, heroas; Phryges; Arcados, Tenědos, Mělŏs, &c. and Latin nouns in es, having the penult of the genitive increasing short; as, Ales, hebes, obses. But Cerēs, paries, aries, abies, and pes with its compounds, are long.

IS, US, YS.

XIX. IS, US, and YS, in the end of a word, are short; as,

Turris, legis, legimus, annus, Capÿs.

Exc. 1. Plural cases in is and us are long; as, Pennis, libris, nobis, omnis for

omnes, fructus, manus: also the genitive singular of the fourth declension; as, portûs. But bus in the dative and ablative plural is short; as, floribus, fructibus, rebūs.

Exc. 2. Nouns in is are long, which have the genitive in itis, inis, or entis; as, lis, Samnis, Salamis, Simois. To these add the adverbs gratis and foris; the noun glis, and vis, whether it be a noun or a verb; also is in the second person singular, when the plural has itis; as, audis, abis, possis. Ris in the future of the subjunctive is common.

Exc. 3. Monosyllables in us are long; as, grūs, sūs: also nouns which in the genitive have ūris, ūdis, utis, untis, or odis; as, tellūs, incūs, virtus, amăthūs, tripūs. To these add the genitive of Greek nouns of the third declension; as, Cliús, Sapphús, Mantús; also nouns which have u in the vocative; as, Panthūs.

Exc. 4. Tethys is sometimes long, and nouns in ys, which have likewise yn in the nominative; as, Phorcys, Trachys.

The last syllable of every verse is common

Or, as some think, necessarily long on account of the pause or suspension of the voice, which usually follows it in pronunciation.

THE QUANTITY OF DERIVATIVE AND COMPOUND WORDS.

1. DERIVATIVES.

XX. Derivatives follow the quantity of their primitives; as,

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XXI. Compounds follow the quantity of the simple words which compose them; as,

Deduco, of de, and duco. So proféro, antefero, consōlor, denoto, depeculor, depravo, despero, despumo, desquamo, enodo, erudio, exūdo, exăro, expăveo, incero, inhumo, investigo, prægrăvo, prænăto, regělo, apparo, appareo, concavus, prægrăvis, dēsōlo, suffoco & suffoco, diffidit from diffindo, and diffidit from diffido, indico, and indico, permănet from permaneo, and permanet from permāno, effodit, in the present, and effodit in the perfect; so, exedit and exedit; devenit and devenit; devěnĭmus and devēnīmus; reperimus and reperimus; effugit and effugit, &c.

The change of a vowel or diphthong in the compound does not alter the quantity; as, incido from in and cădo; incido from in and cœdo; suffoco from sub and faux, faucis: unless the letter following make it fall under some general rule; as, admitto, pērcello, děosculor, prohibeo.

Exc. 1. Agnitum, cognitum, dějero, pejero, innuba, pronuba, maledicus, veridicus, nihilum, semisõpītus; from notus, jūro, nubo, dico, hilum, and sõpio: ambītus, á

participle from ambio, is long; but the substantives ambitus and ambitio are short. Connubium has the second syllable common.

Exc. 2. The preposition PRO is short in the following words: profundus, profugio, profugus, pròněpos, proneptis, profestus, prõfari, profiteor, profānus, profecto, procella, protervus, and propago, a lineage; pro in propago, a vine stock or shoot, is long. Pro in the following words is doubtful: propago, to propagate; propino, profundo, propello, propulso, procuro, and Proserpina.

Exc. 3. The inseparable prepositions SE and DI are long; as, sēpăro, divello : except dirimo, disertus. Re is short; as, remitto, refĕro: except in the impersonal verb refert, compounded of res and fero.

Exc. 4. E, I, O, in the end of the former compounding word are usually shortened; as, trecenti, nefas, neque, patefacio, &c. Capricornus, omnipotens, agricola, significo, biformis, aliger, Trivia, tubicen, &c. Duodecim, hodie, sacrosanctus, &c. But from each of these there are many exceptions. Thus i is long when it is varied by cases; as, quidam, quivis, tantidem, eidem, &c. And when the compounding words may be taken separately; as, ludimagister, lucrifacio, siquis, &c. Idem in the masculine, is long; in the neuter, short: also, ubique, ibidem. But in ubivis and ubicunque, thei is doubtful. ACCENT.

Accent is the tone of the voice with which a syllable is pronounced.

In every word of two or more syllables, one syllable is sounded higher than the rest, to prevent monotony, or an uniformity of sound, which is disagreeable to the ear.

When accent is considered with respect to the sense, or when a particular stress is laid upon any word, on account of the meaning, it is called Emphasis.

There are three accents, distinguished by their different sounds; acute, gruve, and circumflex,

1. The acute or sharp accent raises the voice in pronunciation, and is thus marked [']; as, prófero, próffer.

2. The grave or base accent depresses the voice, or keeps it in its natural tone; and is thus marked [']; as, doctè. This accent properly belongs to all syllables which have no other.

The circumflex accent first raises and then sinks the voice in some degree on the same syllable; and is therefore placed only upon long syllables. When written, it has this mark, made up of the two former [^]; as, amâre.

The accents are hardly ever marked in English books, except in dictionaries, grammars, spellingbooks, or the like, where the acute accent only is used.

The accents are likewise seldom marked in Latin books, unless for the sake of distinction; as, in these adverbs, aliquò, continuò, doctè, unà, &c. to distinguish them from certain cases of adjectives, which are spelt in the same way. So poētâ, gloriâ, in the ablative: fructûs, tumultûs, in the genitive nostrum, vestrum, the genitive of nos and vos: ergó, on account of; occidit, he slew; Pompili, for Pompilii; amâris, for amaveris, &c.

VERSE.

A verse is a certain number of long and short syllables, disposed according to rule.

It is so called, because when the number of syllables requisite completed, we always turn back to the beginning of a new line.

The parts into which we divide a verse, to see if it have its just number of syllables, are called Feet.

A verse is divided into different feet, rather to ascertain its measure or number of syllables, than to regulate its pronunciation.

FEET.

Poetic feet are either of two, three, or four syllables. When a single syllable is taken by itself, it is called a Casūra, which is commonly a long syllable..

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The measuring of verse, or the resolving of it into the several feet of which it is composed, is called Scanning.

When a verse has just the number of feet requisite, it is called Versus Acatalectus, or Acatalecticus, an Acatalectic verse: if a syllable be wanting, it is called Catalecticus: if there be a syllable too much, Hypercatalecticus, or Hypermĕter.

The ascertaining whether the verse be complete, defective, or redundant, is called Depositio, or Clausula.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE.

1. HEXAMETER.

The Hexameter or Heroic verse consists of six feet. Of these the fifth is a dactyle, and the sixth a spondee; all the rest may be either dactyles or spondees; as,

Lúděrě | quæ vêl- | lēm călă- | mō për- | misit ǎ- | grėsti. Virg.
Infan- dum Ré- | gînă, ju- | bēs rěnŏ- vārě do- | lōrēm. Id.

A regular Hexameter line cannot have more than seventeen syllables, or fewer than thirteen.
Sometimes a spondee is found in the fifth place, whence the verse is called Spondaic: as,

Câră Dě- | um sõbŏ- | lēs mā- | gnum Jovis | incrē- | mēntům. Virg.

This verse is used when any thing grave, slow, large, sad, or the like, is expressed. It commonly has a dactyle in the fourth place, and a word of four syllables in the end.

Sometimes there remains a superfluous syllable at the end. But this syllable must either terminate in a vowel, or in the consonant m, with a vowel before it: so as to be joined with the following verse, which in the present case must always begin with a vowel; as,

Omniă | MercurĬ- | ō símĭ- | lis võ- | cémqué cò- | lōrémque

Et flavos crines

Virg.

Those Hexameter verses sound best, which have dactyles and spondees alternately; as,

Ludere quæ vellem calamo permisit agresti. Virg.
Pinguis et ingratæ premeretur caseus urbi. Id.

Or which have more dactyles than spondees; as,

Tityre tu patulæ recubans sub tegmine fagi. Id.

It is esteemed a great beauty in a Hexameter verse, when by the use of dactyles and spondees, the sound is adapted to the sense; as,

Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum. Virg.

Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt. Id.

Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. Id.
Accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt. Id.

But what deserves particular attention in scanning Hexameter verse, is the CÆSURA, Casura is when, after a foot is completed, there remains a syllable at the end of a word to begin a new foot; as,

At re-gină gră-vi jām-dudum, &c.

The Casura is variously named, according to the different parts of the nexameter verse in which it is found. When it comes after the first foot, or falls on the third half-foot, it is called by a Greek name, Triemimĕris: when on the fifth half-foot or the syllable after the second foot, it is called Penthemimeris: when it happens on the first syllable of the fourth foot, or the seventh half-foot, it is called Hepthemimĕris: and when on the ninth half-foot, or the first syllable of the fifth foot it is called Enneemimĕris.

All these different species of the Casura sometimes occur in the same verse; as,

Illě lǎ-tús nivě-ūm mōl-lī fül-tús hyǎ-cinthō. Virg.

But the most common and beautiful Casura is the penthemim; on which some lay a particular accent or stress of the voice in reading a hexameter verse thus composed, whence they call it the Casural pause: as,

Tityre dum rede- O, brevis est via, pasce capellas. Virg.

When the Casura falls on a syllable naturally short, it renders it long; as, the last syllable of fultus in the foregoing example.

The chief melody of a hexameter verse in a great measure depends on the proper disposition

of the Casura. Without this, a line consisting of the number of feet requisite will be little else than mere prose; as,

Romæ mæniă terrůît impigĕr Hannibal ārmis. Ennius.

The ancient Romans, in pronouncing verse, paid a particular attention to its melody. They not only observed the quantity and accent of the several syllables, but also the different stops and pauses which the particular turn of the verse required. In modern times we do not fully perceive the melody of Latin verse, because we have now lost the just pronunciation of that language, the people of every country pronouncing it in a manner similar to their own. In reading Latin verse, therefore, we are directed by the same rules which take place with respect to English verse.

The tone of the voice ought to be chiefly regulated by the sense. All the words should be pronounced fully; and the cadence of the verse ought only to be observed, so far as it corresponds with the natural expression of the words. At the end of each line there should be no fall of the voice, unless the sense requires it; but a small pause, half of that which we usually make at a

comma,

2. PENTAMETER.

The Pentameter verse consists of five feet. Of these the two first are either dactyles or spondees; the third always a spondee; and the fourth and fifth an anapæstus; as,

Nátu- ræ sequi- | tür se- | mină quis- | que suæ. Propert.
Carmini- | būs vi- | vēs tēm- | pus în ôm- | ně měis.

Ovid.

But this verse is more properly divided into two hemisticks or halves; the former of which consists of two feet, either dactyles or spondees, and a cæsura; the latter, always of two dactyles and another cæsura; thus,

Natúræ sequi- | tūr | sémină | quisque sŭ- | æ.
Carmini- bus vi- | vês | tēmpus în | ōmně mě- | is.

The Pentameter usually ends with a dissy able, but sometimes also, with a polysyllable.

3. ASCLEPIADEAN.

The Asclepiadéan verse consists of four feet; namely, a spondee, twice a choriambus, and a pyrrhichius; as,

Mæcé-nās ǎtǎvis | ēdĭtě rê- | gibus. Hor.

But this verse may be more properly measured thus: in the first place, a spondee; in the second, a dactyle; then a cæsura; and after that two dactyles; thus,

Mæce- nas ata- | vis | edite | regibus.

4. GLYCONIAN.

The Glyconian verse has three feet, a spondee, choriambus, and pyrrhichius; as,

Or,

Nāvis quæ tibi cre- ditům. Horat.

may be divided into a spondee and two dactyles; thus,

Navis quæ tibi | creditum.

5. SAPPHIC and ADONIAN.

The Sapphic verse has five feet; viz. a trochee, spondee, dactyle, and two trochees; thus,
Integer vitæ, scělě- | risque | pūrus. Horat.

An Adonian verse consists only of a dactyle and spondee; as,

Júpiter úrgēt. Horat.

6. PHERECRATIAN.

The Pherecratian verse consists of three feet, a spondee, dactyle, and spondee; thus,

Nigris | æquoră | vēntis. Horat.

7. PHALEUCIAN.

The Phaleucian verse consists of five feet; namely, a spondee, a dactyle, and three trochees; as, Súmmām | nēc mětů- | ās dĩ- | ēm, něc | ōptěs. Martial.

8. The GREATER ALCAIC.

The Greater Alcaic, called likewise Dactylic, consists of four feet, a spondee or iambus, iambus and cæsura, then two dactyles; as,

Virtus repül- | sæ | nesciă | sordidæ. Horat.

9. ARCHILOCHIAN.

The Archilochian Iambic verse consists of four feet. In the first and third place, it has either a spondee or iambus; in the second and fourth, always an iambus; and in the end, a cæsura; as, Nēc sū- | mĭt, aūt | pōnit | sěcū- | rēs. Horat.

10. The LESSER ALCAIC.

The Lesser Dactylic Alcaic consists of four feet; namely, two dactyles and two trochees; as, Arbitri- | ō popŭ- | lāris | aūræ. Horat.

Of the above kinds of verse, the first two take their names from the number of feet of which they consist. All the rest derive their names from those by whom they were either first invented, or frequently used.

There are several other kinds of verse, which are named from the feet by which they are most

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