4. TERNATE, (ternatum.) Pl. 8, fig. 6. Consists of three leaflets. Ex. Clover, Trifolium.

5. QUINATE, (quinatum,) Pl. 8, fig. 4. lets. Ex. Potentilla simplex.

Of five leaf

6. PINNATE, (pinnatum.) Pl. 8, fig. 7. When the common footstalk bears many leaflets on each side. It is of several kinds, as follows:

1. With an odd leaflet, (cum impari.) Pl. 8, fig. 7. Ex. Rose, Rosa; Elder, Sambucus; Sumach, Rhus. 2. With a tendril, (cirrosum.) Pl. 8, fig. 8. When furnished with a tendril in place of the odd leaflet. Ex. Pea, Pisum.

3. Abruptly, (abruptè.) Pl. 8, fig. 9. Without either a terminal leaflet or tendril. Ex. Common Sensitive-plant, Mimosa sensitiva.

4. Opposite, (opposite.) when the leaflets are op. posite in pairs. Ex. Water Parsnip, Sium augustifolium. Roses, pl. 8, fig. 7.

5. Alternately, (alternatim.) Pl. 8, fig. 10. When they are not directly opposite, but alternate.

6. Interruptedly (interruptè.) Pl. 8, fig. 11. When the principal leaflets are arranged alternately, with an intermediate series of smaller ones. Potentilla anserina.

7. Jointedly, (articulatè) with apparent joints in the common footstalk.

8. Decurrently, (decursivè) when the leaflets are

decurrent.

9. In a lyrate manner, (lyrato.) Pl. 8, fig. 12. Having the terminal leaflet the largest, and the rest gradually smaller, as they approach the base. Ex. Avens, Geum rivale, and common Turnip.

10. In a whorled manner, (verticillate.) Pl. 8, fig. 15. The leaflets cut into fine divaricate segments embracing the footstalk. Ex. Sium verticillatum.

7. AURICLED LEAF, (auriculatum folium) is a leaf furnished with a pair of leaflets properly distinct, but occasionally liable to be joined with it.

8. CONJUGATE, (conjugatum) yoked; consists of only a pair of leaflets, and is much the same as binate. Ex. Zygophyllum.

Observation. Two-yoked, (bijugum.) Three-yoked, (trijugum.) Four-yoked, (quadrijugum.) Many-yoked, (multijugum,) &c. express particular numbers of pairs of leaflets, and are used for that purpose where such discrimination is requisite for specific characters, as in the Mimosa.

The following terms are applied to the degree of composition; without any reference to the mode.

1. COMPOUND, (compositum.) Pl. 8, fig. 7. Simply compound.

2. DECOMPOUND, (decompositum.) Doubly compound.

Pl. 9, fig. 4.

3. SUPERDECOMPOUND, (supradecompositum.) Pl. 9, fig. 5. Thrice compound or more. Conium maculatum.

Ex. Hemlock,

Mode and degree of Composition.

1. BIGEMINATE, (bigeminatum.) Pl. 9, fig. 3. Twice paired.

2. TERGEMINATE, (tergeminatum) three times paired.

3. BITERNATE, (biternatum) Pl. 9, fig. 1. Twice

ternate.

4. TRITERNATE, (triternatum.) Pl. 9, fig. 2. Thrice

ternate.

5. BIPINNATE, (bipinnatum.) Pl. 9, fig. 4. Doubly pinnate.

6. TRIPINNATE, (tripinnatum.) Pl. 9, fig. 5. Triply pinnate.

7. PEDATE, (pedatum.) Pl. 9, fig. 6. Is a ternate leaf, with its lateral leaflets compounded in their forepart. Ex. Viola pedata.

Observation. 1. Leaves are so wonderfully diversified, and the transition from one form to another is so gradual, that specimens occur, not only to answer the preceding terms, which have been assumed to describe them, but also of every intermediate descrip

tion. On this account two terms are occasionally combined to express a form between them, as Ovate-lanceolate, (ovato-lanceslatum,) lanceolate, inclining to ovate; or Heart-ovate, (cordatoovatis,) as in ground Laurel, Epigaa repens.

When shape or any other character cannot be precisely defined, sub is prefixed to the term used, as subrotundum, roundish; subsessile, not destitute of a footstalk. By the judicious use of such, means all necessary precision is attained.

2. The leaves furnish very elegant and natural marks in discrim inating the species of plants. Numerous specific names, as well as characters, which are both elegant and descriptive, are derived from the leaves, as Pyrola rotundifolia,Round leaved Wintergreen; Convallaria bifolia, Two-leaved Convallaria; Aster cordifolius Heart-leaved Aster.

.

CHAP. IV.

APPENDAGES TO A PLANT.

THE APPENDAGES consist of the appendages, properly so called, the arms, the supports, and the pubescence or covering of plants.

I. Appendages to the Leaf and to the Flower.

1. STIPULE, (stipula.) Pl. 8, fig. 7 & 8. u. a. A leafy appendage to the proper leaves, or to the footstalks. Ex. Rose, Rosa; Pea, Pisum.

Observation. 1. It is commonly situated at the base of the foot. stalk in pairs, as it is in the above examples, and is extremely dif ferent in different plants.

2 Some stipules fall off almost as soon as the leaves are expanded, which is the case with the Tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulipifera; in general they last as long as the leaves.

3. The stipule in the grasses is peculiar, consisting of an internal white membrane, crowning the sheath of the leaf and clasping the culm.

2. BRACT, (bractea.) a leafy appendage to the shape or colour, or both í plant. Ex. Lime-tree, wing to the seed.

Pl. 9, fig, 7. The floral leaf; flower or its stalk, differing in from the other leaves of the Tilea, in which it serves as a

II. ARMS, (arma.)
Weapons of defence.

1. SPINE, (spina.) Pl. 10, fig, 1. A Thorn. This proceeds, not from the bark, but from the wood itself. Ex. Thorn, Cratægus.

Observation. Sometimes disappears by culture.

2. PRICKLE, (aculeus.) Pl. 10, fig. 2. Arises from the bark only, and comes off with it, having no connexion with the wood. Rose and Raspberry. Observation. Does not disappear by culture.

III. SUPPORTS, (fulcra.)

1. TENDRIL, (cirrus.) Pl. 8, fig. 8. A fibre, intended to support weak and climbing plants, upon more firm and sturdy ones. Ex. Pea and Cucumber.

Observation. 1. The tendrils of the Creeper, Vitis quinquefolia, will adhere to the smoothest flint.

In some cases, the flower and leaf-stalks perform the part of tendrils, by clinging to other bodies for support, as the leafstalks do in the Virgin's-bower, Clematis Virginiana.

2. Linnæus applied the term supports, (fulcra) to all the va rious kinds of appendages, but it seems not to apply very proper ly to any of them except the tendril, &c.

3, The prickles of the Sweet-briar Rose, being recurved like hooks, serve as supports by taking hold of other bodies.

IV. PUBESCENCE, (pubes.)

Glands, hair, &c. which are found on the surface of the plant.

1. GLAND, (glandula) a little tumour discharging a fluid. Ex. On the calyx of the Moss Rose. Pl. 10, fig. 4, a. On the foot-stalks of the Snow-ball, Viburnum opulus, and the various species of Passion-flower. Pl. 10, fig. 3.

2. HAIR, (pilus.) Pl. 10, fig. 6. The hairs on plants are either simple, serving the purpose of protection from cold, or they are ducts, discharging a fluid.

Observation, The hairiness of plants is liable to disappear by culture.

CHAP. V.

INFLORESCENCE,* (inflorescentia.)

INFLORESCENCE is a term used by Linnæus, to express the particular manner in which flowers are situated upon a plant.

Observation. Those who wrote before Linnæus used the term modus forendi, or manner of flowering.

Its various kinds are

Flowers

1. WHORL, (verticellus.) Pl. 10, fig. 7. surrounding the stem in a sort of ring; though they may not perhaps be inserted on all sides of it, but merely on two opposite ones. Ex. Mint, Mentha, and Balm.

2. RACEME, (racemus.) Pl. 10, fig. 8. A cluster. A simple raceme consists of numerous, rather distant, flowers, each on its own proper stalk, and all connected by one common stalk. Ex. A bunch of Currants. Observation. A cluster is most generally pendulous or drooping, and the flowers all expand nearly at the same time.

Compound receme, (racemus compositus) partial peduncles divided. Ex. Solomon's Seal, Convallaria

racemosa.

Observation. By partial peduncle, is meant the proper peduncle of the individual flowers, Pl. 10, fig. 8, a. a. in opposition to the common peduncle, b. which is shared equally by all of them.

Aggregate, (aggregatus) several gathered together. Ex. Actaea racemosa, Black Snake-root.

Unilateral, (unilateralis) one-sided; flowers growing altogether from one side of the common peduncle. Secundous, (secundus) growing out from more than one side, but bending round so as to bring the flowers all to one side.

* The Inflorescence does not strictly belong under the head of Herbage, but has a claim to this place, in as much as it depends on the composition and situation of the Trunks.