Form of a Foreign Bill of Exchange.

Exchange for 6590 francs.

BOSTON, September 20, 1850.

Three months after sight, pay this my first of exchange (the second and third of the same date and tenor unpaid) to the order of Messrs. Brown and Co., the sum of six thousand five hundred and ninety francs, for value received, and place the same to my account, as advised.

GRENVILLE SMITH.

To Messrs. Stevens & Williams,
Bankers, Paris.

$5000.

Form of a Domestic Bill of Exchange.

NEW YORK, September 20, 1850.

Seven days after sight, pay to Darius Alden, or order, the sum of five thousand dollars, for value received, with or without further advice.

To Messrs. Gates & Sons,
Merchants, New Orleans.

EXAMPLES.

HERMAN BATTLES.

9. What will a bill cost on England for £500, at 8 per cent. advance on the old par value?

10. What will a bill cost on England for £1000, 10 s., at 9 per cent. advance on the old par value?

11. What will a bill cost on France for 1600 francs, at 3 per cent. advance, estimating a franc at 18 cents? 12. What will a bill cost on New Orleans for $7560, at 1 per cent. advance?

13. What will a bill cost on Hamburg for 5000 marcs banco, at 2 per cent. above par, estimating a marc at 32 cents?

* T

ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE.

SECTION XXXVIII.

350. ARBITRATION OF EXCHANGE is the process of finding the rate of exchange between two countries, through the medium of several countries.

351. The object of the arbitration of exchange is to ascertain whether it would be more advantageous to the merchant to remit directly to the place where the money is due, or indirectly, through other countries.

352. RULE. Write the first term on the left, and its equal on the right, and continue to write all the terms in pairs, in the same manner. The odd term,

or term of demand, must be written under the terms on the left, if the answer is to be of the same kind as the first term; but if not, it must be written under the terms on the right.

If the odd term be on the right, divide the product of all the terms on the right by the product of the terms on the left; but if the odd term be on the left, divide the product of the terms on the left by the product of the terms on the right.

OBS. 1. The second term on the left must be of the same kind as the first on the right, and the third term on the left of the same kind as the second on the right, &c., and the last term of the same kind as the first.

OBS. 2. The questions in arbitration of exchange may also be solved by analysis.

1. If the exchange of London on Hamburg be 1 pound sterling equal to 13 mares and 14 schillings, and that of Hamburg on Paris be 100 marcs equal to 186 francs and 4 cents, how many francs in Paris,

What is arbitration of exchange? What is the object of arbitration of exchange? What is the rule?

through Hamburg, is a pound sterling, in London, worth? (See note in the key.)

2. If the exchange of London on Paris be 25 francs, 87 cents, worth 1 pound sterling, and that of Paris ón Hamburg be 186 francs, 45 cents, worth 100 marcs, what is the rate of exchange of London on Hamburg, through Paris, or what is 1 pound sterling worth in Hamburg?

3. If A buys a bill in London, drawn on Paris, at the rate of 25.87 francs per pound sterling, and if this bill be sold in Amsterdam at 120 francs for 56 florins, and the proceeds be invested in a bill on Hamburg, at the rate of 364 florins for 40 marcs, what is the rate of exchange between London and Hamburg, or what is 1 pound sterling of London worth in Hamburg?

4. If the exchange of London on Hamburg be 13 marcs per pound sterling, that of Hamburg on Amsterdam 40 marcs for 361 florins, and that of Amsterdam on Paris 562 florins for 120 francs, what is the rate of exchange between London and Paris, or how many francs are equal to 1 pound sterling?

5. If a bill be bought in London, drawn on Hamburg, at the rate of 13 marcs per pound sterling, and if this bill be sold in Paris at 1891 francs for 100 marcs, and the proceeds be invested in a bill on Amsterdam, at the rate of 209 francs for 100 florins, what is the rate of exchange between London and Amster

dam, or what is a pound sterling of London worth in Amsterdam?

6. If the exchange of London on Paris is 28 francs per pound sterling, and that of the United States on Paris 18 cents per franc, what is the rate of exchange of the United States on London, through Paris?

PERMUTATION.

SECTION XXXIX.

353. PERMUTATION is the process of finding how many changes can be made in the order of any given number of things.

354. RULE. Multiply together in succession all the terms of the natural series of numbers, from 1 to the given number, and the last product will be the required number.

EXAMPLES.

1. How many changes can be made in the positions of 6 persons around a table?

2. In how many different positions can the nine digits be placed?

3. How many changes can be made in the order of the 10 letters of the alphabet A, B, C, D, E, &c. ? 4. How many changes can be made in seating a class of 16 scholars?

5. A party of eight persons met at a public house, and agreed to dine together so long as they could sit in different positions at dinner. How long did they remain, and how much did they pay for their dinners, at 50 cents for each dinner?

What is permutation? What is the rule?

MENSURATION OF SURFACES.

SECTION XL.

355. THE area or surface of a figure is the number of square rods, feet, inches, &c.,

it contains.

356. A square is a figure of four equal sides, which are perpendicular to each other.

357. A rectangle is a figure of four sides, which are perpendicular to each other, but the opposite sides of which only are equal.

358. To find the area of a square or rectangle, RULE. Multiply the length by the breadth.

EXAMPLES.

1. What is the area of a rectangular field, 40 rods in length and 30 rods in breadth?

2. What is the area of a field 50 rods square?

3. What is the area of a rectangular field, 60.5 rods long and 20.5 rods broad?

4. What is the area of a field 27.5 chains square? 5. How many square feet in a board 16 feet long and 1 foot and 4 inches wide?

359. In measuring land, surveyors use chain measure, of which a unit is a chain of 4 rods. A chain is divided into 100 links, and each link is 7.92 inches.

What is the area or surface of a figure? What is a square? What is a rectangle? What is the rule for finding the area of a square or rectangle? What measure is used by surveyors in measuring land? How many rods is a chain? How many links? What is the length of a link?