Freehand Sketching-Representation of simple objects, graphically and in view-drawing. Working Drawings-Simple objects illustrating necessity for and arrangement of views. Conventions of lines, dimensions, sections, etc. Drawing to scale. Application in working drawings for the shop. Subject related closely to industry by using much illustration material, drawings, blue-prints, etc., and by visits to shops and drafting rooms. Practical outlook— Work as mechanical or architectural draftsmen. Simple lettering Plain letters and figures used in mechanical and architectural drawing. Application in connection with working drawings and sketches in the shop. Composition in lettering Types of letters used in reference to artistic effect in spacing and in relation to margins and space to be filled. Tail pieces, line finishings, initials, illuminating, monograms. Practical outlook— Sign, bulletin, and placard painting as a trade. Design For the development of the sense of outline, line, form, and proportion. Application in wood- and metal-work. Simple metal-work Design applied in simple objects in copper, brass, and other soft metals, particularly fittings for wood workbox corners, hinges, escutcheons, catches, drawer and door bolts, plates, surface decorations, etc. Preliminary problems— WOODWORK Problems presenting systematic use of tools and general principles of construction, involved in simple projects of use and beauty, applying art principles of form and color, and correlating with metal-work, mechanical and free-hand drawing. Commercial problems Problems of commercial value, such as appliances for school gardens, window boxes, bulletin boards, and frames for schoolrooms, etc., otherwise made at the repair-shop. Finishes Stains, paints, and finishes studied and applied in various wood-working projects. Business methods— Time card, expense, and checking system, measuring, estimating, costs, bills, letters, materials, contracts, etc., correlating with English, geography, history, and mathematics, in both first and second years. FIRST YEAR, GIRLS HOUSEHOLD ARTS Aim The training of pupils in the subjects which pertain to life in the home. Cookery Cooking of types of vegetables, cereals, the various cuts of meat, flour mixtures, instruction in the principles underlying the work, preparation and serving of meals, practice in writing menus, care of the kitchen and dining room. Sanitation Plumbing, cleaning of traps, care of the sink, refrigerator, and bathroom. Laundry Washing of dishtowels and table linen. Sewing Care and use of machines. Making of uniform for household science, sewing-bag, mending, hemming table linen, corset cover, shirtwaist suit. Art Designs for table linen, wall paper, rugs, draperies, dishes, beauty in form of dishes and cooking utensils and fitness for use, lettering, title-pages of notebooks, illustrations for notebooks, suitable pictures for the home. Lettering for marking articles made in sewing, textile designs, fitness of articles for their use, suitable designs for embroidery, pictures of beautiful costumes. Household accounts Cost of food in the lessons, cost of meals which are prepared, cost per capita per day, cost of furnishings, textiles, clothing. Museum Textiles and materials from which they are made, pictures of looms, spinning wheels. Class visits Markets, stores, factories, and shops. Correlation All of the work is correlated with English, geography, history, and mathematics, in both first and second years. SECOND YEAR, Boys FIRST TERM Work as outlined for the first year continued. SECOND AND THIRD TERMS Full time for industrial work (about eighteen three-quarter hour periods each week) may be devoted to specialization in one of the following subjects: mechanical drawing, printing, cabinet making, pattern-making, building construction. Class visits After class talks and discussions, visits to drafting-rooms, buildings in the process of construction and finish, to cabinet shops, paint manufactories, printing-offices, pattern-shops, etc. SECOND YEAR, GIRLS HOUSEHOLD ARTS Cookery Preservation of food: canning of peaches, pears, tomatoes, jelly, sterilization. Preparation of such combinations of food as could be used for a meal. Soups, bread, salads, simple desserts, preparation and serving of meals, infant-feeding, invalid cookery. Practice in writing menus. Sanitation Review of first-year work. Laundry Hard and soft water, action of alkalies, making of soap, preparation of starch, removal of stains, washing and ironing of various textiles. Home nursing Making a bed, care of sickroom, simple treatment of cuts and burns. Sewing Making of drawers, nightgowns, dresses of wash materials. Emphasis is placed upon increase in speed. Art Household decoration and furnishing. Colors and materials suitable for the various rooms and uses in a home. Study of the principles underlying artistic construction in dress. Study of historic examples of dress. Mechanical drawing— Working drawing for anything needed for the kitchen, such as table, drain board for sink, shelf or drawer for pantry, accurate measurements for windows for window fixtures, drawing to scale of windows. Household accounts Cost of food, fuel, service, rent. Typical family budgets. Class visits Markets and house-furnishing shops. Economic value The use which the woman makes of money in the home is of equal importance to the acquiring of the money. "It is the present duty of the economist to magnify the office of the wealth expender, to accompany her to the very threshold of the home, that he may point out its woeful defects, its emptiness, caused not so much by lack of income as by lack of knowledge of how to spend wisely." ST. PAUL The St. Paul Special Industrial Schools have been in operation since 1908. They are for boys exclusively and are located one in each geographic district of the city. Purpose. Quoting from Superintendent Heeter's report: "They are special schools for boys who cannot be expected to complete the regular grammar-school course." "Boys come from the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh grades." "No boy under fourteen years is admitted.” "The elementary industrial school takes pupils that cannot be expected to complete the common schools and endeavors to give them a sort of finishing course before they go to work." Boys may prepare for certain courses in the high schools and a few have done so. Teachers. Two men teachers take charge of thirty boys-one teacher for the shop and the other for the academic schoolroom adjacent. These men are graduates of the normal schools of the state with special aptitudes for this work. Curriculum.-The industrial work is largely wood-working, carried into cabinet making and elementary physics. The course of study is arranged to cover three years. Each school consists of only three classes, with an average of about ten to the class, known as first-year, second-year, and third-year boys. "Each day is divided into six periods and each class spends one period in supervised study, another in recitation, and another in the shop. As indicated above, their studies are limited to reading, writing, spelling, and arithmetic. The reading lessons are almost entirely industrial, geographic, and historical in their character, and the reading period is frequently used as a language period. The arithmetic runs at times toward simple accounts and business forms and elementary bookkeeping. Occasionally an entire half-day is spent by the entire room of thirty boys under the direction of both men in an observational study of some trade or occupation. As a rule, arrangements are made in advance by the teachers with some blacksmith, carpenter, electrician, manufacturer, foreman, etc., and the boys are given every attention possible." NEWARK The history and general plans of the elementary vocational work in Newark are discussed by Superintendent Poland in his school report of 1909-10. Boys are sent to one building from different schools in the city. Girls are not provided for. "The school has attracted the dull boy, but it does not cater to him." The school is about two years old. Purpose. Dr. Poland states in his report: "There are two things which I hope to see accomplished a little later that may make it easier to retain these boys in school: (a) their superiority as apprentices over boys otherwise trained, and (b) their ability to advance more rapidly as apprentices and hence obtain higher remuneration because of the training received in this school. When it becomes known that this school offers to a certain class of boys advantages that cannot be had in the regular grades its career of greatest usefulness will have begun." Teachers.-Men are in charge of the shopwork, selected because of successful trade experience supplemented by technical and teaching training. Women are in charge of the academic studies selected because of conspicuously successful experience with and because of their interest in this class of boys. |