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MENTAL EXERCISES.

1. In 3 pints how many gills? In 5 pints? In 9 pints? 2. In 4 quarts how many pints? In 6 quarts? In 8 quarts? 3. In 5 gallons how many quarts? In 7 gallons?

4. How many gallons in 12 quarts? In 18 quarts?

EXERCISES FOR THE SLATE.

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3. Reduce 197 tuns 3hhd. 60gal. 3qu. 1pt. to gills.

4. In 1596604 gills how many tuns?

5. What will 7 hogsheads of wine cost, at 5 cents a pint?

6. What cost 18 tuns 1hhd. 47gal. of oil, at $1.25 per gallon? Ans. $5807.50.

BEER MEASURE.

ART. 96. Beer Measure is used in measuring beer, ale, porter, and milk.

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TABLE.

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QUESTION. Art. 96. Repeat the table of beer measure.

NOTE 1.-The gallon of beer measure contains 282 cubic inches; and as has been usually reckoned, 36 gallons equal 1 barrel; 2 hogsheads, or 108 gallons, 1 butt; 2 butts, or 216 gallons, 1 tun. 1 gallon beer measure 1gall. 1pt. 3 gi. wine measure.

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NOTE 2.

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- Beer Measure is becoming obsolete. Milk and malt liquors, at the present time, are bought and sold, very generally, by wine or liquid

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3. In 4 tuns 1hhd. 17gal. 1pt. how many pints?

4. How many tuns in 7481 pints?

5. What cost 7hhd. 18gal. of beer at 4 cents a quart?

Ans. $63.36. 6. At 15 cents per gallon, what will 18hhds. of ale cost? Ans. $145.80.

DRY MEASURE.

ART. 97. This measure is used in measuring grain, fruit

salt, coal, &c.

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QUESTIONS.-How many cubic inches does the beer gallon contain? How you reduce hogsheads to quarts? How do you reduce quarts to hogsheads? - Art. 97. For what is dry measure used? Repeat the table.

NOTE 1.-The Standard Unit of Dry Measure adopted by the United States government is the Winchester bushel, which is in form a cylinder, 18 inches in diameter, and 8 inches deep, containing 2150 cubic inches. The Standard Imperial bushel of Great Britain contains 22180 cubic inches, so that 32 Imperial bushels equal about 33 Winchester bushels. The gallon in Dry Measure contains 268 cubic inches.

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NOTE 2. 1gal. Dry Measure=268 cu. in. 1gal. 1pt. 1gi. Wine Measure=3qt. 117pt. Beer Measure; 1gal. W. M. = 231cu. in. qt. pt. D. M. =3qt. 2 pt. B. M.; 1gal. B. M.

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1pt. 377gi. W. M.=1gal. pt. D. M.; 1qt. D. M.=67 cu. in. 1qt. 1gi. W. M.; 1qt. W. M. 57 cu. in. 132pt. D. M.; 1pt. D. 333cu. in. = 1pt.17 gi. W. M.; 1pt. W. M. 283 cu. in. pt.

M. = D M.

MENTAL EXERCISES.

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1. In 2 quarts how many pints? In 5 quarts? In 7 quarts? 2. In 3 pecks how many quarts? In 6 pecks? In 9 pecks? 3. In 5 bushels how many pecks? In 10 bushels ? 4. How many pecks in 16 quarts? In 25 quarts?

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3. Reduce 97ch. 30bu. 2pk. to quarts.
4. In 112720 quarts how many chaldrons ?
5. How many pints in 35bu. 1pt.?

6. Reduce 2241 pints to bushels.

7. Reduce 18qr. 3pk. 5qt. to quarts.
8. How many quarters in 4637 quarts?

9. In 19bu. 3pk. 7qt. 1pt. how many pints?

10. In 1279 pints how many bushels ?

QUESTION. What is the standard unit of Dry Measure?

MEASURE OF TIME.

ART. 98. This measure is applied to the various divisions and subdivisions into which time is divided.

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NOTE 1.-The true Solar or Tropical Year is the time measured from the sun's leaving either equinox or solstice to its return to the same again, and is 365d. 5h. 48m. 49 sec.

The Julian Year, so called from the calendar instituted by Julius Cæsar, contains 365 days, as a medium; three years in succession containing 365 days, and the fourth year 366 days; which, as compared with the true solar year, produces an average yearly error of 11m. 10 sec., or a difference that would amount to 1 whole day in about 120 years.

The Gregorian Year, or that instituted by Pope Gregory XIII., in the year 1582, and which is now the Civil or Legal Year in use among the different nations of the earth, contains, like the Julian year, 365 days for three years in succession, and 366 days for the fourth, excepting the last year of the odd centuries. The Gregorian year is so nearly correct as to err only 1 day in 3866 years, a difference so little as hardly to be worth taking into account.

A Common Year is one of 365 days, and a Leap or Bissextile Year is one of 366 days. Any year, excepting the last year of the odd centuries, that can be divided by 4 without a remainder, is Leap Year.

A Sidereal Year is the time in which the earth revolves round the sun, and is 365d. 6h. 9m. 916 sec.

NOTE 2. The names of the 12 calendar months, composing the civil year, are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, and the number of days in each may be readily remembered by the following lines :

"Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November;

QUESTIONS.

Art. 98.

To what is the measure of time applied? Repeat the table. How is the true solar year measured? How long is it? Why is the Julian year so called? Who instituted the Gregorian year? What is a Common year? What is a Sidereal year?

And all the rest have thirty-one,
Save February, which alone

Hath twenty-eight; and this, in fine,
One year in four hath twenty-nine."

TABLE.

SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY OF ONE MONTH TO THE SAME DAY OF ANY OTHER MONTH IN THE SAME YEAR.

FROM ANY

DAY OF

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October
November
December

TO THE SAME DAY OF

122

153

183 214 244

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Jan. Feb. Mar., Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct., Nov. Dec.
365 31 59 90 120 151 181 212 243 273 304 334
334 365 28 59 89 120 150 181 212 242 273 303
306 337 365 31 61 92 122 153 184 214 245 275
275 306 334 365 30 61 91
245 267 304 335 365 31 61
214 245 273 304 334 365
184 215 243 274 304 335 365 31 62 92
153 184 212 243 273 304 334 365 31 61 92 122
122 153 181 212 242 273 303 334 365 30 61 91
92 123 151 182 212 243 273 304 335 365 31 61
61 92 120 151 181 212 242 273 304 334 365 30
31 62 90 121 151 182 212 243 274304 335 365

123 153

For example, suppose we wish to find the number of days from April 4th to November 4th, we look for April in the left-hand vertical column, and November at the top, and, where the lines intersect, is 214, the number sought. Again, if we wish the number of days from June 10th to September 16th, we find the difference between June 10th and September 10th to be 92 days, and add 6 days for the excess of the 16th over the 10th of September, so we have 98 days as the exact difference.

If the end of February be included between the points of time, a day must be added in leap year.

When the time includes more than one year, there must be added 365 days for each year.

MENTAL EXERCISES.

1. In 3 minutes how many seconds? In 5 minutes? 2. In 2 hours how many minutes? In 4 hours?

3. In 4 weeks how many days? In 6 weeks? In 9 weeks? 4. In 2 days how many hours? In 3 days? In 7 days? 5. How many weeks in 21 days? In 30 days? In 50 days? 6. How many calendar months in 2 years? In 8 years? In 10 years? In 12 years? In 20 years?

QUESTIONS.Name the months in their order. How many days has each month? How do you find by the table the number of days from April 4th to November 4th? When the time sought for is more than one year, how many days must be added?

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