CHRISTMAS

Christmas. Christ's birthday, December 25th.

Church. A place of Christian worship; the whole body of Christians.

Church building acts. English statutes for the extension of the church of England.

Church judicatory. An ecclesiastical court with judicial powers. Church land. Land owned by a church or ecclesiastical body. Church living. A benefice in an established church.

Church of England. The national church of England.

Church rate. A tax imposed upon

a parish by the majority for church maintenance.

Church reeve. A churchwarden. Churchesset. A certain measure of grain paid to the church on St. Martin's day.

Church-scot. Customary obligations paid to the parish priest; services by a tenant of church lands. Churchwarden. The manager of a church.

65

CITATIO

Circuit Court. A court held by a judge or judges at different places in a district. See, also, United States Circuit Court.

Circuit Court of Appeals. See United States Circuit Court of Appeals.

Circuitus est evitandus. Circuity is to be avoided.

Circuitus est evitandus; et boni judices est lites dirimere, ne lis ex lite oriatur. Circuity of action is to be avoided, and it is the duty of good judges to dismiss actions lest an action shall grow out of an action.

Circuity of action. Indirectness of remedy by unnecessary litigation. Circular notes. Letters of credit, which see.

Circumduction. Annulment; avoidance; cancellation. Circumspecte agatis. An English statute of 1285 limiting and regulating the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts.

Circumstantial evidence. The proof of such circumstances as either necessarily or usually attend facts sought to be proved. See 97 Am. St. Rep. 773, note.

Circumstantibus. Bystanders present in court.

Circumvention. (Scotch) Fraud or deceit.

Cirliscus. A churl.-Spelman. Citacion. (Spanish) A court order commanding the defendant to appear and defend. Citatio. A citation.

Citatio ad reassumendam causam. A citation directed to a dead plaintiff's heir.

Citatio est de juri naturali. mons is of natural right.

A sum

CITATION

Citation. A court order directing a person to appear.

Citationes non concedantur priusquam exprimatur super qua re fieri debet citatio. Citations are not to be granted until it is shown concerning what matter the citation ought to be made.

Cite. To summon, to notify to appear in court.

Citizen. An inhabitant of a city in England; in United States, one entitled to vote for members of Congress and other public offices and who is qualified for office. See 92 U. S. 542, 23 L. Ed. 588. City Court. A court having jurisdiction only within the city limits. Civil. As between citizens; private. Civil action. An action seeking recompense for the violation of a private right.

Civil bill court. An Irish court with jurisdiction similar to that of county courts.

Civil commotion. An insurrection. Civil contempt. Those which are prosecuted to enforce the rights of private parties. See 21 Ann. Cas. (U. S.) 897. Civil corporation. A private business corporation; a municipal corporation.

Civil damage acts. Statutes rendering liquor sellers liable for consequences.

Civil day. The mean solar day. Civil death. The cessation of all one's legal rights and capacities. See 6 Am. St. Rep. 380.

Civil injury. A violation of one's private right.

Civil law. The Roman law pounded by Justinian.

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Civil liability. Liability to a civil action.

Civil rights.

Rights which munici

pal law enforces at the instance of private persons to secure the enjoyment of their means of happiness. See 51. N. J. L. 432, 14 Am. St. Rep. 693, 17 Atl. 969.

Civil rights act. A United States statute of 1875 against prohibiting the use of public places on account of race or color.

Civil Rights Bill. A United States statute of 1866, granting citizenship to native-born persons, including former slaves.

Civil rights cases. Cases determining the legal status of freedmen. See 100 U. S. 303, 25 L. Ed. 664.

Civil service. The executive department of the government. Civil side. The civil department or calendar of a court having also a criminal department or calendar. Civil War. A war between citizens of the same nation; the war of the Rebellion in the United States which lasted from 1861-1865. Civilian. A scholar versed in the Roman law.

Civilis. Civil.

Civiliter. Civilly.

CIVILITER

Civiliter mortuus. Civilly dead. See Civil death,

Civis. (Roman Law) A citizen.

Civitas. A state.

Claim. A demand of some matter as of right made by one person upon another to do or forbear. See 16 Pet. (U. S.) 615, 10 L. Ed. 1089. Claim in a service. (Scotch) A petition by an heir to be served as heir of the decedent.

Claim of conusance. A claim of ex

clusive jurisdiction.

Claim of liberty. A suit or petition to the crown, in the court of exchequer, to have liberties and franchises confirmed there by the attorney general.-Wharton. Claim, vi, furto aut precario. Claim by force, stealth or supplication. Claimant. One who claims; in admiralty, one defending a suit against goods in which he claims an interest.

Claim-notice. A miner's posted notice of his claim to mining rights on the land.

Clam. Secretly.

Clam delinquentes magis puniuntur

quam palam. Secret offenses are punished more severely than open

ones.

Clamea admittenda in itinere per attornatum. A writ commanding the admission of an attorney to represent a claimant who was abroad.

Clamor. A complaint; an outcry; a claim.

Clap-stick. A watchman's alarm rattle.

Clare constat. It clearly appears. Claremethen. (Scotch) A warranty of title in goods which had been stolen.

rights to one which are accorded to others, or inflicts upon one a more severe penalty than is imposed upon another in like case offending. See 99 Mich. 151, 41 Am. St. Rep. 589, 22 L. R. A. 696, 57 N. W. 1094.

Classification. The English chancery practice of assigning litigants having similar interests in the cause to one solicitor, to save expense. Clause. Closed; sealed.

Clause irritant. (Scotch) A clause in a deed which limited the right of an absolute proprietor in entails.

Clause of devolution. (Scotch) A clause imposing some obligation contingent upon an event. Clause of return.

A clause by which a right shall upon certain contingencies revert to the grantor. Clause rolls. Same as Close rolls. Clausula. A clause or part of a sentence. Clausula generalis de residuo non ea

complectitur quae non ejusdem sint generis cum iis quae speciatim dicta fuerant. A general clause of remainder does not include matters not of the same kind with those specially mentioned. Clausula generalis non refertur ad expressa. A general clause does not refer to matters expressly mentioned.

Clausula quae abrogationem excludit ab initio non valet. A clause which forbids repeal is void from the beginning.

Clausulae inconsuetae semper inducunt suspicionem. Unaccustomed clauses always arouse suspicion.

CLAUSULA

Clausula vel dispositio inutilis per praesumptionem remotam vel causam, ex post facto non fulcitur.

A useless clause or disposition is not supported by a remote presumption or by a subsequently occurring fact.

Clausum. A clause; a close.

Clausum fregit. He broke the close. Clausura. An inclosure.

Claves curiae. The keys of the court. Clean hands. Freedom from wrongdoing or intent.

Clear. To acquit; to justify; to ex

cuse.

Clear days. Days intervening, exclusive of the first day and the last

one.

Clearance.

of

A port collector's permit authorizing a ship's departure. Clearing-house. A place where bankers daily settle their accounts. Clementines. The collections canon law made by Pope Clement, 1311. Cleptomania. Same as Kleptomania. Cleremonia. The clergy. Clergy. Persons in ecclesiastical orders; officers of the church; at one time, all persons who could read. Clergyable. Entitled to benefit of clergy.

Clerical error. A copyist's error; a slip of the pen.

Clericale privilegium.

Benefit of

CLERKS

Clericus et agricola et mercator, tempore belli, ut oret, colat, et commutet, pace fruuntur. Clergymen, farmers and merchants in time of war enjoy peace so that they may preach, cultivate and trade.

Clericus mercati. Clerk of the market.

Clericus non connumeretur in duabus ecclesiis. A clergyman should not be appointed by two churches. Clericus parochialis. A parish clerk. Clerigos. (Spanish) Clergymen. Clerk. A clergyman; the ministerial officer of a court.

Clerk of arraigns. Clerk of the central criminal court in England; a deputy of the clerk of assize. Clerk of assize. The clerk of the justices of assize in their circuits. Clerk of court. The chief ministerial officer of a court.

Clerk of enrollments. Formerly the chief officer of the English enrollment office.

A

Clerk of the house of commons. crown appointee in charge of the memorials and journals of the acts of the house of commons.

Clerk of the peace. An officer who assisted justices of the peace in quarter sessions.

Clerk of the petty bag. A chancery officer who enrolled the admission of solicitors and other officers. Clerk of the privy seal. Formerly an officer who attended the lord privy seal.

Clerk of the signet. An officer who attends the king's principal secretary.

Clerks of indictments. Clerks in the English central criminal court who prepare indictments. Clerks of seats. Officers who attend to the clerical work in the

land.

Close copies. Copies which might

be written with any number of words on a sheet. Office copies were to contain only a prescribed number of words on each sheet.Bouv.

Close port. A port inland on a river.

Close rolls. English public records of close writs and other instruments.

Close writs. Writs not open or patent; writs addressed to the sheriff or other particular person or offi

cer.

Cloth. The clergy.

Cloud on title. A defect in a chain of title. See 42 Am. St. Rep. 378, note.

Clough. A valley.

Club. An unincorporated society.
Coadjutor. An assistant of a bishop
or other prelate.
Coagent. An accomplice.

Coadministrator. One of two or more administrators appointed to act jointly.

Coadunatio. A conspiracy.

Coafforest. To turn into a forest

or to increase one. Coal note. A sort of promissory note used at the port of London. Coalition. An alliance; a confed

eracy.

English privy council at Westminster.