ANCIENT IRISH LITERATURE. In various preceding numbers of our Journal, we have endeavoured to expose the mistakes proceeding from ignorance of writers who suppose that, previous to the arrival of the English, the Irish were in a state of almost utter barbarism. Among other erroneous assertions, it has been stated, and very generally believed, that we were wholly a pastoral people, wandering about with our herds of cattle, like the ancient Scythians, from whom we are supposed to derive our descent. Ledwich, indeed, acknowledges that his favorite, Giraldus Cambrensis, mentions the mills of St. Lucherin and St. Fechin, but considers them as solitary instances of their kind erected by the monks, and states, that " querns" (or grinding stones), were generally used, and seem to have been sufficient for the agriculture of Ireland to a late period." That this statement, like most others in the "Antiquities" of that learned writer, is wholly erroneous, we shall satisfactorily prove, from an authority which cannot rationally be doubted. The following extracts, respecting mills, corn, &c., are from MSS. in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, which are copies from more ancient ones on vellum, in the library of Trinity College, class E. Tab. 3. No. 5. The original is faithfully given, in order to lay before the lovers of Gaelic lore a specimen of the language in which these laws are written, and it will manifestly appear, from the extreme difficulty with which those only acquainted with the modern dialects of Ireland or Scotland, could understand a single phrase thereof-that they must have been written at a period very remote indeed. This will still further appear from the fact, that, though the text is interlined with a gloss of comparatively modern age, yet even that commentary or explanation is now quite obsolete, and to most Irish scholars nearly as unintelligible as the text itself. bla Mujlind blejć .j. denta dirajć a cetsceinm cen fis etollajs jnand sceó bla in ujrd on cet seeinm amać a fix a trjur, saer, sceó fer blejthe sceō fer Muilind, jajc do fir Muilind, o bjar fis ac fer Muilind, cid be aca mbe maille frir, ire per Majlind jour, act in ni tormagger ajcre sceō nemajcse for fer blejthe fin rain, jmurro, sceō fir blejt jre fen blejthe jeur rceo noca n-jeann raer Dujlind. Slan don ti do nj an m-blejth isin Muilind .j. denta djrajt cetscejnm in Mujlind. Cid f. cona denta diraith cetycejnm in Milind sum rceo cona ed cerceam in urd tuar? by ẹ F. F. mo jy dénta diraith in nj ujl ac imluad an Majlind run in t-uisci ina in nj uil ac Imluad an und tuar lama na n-dajne. Maye in dara scejnm cen fis etollais lejt ajthgjn. jn erb. sceō jin etarbajdh aithz. i torbach, rceo in aer comhgnimrajd lejth dire la aithz. Inupu co fajerin na rob, sceō mana facajd, is ajthgin. Ma se in tres scejnm co fir etollajr ceth.u direla aithinj torbach, rceo jn aer comhznimrajd lan direla h-aithgin jrupu co fajcsin na rob sceo mana facaid it. is leith Ŏire la ajthgin. Mare an ceatramad sceinm co fis etallajr let la aitzin in esbajd sced in etarbajo, lan dire la ajtġin i torbach rceō in aer Comznjma, sceo ro sjaċt lan cena j rupu. Ma ta fer bunajd arajrd sceoa ta faen rceo ata fer blejthe rceo ata fir ac fin bunajd jy uile atajd a cjnajd d'je d'fir bunajd. Muna fuil per bunajd ar ajrd it. no ce bejth muna fuil fir ajce, sceo ata fis ac saer in neoć do rormact fis d'je do saer, in neoć do rormact ajere rceo nemurrcartad do comjc dojo etorra. Cjo F. con-jeand fer blejte cinta in Mujlind runn, cin zur gab do lajm bjt po cintab, sceo cona hjcand in duine tuar cinta in nejch manar gab do lajm bith fo cintab? Ire F. F. Do genad in tech tuas in-dlíġid cen co cluajstea he rceo cojr, cemad t-plan in ti ro gluairest. he ona zeba dolájm bith fo cintab in Mujlind, jmorru no con-dingned indlig muna gluajytea he cojp ce po bejth ajcj pojpjnt) nо zluаjууч. he. bla Majlind blejt .j. slán d'fir in Muilind cid bed gabay it. ada fer cidaes deithbir cidaer indejthbir. các nạen no Slán don cet fcejnm na bro ris do'n comad trjan najthyjne jna cetsceinm in cać naen the dob leith ay am. aer compnimrajd rceo ajthizin irin cinad tanarte sceo let Fjach la ajthgin sin tres seejnm sceo lán Fjach la aithin isin cetramad scejnm, sceo ir amajl cet seejam do grey dia n-daingniter cach fect rceo mad é in faer facbus droch reol fajn, jre jour na Fjacha yo ujle mad ro trees in tuisci jmorru sceo in droch seol bis Fair is e fer in Majlind jeur na jača ujle. OF GRINDING AT THE MILL. If the mill stone should slide off or break without the knowledge of any one, it is then as the sledge should slide off the anvil. There are three concerned, viz. the millwright, the man who is grinding his corn, and the miller. If the miller knew that there was any danger, he is forthcoming for any trespass done. If the mill-wright and the man who is grinding his corn fear any thing to happen, the man who is grinding his corn is answerable for any damage done afterwards, and the mill-wright is free. Why is the first sliding of the mill-stone a trespass here, and the first sliding of the sledge not made a fine above ?* The reason is as the mill is turned by water the sledge by hands of men. If the miller, the mill-wright and the man whose corn is being grinding be present and that the miller knew there was any danger, he is answerable for all the damage. If the miller be not present whether he knew that there was danger or not, and should the mill-wright be present knowing that there was danger in regard to his own work, he is answerable for any damages that shall happen. Why is the man whose corn is being grinding charged here for a trespass, and why is the other not charged? The reason is the man whose corn is being grinding, made no obstacle and took upon him to be under any damage that might happen. : The miller is free if the rest consented to go on with the grinding. The first sliding of the stone is not to be charged to any. If the mill-wright should leave the mill in bad order after him, he is to pay all the debt or damage, and if any mischance should happen by the strength of the water when the mill is not in bad order, the miller then is to pay all the fines. bla Eċa Ithland. † Slan do'r tj do ni in nith floind in etha .j.o forcrajd na ajcbele na hetallajs sceo o do gentar inandenta dljġčeča jat na cruaċa ada * In another part of the Brehon Laws where the laws of forges are given. A great part of these laws are carried on by way of question and answer. + Ithlann, (now corruptly called by the peasantry in many parts of Ireland, "haggard,") is derived from Ith, corn, and Lann, a repository. trjan tír sceo aen trjan tuas is denta dipaje. OF CORN YARDS, BARNS, &c. It is proper to bring the corn to barns, &c. for settling and threshing and this to be done in a due and lawful manner. The corn is to be made up in ricks or stacks (cruacha) the two thirds of the rick to be underneath and one third uppermost, &c. I shall add one authority more from the Annals of the Four Masters under the year 998. ja jlbe do tujtim—acus ba he Wagh nu̸jlbe Prjom djangna Majje brez. Do ponta ceréōna cloća Muilind di la Maojlreachlajnn. The stone of Ailbhe fell (Moyailve was the chief fortress of Moybra) and Maelseaghlainn (King of Temor) made four mill-stones of it. For more references to Irish mills, see the Life of S. Mochua by the Bollandists Tom. I. January I. where men. tion is made of S. Fechin's mill at Fore in Co. Meath. Giraldus Cambrensis, Topographia Hibern. Dist. 2. See also Life of Fechin in Acta Sanctorum, p. 139. Concerning the mills, plough shares, chariots, corn, barns &c of the ancient Irish the following parts of Colgan's Acta, SS. may be consulted. Life of Aidus, p. 419. c. 5, and 9. Life of Senan, p. 514. c. 7, 11, and 12. Life of Finian, p. 639. c. 8. Life of Molua, p. 370. c. 11, 21, 27, and 38. Life of Mochua, p. 789. c. 6. Life of Dagous, p. 346. note 7. See also Adamman's Life of Columbkille, lib. 2. c. 8. p. 351. and lib. 3. cap. 23. p. 370. J. O'DONOVAN. DARBY AND THE RAM. 'Twas one of those days when the sun in its perpendicular altitude looks at two sides of the hedge at once-a lovely midsummer day-when nature was laughing till her sides ached, and mother earth, in her gayest mood, was lavishing her promises and her smiles to her often ungrateful children, the lambs were skipping to and fro within their enclosed pastures, and the cows, with grave and matron aspect, were folling in the sun, and ruminating their already gathered repastevery thing seemed happy except the Shepherd Darby. Poor fellow! A "green and yellow melancholy," had settled on his manly cheek; his grief he revealed not, but let "concealment, like a worm i' the bud," prey upon his spirits; he stalked about the field like a ghost, or leaned upon his crook in silent despair. Lord Amplefield and Squire Buckthorn were riding past to dinner. "I wonder," said his lordship to the squire, "what can be the matter with my shepherd Darby. He seems in a galloping consumption, and were I to lose him, I would not see his like again for many a long day. He is the most honest, steady, careful creature in the world, and never told a lie in his life." "Never told a lie in his life! Good! Why, my lord, do you really believe such nonsense ?" "Decidedly I do. I know your opinion is not very favorable as to the moral character of our dependents, yet there are some among them not unworthy of trust." ་ They now advanced nearer, and his lordship held up his whip as a signal, and over bounded Darby. Well, Darby, that shower we had last night served the pastures." "It did, my lord, and the cows will give a larger meal, and require milking earlier this evening through means of it." "Darby, bring over my favourite ram, that this gentleman may see it." "Yes, my lord. Hallo, Sweeper, away for Ballface." In a few minutes the dog hunted the ram up from the flock. "That's a clever turn, my worthy," said the squire, “here's half a crown to drink." "Thanks to your honour," said Darby, "but the worth of that in strong drink will serve me a year, and yet I'll spend it on drink all in one night." "Explain this riddle, Darby." "Why, sir, when I feel myself merry enough without it, where's the use in taking it? That stream can slake my thirst as well. Yet I'll not speak for others many a one there are, who must have strong drink to give them false spirits. On them will I spend it to open their hearts, and make them forget their day's toil." "You are a worthy fellow, and a philosopher," said Lord Amplefield, with a look of triumph, as he and the squire rode off." What say you to my shepherd now?" "A mighty plausible fellow, indeed! Yet proud as you are of him, my lord, I bet a score of sheep that before two days I'll make him tell you a barefaced lie, out and out." "Done!" said his lordship, the wager was laid, and the squire set out on his LIE-MAKING expedition. He soon ascertained the cause of Darby's melancholy. There had been a quarrel between him and the girl of his heart, the lovely Cauthleen. Pride prevented a reconciliation, though both would have given the world to be in each other's arms. To her the squire bent his steps, succeeded in drawing out the secret that she loved Darby with a heart and a half, and then artfully upbraiding her with unkindness in neglecting the "worthy young fellow," who was dying for her, contrived to inveigle her, by a series of falsehoods, into a plan to get reconciled to Darby, and while in the height of his happiness, to coax the ram from him. It succeeded next day to admiration and the laughing girl tript home, leading the animal with a kerchief taken from her snowy bosom. Darby was now left to solitary reflection. The hour was rapidly approaching when his lordship usually took his round, and he would infallibly miss his favourite ram-what was to be done? To tell a LIE appeared to his honest mind the very essence of degradation to EQUIVOCATE was meanness execrable-yet an excuse must be had! A sudden thought seized him-he resolved to see how a lie would look before he told it; and planting his crook in the field, and placing his hat on it, in order to personate himself, he retired to a little distance, and in the character of his lordship, hailed the effigy as follows: "Good morrow, Darby." "Good morrow, my lord." "How are the flocks to-day, Darby?" "Pretty fair, my lord." "Darby, I don't see my favourite ram-where is he?" "Oh, my lord, he-he "He what, Darby?" -he-." "He was drownd-ed-my-my lord!" "Is there any thing wrong? tell me at once." "He was stolen, my-lord,” "Stolen! stolen! I saw him this morning as I was riding past! When was he stolen?" "That won't do either," exclaimed the poor shepherd, as he turned away the second time. "Cruel, cruel Cauth!" Something seemed to whisper to him, " Try if perhaps the TRUTH will do!" Fresh courage animated his desponding mind, and wheeling about, he recommenced the colloquy, and on coming to the usual interrogation, "where's the ram," he dropped on his knees, and exclaimed, "Oh, my lord, I had a falling out with my sweetheart, and she would not make it up with me unless I made her a present of your lordship's favourite ram. Discharge me, my lord, do with me what you please, but I could not bring myself to tell your lordship a LIE!" "That will do!" shouted Darby, springing from his knees, and walking up and down with a feeling of honest exultation. He had scarcely time to compose himself when his lordship and the squire appeared. Darby, on the usual interrogation being put. dropped on his knees, and told "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth;" and instead of seeing a frown gathering on his lordship's countenance, he beheld him turn with a look of triumph towards the squire, while he exclaimed, "An honest man's the noblest work of God!" The ladies are informed, in conclusion, that the squire's forfeited sheep were given to Cauthleen as a dower, and in taking the hand of her shepherd, she promised never again to put his truth and constancy to so severe a trial. T.I SAINT MARY'S CHURCH. WITH THE BREACH MADE BY CROMWELL IN THE TOWN WALL, IN THE STORMING OF DROGHEDA, 1649. SAINT Mary's, founded by the citizens of Drogheda under Edward the I., was originally a convent of Carmelites, and called Saint Mary's of Mount Carmel, a name very expressive of its situation, being erected on the most elevated part of the southern division of the town, and occupying the south east angle of the town wall. It was made subject to the prior of Saint Keenan's, Duleek, by Walter de Lacy, and received a portion of its support from the tolls taken from butter at John's Gate, hence anciently denominated Butter Gate. The present church is a modern structure, plain and small, but sufficiently spa cious for the congregation of the parish: this is the second church erected on this spot since the demolition of the original one by Cromwell, the only remains of which are the walls of a small vestry, near the east end of the present building, and the foundations of the old tower, about 150 feet distant. As before stated, St. Mary's Church and burial ground, occupy the south east angle of the ancient town wall; the defences here were strong, both by nature and art, the wall to the east running along the brink of a deep prepitous valley, called the Dale, at the bottom of which a St. Mary's Church, with the Breach made by Cromwell in the Town-wall, in the Storming of Drogheda, 1649. stream flows, which, after supplying James'-street Brewery with water, falls into the Boyne: in this church-yard are the remains of a regular bastion and platform for cannon, being the only vestige of modern fortification, in the entire circuit of the town walls. This spot is remarkable, as being the place at which Cromwell directed all his efforts in the storming of Drogheda in 1649, efforts crowned with a complete, but bloody and inhuman success. The following copies of his letters to the parliament of England on this subject are extracted from the parliamentary history of England, vol. 19, and need no apology for their insertion here, accompanied by notes, descriptive of the present situation of this place. LETTER I. FOR THE HONORABLE WILLIAM LENTHALL, ESQ. SPRAKER OF THE PARLIAMENT OF ENGLAND. Dublin, September 17th, 1649. SIR. Your army being safely arrived in Dublin, and the enemy endeavouring to draw all his forces together, about Trym and Tecroghan, as my intelligence gave me. from whence endeavours were used by the Marquis of Ormonde, to draw Owen Roe O'Neill to his assistance, but with what success I cannot yet learn. I resolved after some refreshinent taken for our weather beaten men and horses, and accommodations for a march, to take the field, and accordingly upon Friday the 30th of August last, rendezvoused with eight regiments of foot, six of horse, and some troops of Dragoons, three miles on the north side of Dublin, the design was, the endeavouring the regaining of Drogheda, or tempting the enemy upon his hazard of the loss of that place to fight. Your army came before the town, upon the Monday following, where, having encamped, as speedy a course was taken as could be to frame our batteries, which took up the more time, because divers of the battering-guns were on ship board. Upon Monday the 9th of this instant, the batteries began to play, whereupon I sent Sir Arthur Ashton, the then governor, a summons to deliver up the town to the use of the parliament of England, to the which receiving no satisfactory answer, I proceeded that day to beat down a tower* on the south side of the town and to beat down the steeple of a church not far from the same place, which you will perceive by the chart inclosed. Our guns not being able to do much that day, it was resolved to do our utmost the next, to make breaches assaultable, and, by the help of God, to storm them ;† the "I proceeded that day, &c" This must have been the steeple of St. Mary's, as we do not know of any other church in the south side of Drogheda. There was indeed the Priory of St. John's in John-street, but it is not probable this building ever had a steeple, the tower mentioned, stood in the S. E. angle of the Town wall, and was then a modern work compared to the rest of the defences in that place: the ruins of it shew that the ancient wall was demolished, and this tower or bastion erected a little further in, with a batter or slope to the level of the church yard, which is perhaps 20 feet higher within the wall, than the ground on the outside. There are the remains of vaults in this angle, which were probably used as a Magazine. "The place pitched upon, &c. " It has been a matter of surprize to many who have not read these letters, that Cromwell should have chosen this spot, (undoubtedly the strongest and most difficult of access) on which to make his attack, the church yard of St. Mary's, forming a rampart 20 feet high, faced with stone, and well flanked with towers, besides the advantage of the church within, and the valley of place chosen was that part of the wall next a church, called Saint Mary's, which was the rather pitched upon, because we did hope, that if we did enter and possess that church, we should be the better able to keep it against their horse and foot, until we could make entrance for our horse, which we did not conceive that any other part of the town would afford the like advantage for the purpose with this: the batteries planted were two, one was for that part of the wall against the east end of the said church, the other, "The Dale," forming a tremendous and almost impassable ditch to the east-in fact so precipitous, that it is impossible to ascend it in a direct line. On the south the access was not so difficult, but the wall was high, defended by towers at intervals, and strengthened by arched buttresses on the inside. However he has made his reasons sufficiently obvious, and although we detest the inhumanity of the man, we must admire the courage and generalship of the officer, which prompted him to storm the strongest part of the fortress, that he might insure a secure lodgement within. "The batteries planted were two, &c." Of these batteries, the scite of that to the east is yet visible, situate about 800 yards distant on the opposite side of the Dale, and still called "Cromwell's mount." As they have begun to till it lately, it is probable that in a few years it will entirely disapThe battery on the south cannot now be traced; there are no remains of the entrenchments mentioned. pear. against the wall on the south side, being somewhat long in battering; the enemy made six entrenchments, three of them from the said church to Duleek gate, and three of them from the east end of the said church to the town wall, and so backwards. The guns, after some two or three hundred shot, beat down the church tower, and opened two reasonable good breaches in the east and south walls. Upon Tuesday the 10th of this instant, about five o'clock in the evening, we began the storm, and, after some hot dispute, we entered about six or seven hundred men, the enemy disputing it very stiffly with us, and indeed, through the advantage of the place, and the courage God was pleased to give the defenders, our men were forced to retreat quite out of the breach, not without some considerable loss, Colonel Cossel being there shot in the head, whereof he presently died, and divers officers and men doing their duty, killed and wounded. There was a tenaliat to flanker the south wall of the tower, between Duleek gate and the corner tower before mentioned, which our men entered, and wherein they found some forty or fifty of the enemy, which they put to the sword, and this they held; but this being without the wall, and the sally port through that tenalia being choaked up with some of the enemy which were killed in it, it proved of no use for our entrance into the town that way. Although our men that stormed the breaches were forced to recoil, as before is expressed, yet, being encouraged to recover their loss, they made a second attempt, wherein God was pleased to animate them, that they got ground of the enemy, and, by the goodness of God, forced him to quit his entrenchments, and after a very hot dispute, the enemy having both horse and foot within the wall, they gave ground, and our men became masters both of their retrenchments and the church, which, indeed, although they made our entrance the more difficult, yet they proved of excellent use to us, so that the enemy could not annoy us with his horse, but thereby had advantage to make good the ground, that so we might let in our own horse, which accordingly was done, though with much difficulty. Divers of the enemy retreated into the mill mount, a (*) "Beat down the Church Tower, &c." The besieged having planted cannon on the battlements of this tower, which annoyed him very much, Cromwell succeeded in beating down the upper part of it. About 50 feet high remained standing in 1750, as appears by a view of Drogheda painted at that time, at present in the Mayoralty house: it was built on an arch, and resembled Magdalene's. Shortly after this period it was taken down, and the materials used in constructing the quay wall, or some other public work. I have been informed by an old inhabitant, who remembered the circumstance, that the person employed to take it down, wishing to make short work, undermined it, but it happening to fall sooner than he expected, he was unfortunately buried beneath the ruins, and killed on the spot. The town wall remains in the ruinous state to which Cromwell reduced it, except that the breach on the east has been partially filled up. It bears lasting tokens of the violence of his attack. The parapet on the east side is completely demolished, the stones composing the facing of the rampart, in many places indented or shattered to atoms, and a tower which occupied an angle to the north of the church, entirely destroyed. The breach on the south side, has been greatly enlarged. As it now appears, Cromwell would have had no difficulty in marching 50 men abreast into it, the part of the wall that remains is about 20 or 25 feet high, having a parapet and loopholes, and about 6 feet thick, besides a range of buttresses connected by circular arches on the inner side. (†)" There was a tenalia, &c." This tenalia probably stood in the orchard, which now occupies the ground from the S. E. angle to Duleek-street, as a small arched door is visible in the wall, though now filled, which perhaps is the sallyport mentioned. These tenalia or small towers, were originally placed at regular distances round the entire circuit of the town wall, but the one of which a sketch is given, and which stands in the rere of Mill mount is the only one which at present remains. (†) "Divers of the enemy, &c." Mill mount, a very large and high Danish moat or tumulus, connected by a raised cause way or bridge witn a high precipitous bank, rising abruptly from the river Boyne, on which are erected a barrack for In place very strong and of difficult access, being exceedingly high, having a good graft, and strongly pallisaded. The governor, Sir Arthur Ashton, and divers considerable officers, being there, our men getting at them were ordered by me to put them all to the sword, and indeed, being in the heat of action, I forbad them to spare any that were in arms in the town, and I think that night they put to the sword about two thousand men, divers of the officers and men being fled over the bridge into the other part of the town, where about one hundred of them possessed Saint Peter's church steeple, some the west gate, and others, a round tower* next the gate, called Saint Sunday's, these being summoned to yield to mercy, refused, whereupon I ordered the steeple of Saint Peter's to be fired,† when one of them was heard to say in the midst of the flames, "God damn me! God confound me! I burn! I burn!" The next day the other towers were summoned, in one of which was about six or seven score, but they refused to yield themselves, and we knowing that hunger must compel them, set only a good guard to secure them from running away, until their stomachs were come down; from one of the said towers, notwithstanding their condition, they killed and wounded some of our men; when they submitted themselves, their officers were knocked on the head, and every tenth man of the soldiers killed, and the rest shipped for the Barbadoes. I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgment of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbued their hands in so much innocent blood, and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are the satisfactory grounds for such actions, which otherwise cannot but work remorse and regret. The officers and soldiers of this garrison were the flower of their army, and their greater expectation was, that our attempting this place would put fair to ruin us, they being confident of the resolution of their men, and the advantage of the place. If we had divided our force into two quarters, to have besieged the north town and the south town, we could not have had such a correspondency between the two parts of one army; but that they might have brought their army, and have fought with which part they pleased, and at the same time, have made a sally with 200 men upon us, and have left the walls manned, they having in the town the number hereafter specified, but some say near four thousand. Since this great mercy vouchsafed to us, I sent a party of horse and dragoons to Dundalk, which the enemy quitted fantry, military stores, hospital, &c. This place formed the S. W. angle of the town wall, and being exactly as Cromwell describes it, and commanding the entire town, north and south of the river, must have been always considered the citadel of Drogheda. On Mill-mount a strong round tower has been erected, in the government of the Duke of Richmond, called Richmond fort: it is capable of containing 200 men, is mounted with two pieces of cannon, and has a magazine beneath, which is bomb-proof. "Others a round tower, &c." This round tower stood to the east of Sunday gate, not on the town wall, but a little detached from it: it was taken down some time since, and was probably one of the Round towers attributed to the Danes, and peculiar to Ireland. "I ordered the steeple of St. Peter's to be fired, &c." Johnston, in his History of Drogheda, says, and Leland concurs, that "Quarter had been promised to all those who should lay down their arms, but it was only observed until all resistance was at an end. Many, confiding to this promise, at once yielded themselves prisoners, and the rest, unwilling to trust to the mercy of Cromwell, took shelter in the steeple of St. Peter's church, which was composed of wood, though the body of the building was composed of stone. The most respectable of the inhabitants sheltered themselves within the body of the church. Here Cromwell advanced, and after some delibera. tion, concluded on blowing up the building. For this purpose he laid a quantity of powder in an old subterraneous passage which was open, and went under the church, but changing his resolution, he set fire to the steeple, and as the garrison rushed out to avoid the flames, they were slaughtered." "After this Cromwell ordered the inhabitants in the church to be put to the sword, among whom many of the Carmelites fell a sacrifice."-" He then plundered the building, and defaced its principal ornaments." |