Cremona school of painting.

Boc

caccio Boccaccino bears the same character among the Cremonese, as Ghirlandajo, Mantegna, Vanucci, etc., in their respective schools. Camillo Boccaccino was the chief master of this school, grounded in the ancient maxims of his father. Crenelle, the embrasure of a battlement, or loopholes.

Crepido, according to Pliny, any raised basement upon which other things are built or supported, as of a temple, altar, obelisk, etc.

Crescent, or half-moon.

Cresset, a candlestick or lamp to contain a light.

Crest, a term in heraldry; the orna

ment of the helmet.

Creste, the ornamented finishing surrounding a screen or canopy of a building.

Crest-tiles, those used to cover the

ridge of a roof, upon which they fit on the principle of a saddle. Creux, a kind of sculpture, when the lines and figures are cut and formed within the face of the plate. Cringle, a short piece of rope with each end spliced into the bolt-rope of a sail, confining an iron ring or thimble.

Criplings, short spars at the sides of houses.

| Crista, a crest; the apex or highest part of a shrine. Crockets, ornaments of foliage or animals running up the back of a pediment, arch-pinnacle, or spire, from the corbels below to the finial above, in which latter the crockets on both sides appear to merge. Projecting leaves, flowers, or bunches of foliage, used in Gothic architecture to decorate the angles of spires, canopies, pinnacles, etc.

Cromlech, in British antiquity, high, broad, and flat stones, raised upon other stones set on end, apparently for the purpose of an altar. Crop, ore or tin of the first quality, after it is dressed or cleaned for smelting.

Crosette, a truss, or console, in the flank or return of an architrave of a door, window, or other aperture in a wall. Crosettes, in decoration, the trusses or consoles on the flanks of the architrave, under the cornice. Cross-beam, a beam laid across another. In a ship, a great piece of timber so called, crossing two others, called bites, and to which the cable is fastened, when a ship rides at anchor. Cross-jack, in a ship, is a small yard flung at the upper end of the mizen-mast under the top.

Cross, a gibbet constructed of two pieces of wood placed transversely, whether they cross each other at right angles at the top, like a T, or in the middle of their length, like an X.

Cross, the symbol of the Christian religion.

Cross, cross crusse, cross-bar, cross goffan, cross lode, either a vein of a metallic nature, or a soft earth, clay, or flookan, like a vein, which unheads and intersects the true lode.

Cross-bars, round bars of iron bent at each end, used as levers to turn the shank of an anchor. Cross-chocks, pieces of timber fayed across the deadwood amidships, to make good the deficiency of the heels of the lower futtocks. Cross (church), or a Greek cross, that in which the length of the transverse part is equal to that of the nave; so called because most of the Greek churehes were built in that form.

Cross (church), or a Latin cross, that

whose nave is longer than the cross part, as in most Gothic churches. Cross-grained stuff, in joinery, wood having its fibres running in contrary positions to the surfaces, and which consequently cannot be made perfectly smooth when planed in one direction, without turning it or turning the plane.

Cross-heads, in locomotive engines,

the part of the motion into which the piston-rod is fitted on the cylinder side and the connecting-rod attached on the driving wheel axle side.

Cross-head guides, in locomotive engines, the parallel bars between which the cross-head moves in a right line with the cylinder and driving wheel axle: they are also

called motion bars. Cross-head blocks, in locomotive engines, the parts which slide between the parallel guides. The ends of the cross-head are fitted into these blocks. The cross-head, crosshead guides, and block, constitute what is called 'the motion of the engine.'

Cross-head, in the steam-engine, a cross-bar fixed centrally on the top of a piston-rod, and connected to the beam: its motion is confined to a direct line by guides at each end; or, in the side-lever and beam engines, by an apparatus called a *parallel motion."

Cross-jack: the cross-jack yard is the Į lower yard on the mizen-mast. Cross-spales, pieces of timber placed

across a vessel, and nailed to the frames, to keep the sides together until the knees are bolted. Cross-somer, a beam of timber. Cross-springer, in groined vaulting, the rib which extends diagonally from one pier to another. Cross-trees, pieces of oak supported by the cheeks and trestle-trees at the mast-heads, to sustain the tops on the lower mast, and to spread the top-gallant rigging at the topmast head.

Cross vaulting is formed by the inter

section of two or more simple vaults of arch-work. Crotchet, a support, or piece of wood fitted into another to sustain it. Also crooked pieces of iron, used on board sloops and long-boats. Crowd, or Crowde, a crypt, or undercroft of a church.

Crae, in mechanics, an iron lever, made with a sharp point at one

end, and two claws at the other; used in heaving and purchasing great weights. Crow-foot, a number of small lines rove through to suspend an awning. Crown, in geometry, a plane ring included between two concentric perimeters, generated by the motion of part of a right line round the centre, to which the moving part is not contiguous.

Crown of an anchor, the place where

the arms are joined to the shank. Crown of an arch, that line or point

upon its surface which is the highest or most elevated from its springing.

Crown-post, the middle post of a trussed roof. Crown-wheels. Circular motion is communicated at right angles by means of teeth or cogs situated parallel to the axis of the wheel. Wheels thus formed are denominated 'crown' or 'contrate wheels: ' they act either upon a common pinion or upon a lantern.

Crozier, the pastoral staff of a bishop or mitred abbot, having the head curled round somewhat in the manner of a shepherd's crook. Crucifix, a representation of our blessed Saviour on the cross. Crustæ, figures or images in low relief, embossed upon plate. Crustarius, an artist; an engraver for inlaid work, etc.

Crutch, a knee or piece of knee

timber, placed inside a vessel to secure the heels of the cant-timbers abaft.

Cryophorus, an instrument by which the freezing qualities of the atmosphere may be ascertained.

Crypt, a vault beneath a building, either entirely or partly underground, frequently under churches and cathedrals.

Crypta, or Crypt, among the Romans,

any long narrow vault, whether wholly or partially below the level of the earth. Crypto Portico, an enclosed gallery or portico having a wall with

openings or windows in it, instead of columns at the side. Ctesibica machina, a double-actioned forcing-pump invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria.

Cuare (Cornish), a quarry of stones. Cubature, the cubing of a solid, or measuring of the space comprehended in a solid, as in a cone, pyramid, cylinder, etc.

Cube, in geometry, a regular or solid body consisting of six square and six equal faces and sides, and its angles all right and therefore equal.

Cube, or Hexahedron, a solid regular body, consisting of six equal square sides.

Cubes, or Cube numbers in arithmetic,

and the theory of numbers, are those whose cube-root is a complete integer; or they are numbers produced by multiplying a given number twice into itself, or by the multiplication of three equal fac

tors.

Cube-root, of a number, say 8, the number which multiplied into itself twice will produce 8,-namely, 2; or it is that number by which, if you divide a number twice, the quotient will be equal to itself. Cubic foot of water, what a vessel one foot square and one foot deep will hold.

Cubicule, among the Romans, a bedchamber, tent, or balcony.

Cubiculum, according to Pliny, a room furnished with a sofa or bed. Cubile, the ground-work or lowest course of stones in a building. Cubit, a measure used among the ancients, and which the Hebrews call amma,' the mother of other measures. A cubit was originally the distance from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger; which is the fourth part of a wellproportioned man's stature. Cubital, a bolster or cushion for the

elbow to rest upon, for invalids. Cuboch, a name for the unit or integer of a power, being the effect produced by one cubic foot of

water in one foot perpendicular descent. Cuckold's-neck, a knot by which a rope is secured to a spar, the two parts of the rope crossing each other and seized together.

Cuddy, a cabin in the fore part of a boat.

Culage, the laying up a ship in the dock, to be repaired.

Cul-de-four of a niche, arched roof of a niche, on a circular plan, a spherical vault. Cul-de-lampe, for several decorations both of masonry and ironery. Cullis, a gutter in a roof; any groove or channel.

Culm, stone coal, resembling the Kilkenny coal of Ireland.

Culmen, the roof of a house or church.

Culverhouse, a dove-cot or pigeonhouse.

Culvert, an arched drain for the pas

sage of water.

Culvert, an arched passage or bridge
beneath a road, canal, or railway.
Culver-tail, to dove-tail.
Cuneus, the wedge.

Cuneus, the division of the audience part of a theatre comprehended between two adjoining scalaria or staircases which lead from one præcinctio to another: so called from its form, which resembles a wedge. The foremost cunei were termed cavea prima;' the middle, 'cavea media;' and the uppermost,

cavea summa.' The whole of the audience part, exclusive of the orchestra, was likewise called 'cavea.' Cupboards answered in some respects to the sideboards of the present day. They were sometimes mere planched tops, resting on trestles, or fixed with legs against the wall; at others, framed on stages, rising one above another, and moveable: these were called 'joined cupboards,' occasionally carved, and, like tables, covered with carpets. At the marriage of Prince Arthur, son of Henry VII., in the hall was a triangular cup

board, five stages high, set with plate, valued at £1200, entirely ornamental; and in the "utter chamber," where the princess dined, was another cupboard, "set with gold plate, garnished with stone and pearl," and valued at £20,000.

Cupola, a small room, either circular or polygonal, standing on the top of a dome by some it is called a lantern. Cupola, a spherical or spheroidal covering to a building, or any part of it.

Cup-valve, for a steam-engine: it re

sembles a conical valve, made to fit a cover in the form of a vase or of the portion of a sphere. Curia, in architecture; the building

in which the highest council of the Roman state assembled, described by Vitruvius as being adjacent to the agora or forum.

Curling-stuff, in joinery, that which is produced by the winding or coiling of the fibres round the boughs of a tree, when they begin to shoot out of the trunk. Current, a stream or flux of water in

any direction. The setting of the current is that point of the compass towards which the waters run; and the drift of a current is the rate it runs per hour. Curtilage, a term formerly applied to the division or boundary of manorial lands.

Curve, in geometry, a line wherein the several points of which it consists tend several ways, or are posited towards different quarters. Curvilinear, consisting of curved

lines.

Cushion-capital, the capital of a column so sculptured as to resemble a cushion pressed down by the weight of its entablature. Cushions and window-pillows were, in

Tudor times, stuffed-not unlike the woolsack of the Lord Chancellor-in round, square, and oblong shapes, covered with carpet-work, velvet, or embroidery; the family

arms frequently supplying the device.

Cusp, an ornament generally in Gothic windows or doors; it is to be found in the concave bends of stone-work. Cusps, projecting points forming the featherings or foliation in Gothic tracery, archery, panels, etc. Cut, in mining, to intersect a vein, branch, or lode, by driving horizontally or sinking perpendicularly at right angles.

Cutter, a small boat; also a kind of sloop.

Cutting. Cutting instruments act in dividing bodies upon the same principle as the wedge. The blade of the instrument is in general a thin wedge, but the edge itself is usually much more obtuse. Cutwater, in a ship, is the sharp part of the head under the beak or figure.

Cycle, a round of time; a space in

which the same revolution begins again; a periodical space of time. A lunar cycle is a period of nineteen years. A solar cycle is a period of twenty-eight years, after which the days of the month return to the same days of the week. Cyclograph, or Arcograph, an instrument for drawing arcs of circles without centres, used in architectural and engineering drawings when the centres are too distant to be conveniently accessible. Cycloidal curves are defined as follows: 1. When a circle is made to rotate on a rectilinear basis, the figure described on the plane of the basis by any point in the plane of the circle is called a trochoid: a circle concentric with the generating circle, and passing through the describing circle. 2. If the describing point is in the circumference of the rotating circle, the two circles coincide, and the curve is called a cycloid. 3. If a circular basis be substituted for a rectilinear one, the trochoid will become an epitrochoid, and the cycloid an epicycloid.

Cyclopean Architecture, a class of building supposed to have preceded the invention of the classic orders in Greece, and attributed to the Cyclopes.

Cyclopean wall, the oldest example of mason-work in Italy: in town-walls only has this style of building been used. The history of its origin is obscure. A large irregular mass of stone, having three, four, five, or more sides, hewn only on the irregular sides to be built upon, begins a wall: to this mass others are added, the sides of which are made to fit the irregular sides of the first block; and on these again others of similar forms are built in the same manner. Cyclostylar, relating to a structure

composed of a circular range of columns without a core; with a core, the range would be a peristyle.

Cylinder, a body having two flat sur

faces and one circular: for instance, a roller is a cylinder. Cylinder, a roller used for levelling and condensating the ground in agricultural and other operations. Cylinders, in steam-engines, hollow cylindrical vessels: within the cylinder the steam exerts its power upon the piston, which, by means of its rod, transmits it to the other parts of the engine. In locomotive engines, hollow vessels, usually made of cast-iron, and bored out accurately, into which pistons are fitted steam-tight, yet easily movable by the pressure of the steam. Cylinder cocks, in steam-engines, cocks placed in convenient parts of the cylinder for admitting oil to lubricate the piston, or by which to blow out the condensed steam, or any deposit in the cylinders. Cylinder cover, in steam-engines, the lid bolted to a flanch round the top of a cylinder, so as to be perfectly

steam-tight: it has a stuffing-box cast in the centre, through which the piston-rod alternates. Cylindrical vault, a vault without groins, resting upon two parallel walls.

Cylindrical walling is that erected upon a circular plan, forming a cylinder, or a part less than a cylinder, according as the plan is an entire circumference or a less portion.

Cyling, anciently ceiling.

Cyma, called also cymatium, its name arising from its resemblance to a wave; a moulding which is hollow in its upper part, and swelling below. There are two sorts,--the Cyma recta, just described, and the Cyma reversa, whose upper part swells, whilst the lower part is hollow. Cymatium, a moulding whose section or profile is convex below and concave above, somewhat resembling the letter S.

Cymatium, in sculpture, carved work, resembling rolling waves. Cymophane, a mineral of a green colour, resembling the chrysoberyl. Cypress-tree, one of the evergreens ; very proper to mix with pines and firs in forming clumps. The wood of the cypress is very valuable, when grown to a size fit for planks, which dimension it attains in as short a time as oak. It was much used by the ancients, and was employed in the original doors of St. Peter's at Rome, which, on being replaced, after six hundred years, by gates of brass, were found to be perfectly free from decay, and within to have retained part of the original odour of the wood. Cyrtostyle, a circular projecting portico.

Cyzicenus, anciently a hall decorated with sculpture.