Edicula, a small chapel, house, or building of any kind; not unfrequently applied to the niches of tabernacles in a wall which held statues of the lares or penates. Egina marbles: C. R. Cockerell, Esq., visited Athens with Mr. Foster in 1811. In examining the temples of Athens, with their lamented friend and companion, the Baron Haller, some details, of singular interest and novelty, induced them to form the project of excavating the Temple of Jupiter at Ægina, for the purpose of ascertaining how far these might be found common to other remains of Grecian architecture, as well as for the general object of advancing their studies.

The Eginetan statues furnish the only illustrations of the heroic costume and armour, as described by Homer, Eschylus, and the earliest Grecian writers; and the great nicety of execution in the smallest details corresponds perfectly with the exactness which the poets have observed in their description: a minute and scrupulous attention is paid to each tie and fastening; and as if the whole had been offered to the severest scrutiny, the parts never seen were equally furnished with exact resemblance of each particular detail in the most ancient coins of Corinth, Sybaris, Posidonia, and the earliest Greek cities of Italy, as well as of Ionia, which were much earlier proficients in arts than those of Greece Proper; and in the vases of the most archaic style (commonly in black on a red ground) we trace the character which is developed and explained in these statues.

The magnificent statue of Minerva, who, by her action, seems from Olympus to have just alighted to animate the combat by her presence, we have the most antique costume hitherto known to us. The form of the Ægis is singular, nor have we seen it before in

sculpture, surrounded with the tassels, the noise of which was said to have dismayed her opponents: we know such a sort of appendage to have been in much earlier use than the more usual one of the serpents. These were undoubtedly of brass, or some metal, which has disappeared; they were fastened by rivets of lead, most of which still remained. The holes by which the Gorgon's head was attached to her breast were evident, and the whole of the Ægis was painted with scales in encaustic; they could not however be discovered.

The lion's head attached to the extreme tile of this temple was found perfect, and in the blocking, which carries the Chimæra, was a sinking, corresponding with the thickness of the plinth, to which the legs were attached.

The whole of the ornaments indicated on the several members of the cornice were painted on the marble in encaustic; as are the extreme tiles, forming the upper moulding of the pediment; and on the stone of which the whole temple was constructed, is a thin coat or varnish of very fine and hard plaster.

Egricanes, a name given to rams'

heads when sculptured on friezes, altars, etc.

Egyptilla, a species of Egyptian or

nament.

Emasia, a fence, or fence-wall. Eolipile, in hydraulics, an instrument consisting of a hollow metallic ball with a slender neck or pipe proceeding from it, which, being filled with water, produces a violent blast of wind.

Eolus, a small portable machine for refreshing and changing the air of apartments.

Eolus (in mythology, the god of winds), the name of a ventilator, or a machine used to extract foul air out of rooms.

Ærarium, a treasury among the Ro

mans; the place where public money was deposited. Aerial perspective, the relative apparent recession of objects from the foreground, owing to the quantity of air interposed between them and the spectator. Ero, according to Vitruvius, a basket to carry earth in, used by the Romans.

Aero-dynamics, the science relating to the active powers or forces of gaseous fluids.

Aerology, the doctrine or science of the air.

Aërometer, an instrument contrived

to ascertain the mean bulk of gases.

Aerometry, the science of measuring the air, its powers and properties.

Aeronautics, the art of sailing or floating in the air.

Aerostatics, the doctrine of the weight, pressure, and balance of the air and atmosphere. Ærugo, rust, more especially that of copper,-verdigris.

Esthetics, the power of perception by means of the senses: the word implies the perception and the study of those qualities which constitute the beautiful and artistic, and form the finer essence of all productions of fine art; it carries with it, therefore, a more exact and philosophic meaning than the word taste:' in its adjective form, in which it more frequently occurs, it is particularly useful, as no adequate epithet can be substituted for it. Thus we speak of the 'æsthetic sense,' of 'æsthetic feeling,' or 'study,' or 'principles,' etc.; but we cannot correctly say, the tasteful sense,' or 'tasteful study.'

Estuarium, a description of the an

cient baths, to the flue from hypocaustum or stove to chambers. Æsymnium, a building in Megara; so called from Esymnius, its founder, who erected that edifice, which consisted of a council-hall round the tomb of his countrymen

who died in battle against the Persians.

Ethousa, the portico on the sunny

side of the court of a Greek dwelling. Aetoma, a pediment, or the tympanum of a pediment.

Affection, in painting, the representation of any passions, whereby they appear to be animated, and swell to the sight.

Affections in general: 1, character,

qualities, disposition, nature, spirit, temper, temperament, idiosyncrasy, cast, or frame of mind or soul; 2, personal affections; 3, prospective affections; 4, contemplative affections; 5, extrinsic affections,-social affections, diffusive sympathetic affections, special sympathetic affections, retrospective sympathetic affections, moral obligations, moral sentiments, moral practice, institutions, religious affections, doctrines, sentiments, acts of religion, religious institutions. Affinity, in chemistry, the power by

which the ultimate particles of matter are made to unite, and kept united.

Afflux, a flow of electric matter to a
globe and conductor, in opposition
to efflux, from them.
After, in ship-building, implies a con-
nection, as belonging to the after-
body, after-timber, etc.
Agalma, a sculptural ornament or
image.

Ager, a Roman acre of land.
Agger, a heap or mound of any kind,

formed of stone, wood, or earth. Agglutination, the cohesion of bodies. Aggregation, in chemistry, the collection of bodies, solid, fluid, or gaseous.

Agiasterium, the sanctuary, which is

the basilica of the Latin Church. Agnolo (B. D'), born in 1459, excelled in inlaid works, and executed at Florence, besides some coffers in walnut-wood, a large figure-frame, described by Vasari: he was also the most celebrated carver of his time.

Agnolo (D. D'), a son of the preceding, Baccio: was also a woodcarver as well as an architect. | Agnolo (G. D') another son of Baccio: besides wood-carving, he gave more attention to architecture.

Agora, a place of public assembly, in

a Greek city, for the transaction of all public business; a marketplace.

Agrafe, a French term used by builders for small cramps employed in fixing chimney-pieces, etc. Agrippa (Camillus), a distinguished Milanese architect of the sixteenth century.

Aguilla, an obelisk, or the spire of a church-tower.

A-hull, the condition of a vessel when

she has all her sails furled, and her helm lashed a-lee.

Aile, the wing, the inward portico, on each side of a church or other large building, supported by pillars within.

Air-brick, an iron box used in walls,

and usually made to the size of a brick, but with one of its faces formed into a grating. Air-casing, the sheet-iron casing

which surrounds the base of the chimney of a steam-vessel, to prevent too great a transmission of heat to the deck.

Air-drains, cavities between the external walls of a building, protected by a wall towards the earth, which is thus prevented from causing dampness.

Air-escape, a contrivance for letting

off the air from water-pipes. Air-holes, those made for admitting

air to ventilate apartments. Air-machine, in mining, the apparatus used for forcing purer air into or withdrawing foul air from parts badly ventilated.

Air-pipes, in mining, tubes or pipes of iron or wood, for ventilating under ground, or for the conveyance of fresh air into levels having but one communication with the atmosphere, and no current of air: also used for clearing foul air from

the holds of ships or other close places. Air-pump, a pneumatic instrument, by means of which the air is exhausted out of the proper vessels: its effects are produced by the elasticity of the air; and as at each stroke of the pump only a part of the remaining air is withdrawn, an absolute vacuum cannot be obtained, although so near an approximation to it may be had as to remove the general effects of the atmosphere. In steam-engines, the proportion of the air-pump, as given by Watt, is usually about two-thirds of the diameter of the cylinder, when the length of the stroke of the air-bucket is half the length of the stroke of the steampiston. The area of the passages between the condenser and the air-pump should never be less than one-fourth of the area of the airpump. The apertures through the air-bucket should have the same proportion; and, if convenient, the discharging flap or valve should be made larger. The capacity of the condenser should at least be equal to that of the air-pump; but, when convenience will admit of it, the larger it is the better. Air-pump bucket, an open piston, with valves on the upper surface, opening upwards, so as to admit the air and water in the downstroke, and lift it with the upstroke of the pump.

Air-pump rod, the rod for connecting the bucket to the beam. Air-shaft, in mining, a passage made for the air by digging.

Air-tint, in painting, the tint by which the distant parts of a landscape are rendered more distinct, or sometimes giving a misty appearance to the whole: it is generally compounded of a blue-grey, occasionally approaching to purple. Air-trap, a trap immersed in water, to prevent foul air arising from sewers or drains.

Air-valve, applied to steam boilers

for the purpose of preventing the formation of a vacuum when the steam is condensing in the boiler. Air-vessel, the closed cylinder connected to the discharge-pipe of a force-pump, and by the action of which the water ejected by the piston or plunger of the pump enters the cylinder and compresses the air within; it acts as a spring during the return stroke, and thus renders the stream constant; also a chamber containing air, attached to pumps and other water-engines, for the purpose of making the discharge constant when the supply is intermittent.

Aisle, the side-passage or division of

a church, partially separated from
the nave and choir by columns or
piers.

Aitre, a hearth or chimney.
Ajambe, the French term for a win-

dow: it differs from the usual
French window in having four or
more casements, with separate
hinges and fastenings complete,
instead of two upright ones, which
they generally have.

Alabaster, a species of gypsum, a mineral substance, chemically termed sulphate of lime; also a box or vase for holding perfumes and ointments, so called because originally made of alabaster, and for which the variety called onyx-alabaster was usually employed. Alba, a beacon or lighthouse. Albarium, white-wash; according to

Pliny and Vitruvius, a white stucco or plaster, made of a pure kind of lime burned from marble, and used to spread over the roofs of houses. Albarium opus, according to Vitruvius, a species of stuccowork. Alberti (Leone Battista), the son of a noble Florentine, born at Genoa in 1406: an architect of some celebrity, and an author on the subjects of architecture and painting.

Albertolli (G.), the son of an architect, born at Bedana in 1742: was an architect of repute, and pub

blished some works on ornament of refined taste.

Alcha, a cellar, pantry, or an apartment for the reception of drinking

vessels.

Alchemist, one skilled in the art of alchemy or chemistry.

Alchemy, that branch of chemistry which presumes the transmutation of metals: Lord Bacon calls it the art of distilling or drawing quint. essences out of metals by fire. Alcohol, in chemistry, a pure spirit. Alcoholometer, an instrument for as

certaining the strength of spirits. Alcorans, in oriental architecture, high slender towers attached to mosques, in which the Koran is read.

Alcove, a recess in a chamber, or a

recess separated from other parts of the room by columns, antæ, and balusters.

Alder, a wood formerly much used.

The common alder seldom exceeds 40 feet in height, is very durable under water, and was used for the piles of the Rialto at Venice, the buildings at Ravenna, etc.: it was formerly much used for pipes, pumps, and sluices.

Aldrich (Henry), dean of Christ

Church, Oxford, born in 1647: he was distinguished for his architectural attainments, and published a work on its elements.

Aleaceria, a palace, castle, or other large edifice.

Aleatorium, an apartment in a Roman house appropriated to the use of persons playing with dice. A-lee, a term used to denote the posi

tion of the helm when it is put in the opposite direction from that in which the wind blows.

Alembic, in chemistry, a vessel used in distillation.

Aleois, loopholes in the walls of a castle or fortification, through which arrows may be discharged. Algebra, literal arithmetic, or the science by which quantity, and the operations of quantity, are expressed by conventional symbols.

Alhambra, in Saracenic architecture, the royal palace of the kings of Granada.

Alien priories, cells or small religious houses erected in different countries, and distinguished as alien from their dependence on large foreign monasteries.

Alipterion, in ancient Rome, a room wherein bathers anointed themselves.

Aliquot part, such part of a number as will exactly divide it without a remainder; a part as, being taken or repeated a certain number of times, exactly makes up or is equal to the whole: thus 1 is an aliquot part of 6, or any other whole number.

Alkalimeter, an instrument for mea

suring and determining the quantity and strength of alkalies. Allette, used to express a small wing of a building; also applied to a pilaster or buttress.

Alley, a passage from one part of a building to another; a passage or court with houses. Alligation, one of the rules of arithmetic, by which are resolved questions which relate to the compounding or mixing together of divers simples or ingredients. Allorium, a piazza, corridor, or covered way in the flank of a building. Alby, baser metal, commonly mixed with the precious metals. Alluminate (To), in painting, to wash

prints with alum-water, to keep the colours from sinking or running.

Alluminate (To), to enlighten; to

give grace, light, and ornament. Allurium, the débris occasioned by causes still in operation, as deposits left by the action of rivers, floods, and torrents. Almacantar, lines parallel to the ho

rizon, and conceived to pass through every degree of the meridian. Almasia, in old records, the archives of a church; a library.

Aimehrab, a niche in the mosques of the Arabs, for praying.

Almond-furnace, a furnace used by refiners, and called a sweep, for separating all sorts of metals from cinders, etc.

Almond-tree, a hard, heavy, oily, or resinous kind of wood, somewhat pliable.

Almonry, a room or place where alms were formerly distributed to the poor. Almshouse, a house for the reception and support of the poor. Aloof, in navigation, to keep the ship near the wind when sailing upon a quarter wind.

Alquifore, lead ore found in Cornwall, and used by potters to green-varnish their wares.

Alruna, small images carved out of roots of trees, and anciently held in much veneration by the northern nations.

Altar, an elevated table of either

stone, marble, or wood, dedicated to the ceremonies of religious worship. "And Noah builded an altar unto the Lord; and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt-offerings on the altar." Altar-piece, the ornamental sculpture or painting behind the altar in a Christian church.

Altar-screen, the back of an altar, or the partition by which the choir is separated from the presbytery and lady-chapel.

Altars, among the Greeks, according to Wilkins's Vitruvius,' faced the east, and were placed lower than the statues arranged about the cella, in order that those who offered up prayers and sacrifices might know, from their different heights, to what particular deities the several altars were consecrated. Altare chori, a reading-desk in a church.

Altare farum, the lustre, chandelier, or cresset, suspended over an al

tar.

Altimetry, the art of taking or mea

suring altitudes or heights. Altitude, of a figure, the length of a