24. In 3 quarters, how many nails? In 5 qrs.? In 7 qrs.?

25. How many quarters in 4 yards? In 6 yds.? In 8 yds. In 11 yds.? In 15 yds.?

26. How many quarters in 5 Flemish ells? In 7 Fl. e.? In 10 Fl. e. ?

27. How many quarters in 4 English ells? In 6 E. e. ? In 9 E. e.?

28. In 10 quarters, how many yards? In 12 qrs. ? In 15 qrs. In 18 qrs.? In 24 qrs.? In 30 qrs. ? 29. How many French ells in 12 quarters? In 24 qrs. In 36 qrs.? In 45 qrs.?

SQUARE MEASURE.

153. Square Measure is used in measuring surfaces, or things whose length and breadth are considered without regard to heighth or depth; as land, flooring, plastering, &c.

What is a square? Draw a square upon the black board. What is a

square inch? A square foot?

A Square Yard is a square, whose sides 9 sq. ft.=1 sq. yd. are each a linear yard or three linear feet in length, and contains 9 square feet, as represented in the adjacent figure.

2. In measuring land, surveyors use a chain which is 4 rods long, and is divided into 100 links. Hence, 25 links make 1 rod, and 2 inches make 1 link.

100

This chain is commonly called Gunter's Chain, from the name of its inventor.

30. How many inches in 2 square feet?

31. How many square feet in 2 square yards? In 3 yds? In 5 yds. ? In 8 yds.?

32. How many square yards are there in 2 square rods?

33. How many roods in 80 square rods?

34. How many acres in 16 roods? In 25 R.? In 30 R.? In 48 R.?

CUBIC MEASURE.

154. Cubic Measure is used in measuring solid bodies, or things which have length, breadth, and thickness, such as timber, stone, boxes of goods, the capacity of rooms, &c.

1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) make 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet

marked cu. ft.

66

1 cubic yard,

cu. yd.

40 feet of round, or

50 ft. of hewn timber

OBS. 1. A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, contains 1 cord. For, 8X4X4-128.

QUEST.-Obs. What is a square yard? Draw a square inch; a square foot, &c. 154. What is Cubic Measure? Recite the Table.

2. A Cube is a solid body bounded by six equal squares. It is often called a hexaedron. Hence,

A Cubic Inch is a cube, each of whose sides is a square inch, as represented by the adjoining figure.

A Cubic Foot is a cube, each of whose sides is a square foot, &c.

3. In estimating the capacity or tonage of ships, 42 cubic feet are allowed for a ton.

4. By a ton of round timber is meant, such a quantity of timber in

Cubic Inch.

its rough or natural state, as when hewn, will make 40 cubic feet.

Note. For an easy method of forming models of the cube and other regular solids, see Thomson's Legendre's Geometry, p. 222.

WINE MEASURE.

155. Wine Measure is used in measuring wine, alcohol, molasses, oil, and all other liquids except beer,

ale, and milk.

4 gills (gi.)

2 pints

4 quarts

1 gallon,

gal. bar. or bl.

OBS. The standard unit of Liquid Measure adopted by the Government, is the English Wine Gallon of 231 cubic inches, equal to 81000 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at the maximum density,

339

which is about 41° Fahrenheit.*

QUEST. Obs. What is a cube? What is a cubic inch? A cubic foot? Draw a cubic inch upon the black board. How many cubic feet make a ton of shipping? What is meant by a ton of round timber? 155. What is Wine Measure? Recite the Table. Obs. What is the standard unit of Liquid Measure of the United States? How many cubic inches in a wine gallon?

*Olmsted's Philosophy. Also, Hasler on Weights and Measures, p. 102.

35. In 4 pints, how many gills? In 6 pts.? In 12 pts. ?

36. In 5 quarts, how many pints? In 6 qts.? In 9 qts. In 13 qts. ?

37. In 4 gallons, how many quarts? In 6 gals.? In 10 gals.? In 12 gals.?

38. In 3 hogsheads, how many barrels ? In 7 hhds. ? 39. How many quarts in 8 pints? In 11 pts. ? In 15 pts.? In 18 pts. ?

40. How many gallons in 16 quarts? In 22 qts.? In 32 qts.?

BEER MEASURE.

156. Beer Measure is used in measuring beer, ale,

OBS. The beer gallon contains 282 cubic inches. In many places milk is measured by wine measure.

41. In 3 quarts, how many pints? In 7 qts.? In 15 qts.? 42. In 4 gallons, how many quarts? In 6 gallons? In 20 ?

DRY MEASURE.

157. Dry Measure is used in measuring grain, fruit, salt, &c.

OBS. 1. In England, 36 bushels make a chaldron.

QUEST-156. What is Beer Measure? Recite the Table. 157. What

is Dry Measure? Repeat the Table.

1000

2. The standard unit of Dry Measure adopted by the Government, is the Winchester Bushel of 2150 cubic inches, equal to 776274 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water, at the maximum density. The Winchester bushel is so called because the standard measure was formerly kept at Winchester, England.

43. In 4 quarts, how many pints? In 6 qts.? In 10 qts. In 14 qts.? In 18 qts. ?

44. How many quarts are there in 3 pecks? In 5 pecks?

45. How many pecks in 3 bushels? In 5 bu.? In 10 bu.?

46. How many quarts in 6 pints? In 10 pts.? In 15 pts.?

47. How many bushels in 8 pecks? In 16 pks.? In 20 pks. ?

TIME.

158. Time is naturally divided into days and years; the former are caused by the revolution of the Earth on its axis, the latter by its revolution round the sun.

OBS. 1. A Solar year is the exact time in which the earth revolves round the sun, and contains 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 48 seconds.

2. Since the civil year contains 365 days and 6 hours (nearly,) it is plain that in four years a whole day will be gained, and therefore every fourth year must have 366 days. This is called Bissextile, or Leap Year. The odd day is added to the month of February; every Leap year, therefore, February has 29 days.

QUEST. Obs. What is the standard unit of Dry Measure adopted by the government? 158. How is time naturally divided? Recite the Table. Obs. What is a solar year? How is Leap year occasioned? To which month is the odd day added?