This, like Troy Weight, has for its basis, grains, with some different divisions in the higher denominations. It is used by apothecaries in compounding medicines.

AVOIR DUPOIS WEIGHT.

The denominations of Avoirdupois Weight are, the ton T.; the hundred-weight, cwt.; the quarter, qr.; the pound, lb.; the ounce, oz.; and the dram, dr.

By this are weighed all metals, except gold and silver, and heavy and drossy articles in general.

The whole weight of commodities weighed by Avoirdupois, including the box, cask, &c., containing them, is called gross weight; and what remains, after allowance for he weight of the box, cask, &c., and for probable waste in some kinds of articles, is called neat weight.

In avoirdupois, a hundred weight is equal to 112 lb. In the state of New York, however, it is fixed by statute at 100lb., and the quarter at 25 lb. The fitness and convenience of such a division, commends it to general adoption.

CLOTH MEASURE.

The denominations of Cloth Measure are, the French l, Fr. e.; the English ell, E. e.; the Flemish ell, Fl. e the yard, yd.; the quarter, qr.; and the nail, na.

DRY MEASURE.

The denominations of Dry Measure are, the bushel, bu.;

the peck, pk.; the gallon, gal.; the quart, qt.; the pint, pt.

By this are measured grains, seeds, fruits, salt, &c.

WINE MEASURE.

The denominations of Wine Measure, are, the tun,

T.;

the pipe, p.; the puncheon, pun. ; the hogshead, hhd.; the tierce, tier.; the barrel, bl. ; the gallon, gal.; the quart, qt.; the pint, pt.; the gill, gi.

By this are measured wines, spirits, cider, oil, &c.

BEER MEASURE.

The denominations of Beer Measure are, the butt, bt: the hogshead, hhd.; the barrel, bl.; the kilderkin, kil.; the firkin, fir.; the gallon, gal.; the quart, qt.; and the pint, pt.

* 8 bushels
36 bushels

1 quarter English,

1 chaldron of coal.

NOTE. The dry gallon contains 268 cubic inches; the wine gallon, 231 cubic inches, and the beer gallon 282 cubic inches.

LONG MEASURE.

The denominations of Long Measure are, the mile, m.;. the furlong, fur.; the rod, or pole, r.; the yard, yd.; the foot, ft., and the inch, in.

The denominations of Square Measure are, the mile, m., the acre, A.; the rood, R.; the rod. r.; the yard, yd.; the foot, ft., and the inch, in.

This is applied to the measurement of surfaces, such as land, boards, flooring, &c., where the dimensions of length and breadth only are concerned.

CUBIC MEASURE.

The denominations of Cubic Measure are, the yard, yd.;

the foot, ft., and the inch, in.

40 feet of round timber, or 50 feet of hewn timber, make 1 Ton.

128 feet, i.e. 8 ft. long, 4 ft. high, and 4 ft. wide. = 1 cord.

Cubic Measure is applied to solids, which have the three dimensions of length, breadth, and thickness; likewise, to the measurement of capacities, as of cisterns and containers generally.

TIME.

The denominations of Time are, the year, Y.; the week, wk.; the day, d.; the hour, h.; the minute, m., and the second, s.

The exact solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 48 seconds. To avoid these fractional parts of a day, the year is made to consist of 365 days; except every fourth year, which has 366.* When the number of the year is divisible by 4 without a remainder, it is Leap-Yearthe centurial year excepted.

DIVISION OF THE CIRCLE.

The Divisions of the Circle, C., are, the sign, S.; the degree, (°); the minute, ('); and the second, (").

REDUCTION.

REDUCTION is bringing or changing numbers from one denomination to another, without altering their value. Thus, 1 yard, reduced to the next inferior denomination, is 3 feet; and these reduced again, are 36 inches.

Again, lower denominations may be brought to higher; as pounds to quarters, hundred weights, or tons. In all these cases, the quantity remains unchanged, although it is expressed in a different denomination.

When higher denominations are to be reduced to lower.

RULE. Multiply the successive denominations, commencing with the highest given, by as many of the next lower, as make one of that higher, adding in their proper places, the several inferior denominations expressed in the given number.

When lower denominations are to be reduced to higher.

RULE. Divide the given denomination by as many as . make 1 of the next higher; and the quotient thence arising, by as many as make 1 of the denomination next above that, and so on to the required one.

The several remainders will be of the denomination of the respective dividends.

1. In 1234l. 15s. 7d., how many farthings?

£ S. d.

1234 15 7

20

24695 shillings,

12

296347 pence,
4

Ans. 1185388 farthings.