NUMERATION TABLE. Those words at the head of the table are applicable to any sum or number, and must be committed perfectly to memory, so as to be readily applied on any occasion. Hundreds of Millions. Hundreds of Thousands. Tens of Thousands. Hundreds. Tens. Units. 7 86 432 Of these characters, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, the nine first are sometimes called significant figures, or digits, in distinction from the last, 7054 which, of itself, is of no value, yet, placed at the right hand of another figure, it increases the value of that figure in the same tenfold proportion as if it had been followed by any one of the significant figures. 86200 900371 5086000 10302070 806105409 Note. Should the pupil find any difficulty in reading the following numbers, let him first transcribe them, and point them off into periods. The expressing of numbers, (as now shown,) by figures, is called Notation. The reading of any number set down in figures, is called Numeration. After being able to read correctly all the numbers in the foregoing table, the pupil may proceed to express the following numbers by figures: 1. Seventy-six. 2. Eight hundred and seven. 3. Twelve hundred, (that is, one thousand and two hun dred.) 4. Eighteen hundred. 5. Twenty-seven hundred and nineteen. 6. Forty-nine hundred and sixty. 7. Ninety-two thousand and forty-five. 8. One hundred thousand. 9. Two millions, eighty thousands, and seven hundreds. 10. One hundred millions, one hundred thousand, one hundred and one. 11. Fifty-two millions, six thousand, and twenty. 12. Six billions, seven millions, eight thousand, and nine hundred. 13. Ninety-four billions, eighteen thousand, one hundred and seventeen. 14. One hundred thirty-two billions, two hundred millions, and nine. 15. Five trillions, sixty billions, twelve millions, and ten thousand. 16. Seven hundred trillions, eighty-six billions, and seven millions. ADDITION OF SIMPLE NUMBERS. 14. 1. James had 5 peaches, his mother gave him 3 peaches more; how many peaches had he then ? 2. John bought a slate for 25 cents, and a book for eight cents; how many cents did he give for both? 3. Peter bought a waggon for 36 cents, and sold it so as to gain 9 cents; how many cents did he get for it? 4. Frank gave 15 walnuts to one boy, 8 to another, and had 7 left; how many walnuts had he at first? 5. A man bought a chaise for 54 dollars; he expended 8 dollars in repairs, and then sold it so as to gain 5 dollars; how many dollars did he get for the chaise ? 6. A man bought 3 cows; for the first he gave 9 dollars, for the second he gave 12 dollars, and for the other he gave 10 dollars; how many dollars did he give for all the cows? 7. Samuel bought an orange for 8 cents, a book for 17 cents, a knife for 20 cents, and some walnuts for 4 cents; how many cents did he spend? ARITHNETIC. NUMERATION. 1. A SINGLE or individual thing is called a unit, unity or one; one and one more are called two; two and one more are called three; three and one more are called four; four and one more are called five; five and one more are called six; six and one more are called seven; seven and one more are called eight; eight and one more are called nine; nine and one more are called ten, &c. These terms, which are expressions for quantities, are called numbers. There are two methods of expressing numbers shorter than writing them out in words; one called the Roman method by letters,* and the other the Arabic method by figures. The latter is that in general use. In the Arabic method, the nine first numbers have each an appropriate character to represent them. Thus, * In the Roman method by letters, I represents one; V, five; X, ten; L, fifty 1 C, one hundred; D, five hundred; and M, one thousand. As often as any letter is repeated, so many times its value is repeated, unless it be a letter representing a less number placed before one representing a greater then the less number is taken from the greater; thus, IV represents four, IX, nins &c., as will be seen in the following Seventy LXX. M. One million Eighty LXXX. Two million MM. * ID is used instead of D to represent five hundred, and for every additional annexed at the right hand the number is increased ten times. † CIO is used to represent one thousand, and for every Cando put at each end, the number is increased ten times. † A line over any number increases its value one thousand times A unit, unity, or one, is represented by this character, Two 1 2. Ten has no appropriate character to represent it; but is considered as forming a unit of a second or higher order, consisting of tens, represented by the same character (1) as a unit of the first or lower order, but is written in the second place from the right hand, that is, on the left hand side of units; and as, in this case, there are no units to be written with it, we write, in the place of units, a cipher, (0,) which of itself signifies nothing; thus, Ten 10 One ten and one unit are called Ninety 90. Ten tens are called a hundred, which forms a unit of a still higher order, consisting of hundreds, represented by the same character (1) as a unit of each of the foregoing orders, but is written one place further toward the left hand, that is, on the left hand side of tens; thus, One hundred 100, One hundred, one en, and one unit, are called One hundred and eleven 111 2. There are three hundred sixty-five days in a year. In this number are contained all the orders now described, riz. units, tens, and hundreds. Let it be recollected, units occupy the first place on the right hand; tens, the second place from the right hand; hundreds, the third place. This number may now be decomposed, that is, separated into parts, exhibiting each order by itself, as follows:-The highest order, or hundreds, are three, represented by this character, 3; but, that it may be made to occupy the third place, counting from the right hand, it must be followed by two ciphers, thus, 300, (three hundred.) The next lower order, or tens, are six, (six tens are sixty,) represented by this character, 6; but, that it may occupy the second place, which is the place of tens, it must be followed by one cipher, thus, 60, (sixty.) The lowest order, or units, are five, represented by a single character, thus, 5, (five.) We may now combine all these parts together, first writing down the five units for the right hand figure, thus, 5; then the six tens (60) on the left hand of the units, thus, 65; then the three hundreds (300) on the left hand of the six tens, thus, 365, which number, so written, may be read three hundred, six tens, and five units; or, as is more usual, three hundred and sixty-five. 13. Hence it appears, that figures have a different value according to the PLACE they occupy, counting from the right hand towards the left. Hund. Take for example the number 3 3 3, made by the same figure three times repeated. The 3 on the right hand, or in the first place, signifies 3 units; the same figure, in the second place, signifies 3 tens, or thirty; its value is now increased ten times. Again, the same figure, in the third place, signifies neither 3 units, nor 3 tens, but 3 hundreds, which is ten times the value of the same figure in the place immediately preceding, that is, in the place of tens; and this is a fundamental law in notation, that a removal of one place towards the left increases the value of a figure TEN TIMES. Ten hundred make a thousand, or a unit of the fourth order. Then follow tens and hundreds of thousands, in the same manner as tens and hundreds of units. To thousands |