Tobacco carried Tobacco was now carried into England by Mr. from Vir- Lane; and Sir Walter Ralegh, a man of gaiety ginia into and fashion, adopting the Indian usage of smoking it, and by his interest and example introducing it at court, the pipe soon became fashionable." England. April 26. sends a se nia; 1587. Sir Walter Ralegh, intent on planting the terriRalegh tory within his patent, equipped three vessels, and cond colony sent another company of one hundred and fifty to Virgi- adventurers to Virginia. He incorporated them by the name of, The Borough of Ralegh in Virginia; vernor and constituted John White governor, in whom, with a council of twelve persons, the legislative power was vested; and they were directed to plant at the Bay of Chesepeak, and to erect a fort council. and Belknap Bieg. i. 216, 217. Robertson, book ix. 46. Sir R. Grenville was mortally wounded five years afterward (1591) in an engagement with a Spanish fleet, and died on board the admiral's ship, where he was a prisoner, “ highly admired by the very enemy for his extraordinary courage and resolution." Stith, 29. 1 Mr. Thomas Hariot, a man of science and observation, who was with Lane in Virginia, after describing the tobacco plant, says, "the Indians use to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes made of clay. We ourselves, during the time we were there, used to sucke it after their maner, as also since our return." Camden (Eliz. 324] ɛays, that these colonists were the first that he knows of, who brought tobacco into England; and adds: "Certainly from that time forward it began to grow into great request, and to be sold at an high rate." Oldys [Life Ral. p. 31.] says, the colonists under Lane carried over tobacco doubtless according to the instructions they had received of their proprietor; for the introduction among us of that commodity is generally ascribed to Ralegh himself." I do not call this the introduction of tobacco into England; because in Stow's Chronicle, [p. 1038.] it is asserted, that Sir John Hawkins carried it thi ther first in the year 1565. But it was then considered as a mere drug, and that Chronicle tells us, all men wondered what it meant." The description of the use of tobacco in Florida in Hawkins' voyage of 1565 [Hakluyt, i. 541.] confirms the account of its introduction into England that year: "The Floridians when they travele have a kinde of herbe dryed, which with a cane, and an earthen cup in the end, with fire, and the dried herts put together, do sucke thorow the cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger." After this particular notice of tobacco in Florida, Hawkins probably carried a specimen of it to England, as a curiosity. This singular plant appears to have been used by the natives in all parts of America. In the account of Cartier's voyage in 1535, we find it used in Canada. There groweth a certaine kind of herbe, whereof in Sommer there. Arriving at Hatteras on the twenty second 1587. of July, the governor with forty of his best men went on board the pinnace, intending to pass up to Roanoke, in the hope of finding the fifteen Englishmen, whom Sir Richard Grenville had left there the year before; and, after a conference with them concerning the state of the country and of the Indians, to return to the fleet, and, proceed along the coast to the Bay of Chesepeak, according to the orders of Ralegh. But, no sooner had the pinnace left the ship, than a gentleman, instructed by Fernando the principal naval commander, who was destined to return soon to England, called to the sailors on board the pinnace, and charged them not to bring back any of the planters, excepting the governor and two or three others, whom he approved, but to leave them in the island; for the summer, he observed, was far spent, and therefore he would land all the planters in no other place. The sailors on board the pinnace, as well as those on board the ship, having been persuaded by the master to this measure, the governor, judging it best not to contend with them, proceeded to Roanoak. July 22. At sunset he landed with his men at that place in Land at the island, where the fifteen men were left; but they make great provision for all the yeere, making great account of it, and onely men use of it, and first they cause it to be dried in the sunne, then weare it about their neckes wrapped in a little beastes skinne made like a little bagge, with a hollow peece of stone or wood like a pipe: then when they please they make pouder of it, and then put it in one of the ends of the said cornet or pipe, and laying a cole of fire upon it, at the other ende sucke so long, that they fill their bodies full of smeke, till that it commeth out of their mouth and nestrils, even as out of the tonnell of a chimney." Hakluyt, iii. 224. It was used copiously in Mexico, where the natives took it, not only in smoke at the mouth, but also in snuff at the nose. "In order to smoke it, they put the leaves with the gum of liquid amber, and other hot and odorous herbs, into a little pipe of wood or reed, or some other more valuable substance. They received the smoke by sucking the pipe and shutting the nostrils with their fingers, so that it might pass by the breath more easily towards the lungs." It was such a luxury, that the lords of Mexico were accustomed to compose themselves to sleep with it. Clavigero, i. 439. [See p. 48, note 2, of these Annals.] Clavigero says, “ To base is a name taken from the Haitine language." Roanoke. Tobacco carried from Vir ginia iro England. - :n. excepting the bones slain by the savages. r and several of his com:: end of the island, where wed his fort, and his men dwelling houses, the preto find here some signs, if not ge, of the fifteen men. But, place, and finding the fort rased, ses, though standing unhurt, overweeds and vines, and deer feeding they returned, in despair of ever looked for countrymen alive. Orders the same day for the repair of the housFor the erection of new cottages. All the , consisting of one hundred and seventeen is, soon after landed, and commenced a seplantation. On the thirteenth of August co, a friendly Indian, who had been to Eng, was baptized in Roanoke, according to a pre. order of Sir Walter Ralegh; and, in reward his faithful service to the English, was called lord of Roanoak, and of Desamonguepeuk. On the eighteenth Mrs. Dare, a daughter of the governor, and wife of Ananias Dare (one of the As sistants), was delivered of a daughter in Roanoak, who was baptized the next Lord's day by the name ld of Virginia; because she was the first English child, born in the country. On the twenty seventh 1 About a week afterward some of the English people going to Croatan were told by the Indians, that the 15 Englishmen, left by Grenville, were surprised by 30 Indians, who, having treacherously slain one of them, compelled the rest to repair to the house, containing their provisions and weapons, which the Indians instantly set on fire; that the English, leaving the house, skirmished with them above an hour; that in this skir nish, another of their number was shot into the mouth with an arrow, and died; that they retired fighting to the water side, where lay their boat, with which they fled toward Hatteras ; that they landed on a little island on the right hand of the entrance into the harbour of Hatteras, where they remained awhile, and afterward departed, whither they knew not. Hakluyt, iii. 283, 284. Governor England. of August, at the urgent solicitation of the whole 1587. colony, the governor sailed for England to procure Aug. 27. supplies; but of his countrymen, whom he left be- White rehind, nothing was ever afterward known.' Thus turns to terminated the exertions of Ralegh for colonizing Virginia, which proved unsuccessful, says Chalmers, "because the enterprize had been undertaken without sufficient information, because the project was new, and the means employed were not equal to the end." 3 third voy 12 m. njat. John Davis, having sailed the last year to Labra- Second and dor, now made a third and very important voyage. ages of J. Sailing from Dartmouth with three vessels, one Davis only of which was destined for discovery, the other May 19 two for fishing, he proceeded again to that northern region; and on the thirtieth of June was in se- June 30. venty two degrees and twelve minutes north lati- Is at 72 dg. tude, where the sun was five degrees above the horizon at midnight, and the needle varied twenty eight degrees toward the west. The whole of that coast he called London Coast. Sailing sixty leagues London up Cumberland Straits, he discovered a cluster of Coast; islands, which he called Cumberland Islands. Hav- land Ising, on his passage back from the northern seas, lands; discovered and named Lumley's Inlet, he returned Inlet. i Hakluyt, iii. 280-287, where there is an entire account of this voyage, with the names of all the 117 settlers; of whom 91 were men, 17 women, and 9 children. The two natives (Manteo and Towaye), who went to England with Amadas and Barlow in 1584, returned with this colony to Virginia. See Smith Virg. 13, 14. Beverly, 13, 15. Stith, 47-50. Purchas, i. 755. Prince Chron. Introd. 103. Belknap. Biog. i. 39. Stow Chron. 1018. Brit. Emp. iii. 38. Harris Voy. i. 815. Haz. i.40, 41. 2 Political Annals, i. 515. 3 This voyage, like the other, was for the discovery of a Northwest passage; but Davis proceeded no farther than to 66 deg. 20 min. north lat. For an account of this second voyage, see Hakluyt, iii. 103-111. Harris Voy. 580-582. Forster Voy. 302-308. Purchas, i. 741. Univ. Hist. xli. 86, 101, Camden Eliz. 324, 325. Belknap Biog. i. 38. Forster considered this second voyage of Davis highly important; but "the great fault of it is, that in consequence of his not having named the countries he saw, it is very unintelligible." 4" Two Barkes and a Clincher." Hakluyt. Discovers Cumber Lumley's in September to England. The Spanish fleet, and Removal the untimely death of secretary Walsingham, hindered the prosecution of these discoveries.* 1588. The city of Nombre de Dios was about this of Nombre time removed to Porto Bello, by order of Philip de Dios to II of Spain. 3 Porto Bello. Cavendish Thomas Cavendish, an Englishman, completed Voyage of the circumnavigation of the earth. On this voyage round the he passed through the Straits of Magellan; and pillaged, and burned several of the Spanish settlements in Chili, Peru, and New Spain. This was en th. 1 Hakluyt, iii. 111-118. Forster Voy. 308-310. Purchas, i. 742. Univ. Hist. xli. 101. Brit. Emp. i. 2. Forster says, that Davis went farther to the north than any of his predecessors; and that, if the ice had not prevented him, he would certainly then have made the discovery which was afterward happily effected in 1616, by Boffin. 2 Purchas, i. 742, where "Master Secretary Walsingham" is styled "The epitome and summarie of human worthinesse." 3 Some historians place this event in 1584. See Univ. Hist. xxxix. 156. Ulloa's Voyage to South America, i. 86. But, as it clearly appears from Hakluyt, iii. 553, that the measure was only recommended to the king of Spain in 1587 by his surveyor Baptista Antonio, I presume its accomplishment cannot have been earlier than the succeeding year. "If it would please your majestie, it were good that the citie of Nombre de Dios might be brought and builded in this harbour [Porto Bello]." Nombre de Dios (built in 1509) was entirely destroyed in its infancy by the Indians of Darien; but some time afterward it was repaired, and the inLabitants maintained their ground until this removal. Ulloa, i. 86. The expediency of this measure sufficiently appears from the account given to the king by his surveyor: "Puerto Bello lieth five leagues from Nombre Dios westward; it is a very good harbour, and sufficient to receive great store of ships. Within this harbour there lieth a small creeke safe from all winds that can blow." [See p. 29 of these Annals.] "The fleete shall not passe so many dangers as they dayly doe in Nombre de Dios : neither will there so many people die as there dayly doe in Nombre de Dios: and the cause thereof is, that those labouring men which doe use to unlade those merchandize, are all the whole day wading in the water up to the armepits to bring the packs of cloth and other commodities aland; for there is no landing place where there can come any boates to land any goods close to the shore, so this wading and the parching of the sunne is the cause why so many doe dye of a burning fever. There are but 60 dwelling houses in Nombre de Dios, and but thirtie dwellers which doe continually dwell there, and the rest doe goe to Panama after the fleete is gone, and then this towne doeth remayre desolate, every man forsaking it because it is so full of diseases." Hakluyt, iii. 552, 553. 4 Hakluyt, iii. 803-809, where this eminent navigator is called Candish. Churchill Voy. iii. 401. Camden Eliz. 397. It was begun at his own |