at £230,000,000; horses, cattle, sheep, and other live stock, at £242,000,000; manufactured goods, new and in use, at £200,000,000; mercantile shipping, at £40,000,000; foreign merchandize paid for, at £50,000,000; fisheries, foreign and domestic, at £5,000,000; being a total of nearly £3,700,000,000. Now this is a sum of which few persons understand the extent. But suppose it was before us in sovereigns, and that we could count twenty in a minute for twelve hours in the day, it would take about 800 years to get through them. This immense sum, however, does not include the coin which is in circulation in the British Isles. The gold and silver is nearly £40,000,000, besides copper, bank notes, bills, and other mediums of circulation. The gold, also, which is in the coffers of the Bank of England is not included. The amount of this fluctuates, but it is seldom less than £15,000,000. Now this £40,000,000 of gold and silver, which is in actual circulation, and the £15,000,000 in the Bank of England, and other sums similarly situated, will amount to nearly £60,000,000 more. Here, then, we have a realized capital of £3,760,000,000 of productive property in the British Isles. This amazing sum is all at work in the three kingdoms, and forms our capital in trade. But besides this, we have an enormous sum in what may be called unproductive property. This may be enumerated as follows:-Waste land, public buildings, churches, chapels, hospitals, prisons, arsenals, forts, military stores, dockyards, ships of war, &c. All this is estimated at being equal to the national debt, about 750 millions. It may, therefore, be said that, notwithstanding our enormous debt, which we must remember is not owing to foreigners, but to Englishmen, we have the entire of our productive capital of three billions seven hundred and sixty millions clear, independently of what other nations owe to us. Now this large sum, which represents everything that is useful and agreeable, and which affords subsistence and comfort to twenty-eight millions of people, is the result of labour. In other words, it is the difference between a desolate country, such as this once was, and its present condition. What mine, therefore, was ever so rich in gold, as the mine of industry? England has maintained all her inhabitants, supported all her wars, repaired all her disasters, and, after all, has a clear property of £3,760,000,000 in hand, or £134 sterling per head for every man, woman, and child, in the three kingdoms, besides her foreign property. It is also supposed that Great Britain and Ireland are saving, upon an average, about £60,000,000 every year." OCCUPATIONS. With regard to the occupations in Great Britain, and number of Persons engaged in them, from the Census in 1851, some curiosities occur. The milliners and dress-makers, for one sex only we may presume, nearly equal the boot and shoemakers for both sexes. In time of peace the carpenters and joiners outnumbered the forces both by land and sea. The tailors outnumbered the butchers, bakers, and brewers, taken collectively. The laundresses nearly equal the tailors, and, according to Dr. Lyon Playfair, the washerwoman's interest in a dozen shirts amounts to £7 16s., or more than double that of the producer, the cotton-spinner, and the shirt-maker. Messengers, porters, and errand-boys are 101,425. For every inn-keeper, licensed victualler, or beershop-keeper, there seems to be a poor seamstress or shirt-maker. The coopers are rather more than the clock and watch-makers (20,245 and 19,159.) Medical men and their assistants are 18,728. The brewers are 18,620. The clergy of the Established Church 18,587. The police 18,348, Lawyers 16,763. The druggists and the surgeons differ little in numbers, but there are rather more drug-vendors than milk-sellers. HEALTH. The mean lifetime, or the average years others number of years that males live, in England, is rather more than 40 years Hence the majority of us live only about two-fifths of the attain to, (100) or, may we not rightly say, threefifths of our appointed time? The average duration of life is 45 years in Surrey, but 25 only in Manchester and Liverpool. Thus, one individual in the former place is equal nearly to two in either of the latter. Great as is our infant mortality and sickness, yet the proportion of children constantly ill is not by one-third so great as it was a century ago. "Relative vigour will not increase in the same ratio as population, in consequence of sickly children reared. "There are on an average 2-5 years of sickness to every death, or, 2.5 persons constantly ill, to one annual death and in a population of 17,000,000 in 1846, there must have been about 744,600 persons down with sickness one million and a quarter in the United Kingdom. The mortality in the Metropolitan Workhouses, was 29.1 per 1,000; in the country, 18 per 1,000. Mr. Cowper, in his defence of the General Board of Health, in Parliament, said, "he had a list of 45 towns in which sanitary works had been completed, and it appeared from that list that there was a great decrease in the rate of mortality, since the completion of those sanitary works. In Coventry, the mortality had fallen from 27 to 24 per thousand; in Darlington, from 28 in 1852, to 23; in Derby, from 28 to 23; in Swansea, from 22 to 19; and so on. The Registrar General, in his Report, said that the effects of the sanitary measures which had been recently taken were beginning to be apparent, and that the mortality in 1,000 had fallen from the average of 23, in the ten years between 1846 and 1855, to 21 in 1856." "The physiological changes in the human body intimate that it was framed to continue in healthy action for 70 or 80 years: yet owing to hereditary weakness, or a vicious tendency, and the imperfect adaptation of parts of the external world to its organization, a certain number of every generation fall sick, and of these a certain number die at all ages; in such a ratio, however, that from birth to the age of puberty, the sickness and mortality decline; while from puberty they increase slowly, in a geometrical progression, up to the 50th or 60th year, and then more rapidly to the end. According to Mr. McCulloch, the average mortality of the Kingdom in six years, ending 1846, is 1 in 46. Dr. Farr calculates that there are, every year, over 100,000 premature or avoidable deaths in England, and more than 1,000,000 persons who suffer from serious illness, also the direct result of neglecting the laws of health. In the extra-metropolitan portion of Surrey, less than 18 persons in 1,000 die annually, while in certain manufacturing districts, the death rate is twice as high, or about 36 in 1,000; and throughout the whole of England, it is now, on an average, 22 in 1,000. In comparing the districts in which the death-rate is low with those in which it is high, some particular form of disease has been found to characterize the latter. In certain districts in England six times more people die from disease of the lungs than in others, owing principally to want of proper ventilation, and to the action of certain work and manufactures upon the lungs. In many cases, now, this has been partially remedied, nevertheless, "Phthisis, or consumption, is the greatest, the most constant, and the most dreadful of the diseases that afflict man kind, and is the cause of nearly half the deaths between the ages of 15 and 35." The total number of deaths registered in the year 1857, under this head, was 50,106; if we add to these the deaths from all other diseases of the lungs, the number amounts to 124,082, or 30 per cent. of the whole number of deaths. This fearful mortality from one disease Mr. Porter ascribes to the following causes :— 1. The unhealthy nature of certain employments. 2. The bad arrangements, as respects ventilation, in manufactures and works of all kinds in which large bodies of the labouring classes are employed. 3. The quantity of drink taken by this class of people. 4. The apathy shown to the position in which they are placed as to sanitary matters, and the prejudices on the part of the operatives generally against all suggestions for the removal of the causes of the evils that injure them, in many conditions of life, particularly in the case of printers, millers, stonemasons, and persons employed in the manufacture of metals. 5. The defective sanitary arrangements as regards the Army. 6. The propagation of the disease by the marriage of those hereditarily affected with phthisis. Compositors we are told frequently fall victims to phthisis at the early age of 30, and probably 40 would be too high a mean age to assign to them as a body. Dr. Knight, of Sheffield, has shown that the grinding |