ANGER OF GOD. See WRATH. ANGLO-CALVINISTS, a given by some writers to the members of the church of England, as agreeing with the other Calvinists in most points, excepting church government. particular solemnity. Anthems were first introduced in the reformed service of the English church, in the beginning of the reign of queen Elizabeth. ANTHROPOMORPHITES, a sect of ancient heretics, who, taking every thing spoken of God in the scripture in a literal sense, particularly that passage of Genesis in which it is said, “God made man after his own image," maintained that God had a human shape. ANTHROPOPATHY, a figure, expression, or discourse, whereby some passion is attributed to God which properly belongs only to man. Anthropo with anthropology; yet in strictness they ought to be distinguished, as the genus from the species. Anthropology may be understood of any thing human but anthropopathy only of human affections and passions, as joy. grief. We have frequent instances of the use of these figures in holy scripture. ANNIHILATION, the act of reducing any created being into nothing. The sentiments of mankind have differed widely as to the possibility and impos-pathy is frequently used promiscuously sibility of annihilation According to some, nothing is so difficult; it requires the infinite power of God to effect it: according to others, nothing so easy. Existence, say they, is a state of vio-attributed to God, as eyes, hands, &c. lence; all things are continually endeavouring to return to their primitive nothing: it requires no power at all; it will do it itself: nay, more, it requires an infinite power to prevent it. With respect to human beings, it appears probable from reason; but it is confirmed by Scripture that they will not be annihilated, but exist in a future state, Matt. x. 28. Ecc. xii. 7. John v. 24. 1 Thess. v. 10. Matt. xxv. 34, 41. Luke xvi. 22, 28. Luke xx. 37, 38. 1 Cor. xv. See 158, &c. vol. i. Massilon's Ser. Eng. Trans.; No. 129, Guardian; Blair's Ser. vol. i.p. 461; and articles DESTRUCTIONISTS, RESURRECTION, SOUL. ANNUNCIATION, the tidings brought by the angel Gabriel to the virgin Mary of the incarnation of Christ. It is also used to denote a festival kept by the church on the 25th of March, in || commemoration of these tidings. ANOMOEANS, the name by which the pure Arians were called in the fourth century, in contradistinction to the Semi-arians. The word is formed from the Greek avoμoos, different. See ARIANS and SEMI-ARIANS. ANTEDILUVIANS, a general name for all mankind who lived before the flood, including the whole human race from the creation to the deluge. For the history of the Antediluvians, see Book of Genesis, Whiston's Josephus, Cockburn's Treatise on the Deluge, and article DELUGE. ANTHEM, a church song performed in cathedral service by choristers who sung alternately. It was used to denote both psalms and hymns, when performed in this manner; but, at present, anthem is used in a more confined sense, being applied to certain passages taken out of the scriptures, and adapted to a ANTIBURGHERS, a numerous and respectable body of dissenters from the church of Scotland, who differ from the established church chiefly in matters of church government; and who differ, also, from the Burgher seceders, with whom they were originally united, chiefly, if not solely, respecting the lawfulness of taking the Burgess oath. For an account of their origin and principles, see SECEDERS. ANTICHRIST, an adversary to Jesus Christ. There have been various opinions concerning the Antichrist mentioned in the Scripture, 1 John ii. 18. Some have held that the Jews are to be reputed as Antichrist; others Caligula; others Mahomet; others Simon Magus; others infidelity; and others, that the devil himself is the Antichrist. Most authors agree, however, that it applies to the church of Rome. Grotius, Hammond, Bossuet, and others, supposed Rome pagan to be designed; but Rome Christian seems more evident, for John saw the beast rise up out of the sea," Rev. xiii. 1. Now, as heathen Rome had risen and been established long before his time, this could not refer to the Roman empire then subsisting but to a form of government afterwards to arise. As, therefore, none did arise, after Rome was broken to pieces by the barbarians, but that of the papal power, it must be considered as applying to that. The descriptions also, of the beast as the great apostacy, the man of sin, the mystery of iniquity, and the son of perdition, will apply only to Christian Rome. See Daniel vii. 2 Thess. ii. and Rev. xiii. Besides the time allowed for repugnancy: these last have greater affinity with the animal constitution. The causes of antipathy are less known than those of aversion. Repugnancy is less permanent than either the one or the other. We hate a vicious character, we feel an aversion to its exertions. We are affected with antipathy for certain persons at first sight: there are some affairs which we transact with repugnancy. Hatred calumniates, aversion keeps us at a distance from certain persons. Antipathy makes us detest them; repugnancy hinders us from imitating them. ANTIPÆDOBAPTISTS, (from arti. "against," and was mades, “child,” and Bar, baptize,") is a distinguishing denomination given to those who object to the baptism of infants. See BAPTISM. tained, that if they should commit any kind of sin, it would do them no hurt, nor in the least effect their eternal state; and that it is one of the distinguishing characters of the elect that they cannot do any thing displeasing to God. It is necessary, however, to observe here, and candour obliges us to confess that there have been others, who have been styled Antinomians, who cannot, strictly speaking, be ranked with these men: nevertheless, the unguarded expressions they have advanced the bold positions they have laid down, and the double construction which might so easily be put upon many of their sentences, have led some to charge them with Antinomian principles. For instance; when they have asserted justification to be eternal, without distinguishing between the secret determination of God in eternity, and the execution of it in time; when ANTIQUITIES, a term implying all they have spoken lightly of good works, testimonies or authentic accounts that or asserted that believers have nothing have come down to us of ancient nations. to do with the law of God, without fully As the study of antiquity may be useful explaining what they mean: when they both to the enquiring Christian, as well assert that God is not angry with his as to those who are employed in, or are people for their sins, nor in any sense candidates for the Gospel ministry, we punishes them for them, without distin- shall here subjoin a list of those which guishing between fatherly corrections are esteemed the most valuable.—Faand vindictive punishment: these things, bricii Bibliographia, Antiquaria; Spenwhatever be the private sentiments of cer de Legibus Heb. Ritualibus; Godthose who advance them, have a ten-wyn's Moses and Aaron; Bingham's dency to injure the minds of many. It Antiquities of the Christian Church ; has been alleged, that the principal Brown's Antiquities ofthe Jews; Potter's thing they have had in view, was, to and Harwood's Greek, and Kennett's counteract those legal doctrines which and Adam's Roman Antiquities; Prehave so much abounded among the self-face to the Prussian Testament, pubrighteous; but, granting this to be truc, there is no occasion to run from one extreme to another. Had many of those writers proceeded with more caution, been less dogmatical, more explicit in ANTISABBATARÍANS, a modern the explanation of their sentiments, and religious sect, who deny the necessity possessed more candour towards those of observing the Sabbath Day. Their who differed from them, they would chief arguments are, 1. That the Jewish have been more serviceable to the cause Sabbath was only of ceremonial, not of of truth and religion. Some of the chief moral obligation; and consequently, is of those who have been charged as fa abolished by the coming of Christ.-2. vouring the above sentiments are, Crisp, That no other Sabbath was appointed to Richardson, Saltmarsh, Hussey, Eatom, be observed by Christ or his apostles.Town, &c. These have been answered 3. That there is not a word of Sabbathby Gataker, Sedgwick, Witsius, Bull, breaking in all the New Testament.Williams, Ridgley, Beart, De Fleury, 4. That no command was given to Adam &c. See also Bellamy's Letters and or Noah to keep any Sabbath.-And, Dialogues between Theron, Paulinus 5. That, therefore, although Christians and Aspasio; with his Essay on the are commanded "not to forsake the Nature and Glory of the Gospel; Ed-assembling of themselves together,' wards' Chrispianism, unmasked. they ought not to hold one day more || holy than another. See article SABBATH. ANTIPATHY, hatred, aversion, repugnancy, Hatred is entertained against persons, aversion and antipathy against persons or things, and repugnancy against actions alone. Hatred is more voluntary than aversion, antifiathy, or lished by L'Enfant and Beausobre; Prideaux and Shuckford's Connections; Jones's Asiatic Researches; and Maurice's Indian Antiquities. ANTITACTÆ, a branch of Gnostics, who held that God was good and just, but that a creature had created evil; and, consequently, that it is our APA duty to oppose this author of evil, in order to avenge God of his adversary. ANTITRINITARIANS, those who deny the Trinity, and teach that there are not three persons in the Godhead. See TRINITY. αντίτυπα, 27 tranquillity of mind, incapable of being ruffled by either pleasure or pain. In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term apathy to express a of mortification such as the Gospel precontempt of all earthly concerns; a state ANTITYPE, a Greek word, pro- scribes. Clemens Alexandrinus, in parperly signifying a type or figure cor- ticular, brought it exceedingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw such philosoresponding to some other type. The word antitype occurs twice in the phers to Christianity who aspired after APELLEANS, so called from ApelNew Testament, viz. in the Epistle to such a sublime pitch of virtue. the Hebrews chap. ix. v. 24. and in the 1 Epistle of St. Peter chap. iii. v. 21. les, in the second century. They afwhere its genuine import has been much firmed that Christ, when he came down Controverted. The former says, that from heaven, received a body not from Christ is not entered into the holy the substance of his mother, but from places made with hands, which are the four elements, which at his death he the figures or antitypes of the rendered back to the world, and so asAPHTHARTODOCITES, a denotrue-now to appear in the presence of cended into heaven without a body. God Now Tures signifies the pattern by which another thing is made; and mination in the sixth century; so called from the Greek aqlagros, incorruptible, as Moses was obliged to make the ta bernacle, and all things in it, according and Sex, to judge; because they held to the pattern shown him in the Mount, that the body of Jesus Christ was incorwere a branch of the Eutychians. the tabernacle so formed was the anti-ruptible, and not subject to death. They type of what was shown to Moses: any thing, therefore, formed according to a model or pattern, is an antitype. In the latter passage, the apostle, speaking of Noah's flood, and the deliverance only of eight persons in the ark from it, says, Ω και ημας αντίτυπον τον σώζει βάπτισμα; Βαtism being an antitype to that, now saves us; not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience towards God, &c. The meaning is, that righteousness, or the answer of a good conscience towards God, now saves us, by means of the resurrection of Christ, as formerly righteousness saved these eight persons by means of the ark during the flood. The word antitype, therefore, here signifies a general similitude of circumstances; and the particle, whereunto, refers not to the immediate antecedent udaros, water, but to all that precedes. APOCARITAS, a denomination, in the third century, which sprang from the Manicheans. They held that the APOCHRYPHA, books not admitted soul of man was of the substance of God. into the canon of scripture, being either spurious, or at least not acknowledged rived from ano, "from," and xgʊTM, “to as divine. The word is Greek, and dehide or conceal." They seem most of them to have been composed by Jews. None of the writers of the New Testament mention them; neither Philo nor Josephus speak of them. The Christian church was for some ages a stranger to them. Origen, Athanasius, Hilary, Cyril of Jerusalem, and all the orthodox writers who have given catalogues of the canonical books of scripture, unanimously concur in rejecting these out of the canon. The Protestants acknowledge ANTOSIANDRIANS, a sect of ri- such books of scripture only to be canogid Lutherans who opposed the doctrinenical as were esteemed to be so in the of Osiander relating to justification. first ages of the church; such as are ciThese are otherwise denominated Osi-ted by the earliest writers among the andromastiges. The Antosiandrians deny that man is made just, with that justice wherewith God himself is just, that is, they assert that he is not made essentially but only imputatively just; or that he is not really made just, but only pronounced so. Christians as of divine authority, and after the most diligent enquiry were received and judged to be so by the council of Laodicea. They were written after the days of Malachi, in whom, according to the universal testimony of the Jews, the spirit of prophecy ceased, Mal. iv. APATHY, among the ancient philo-4-6. Not one of the writers in direct sophers, implied an utter privation of passion, and an insensibility of pain. The word is compounded of a, priv. and mases, affection. The Stoics affected an entire apathy; they considered it as the highest wisdom to enjoy a perfect calmness or terms advances a claim to inspiration. They contain fables, lies, and contradictions. 1 Macc. vi. 4.16. 2 Macc. i. 13. 16. 2 Macc. ix. 28. The apocryphal books are in general believed to be canonical by the church of Rome; and, even by the sixth article of the church of Eng-ger.-4. It is likewise given to those land, they are ordered to be read for persons who first planted the Christian example of life and instruction of man- faith in any place. Thus Dionysius of ners, though it doth not apply them to Corinth is called the Apostle of France, establish any doctrine. Other reformed Xavier the Apostle of the Indies, &c. tolate became at length restrained to the sole dignity of the popedom. churches do not so much as make even APOSTLES' CREED. See CREED. this use of them. See Prideaux's Con- APOSTOLATE, in a general sense, nexion, vol. i. p. 36-42: Lee's Dis. on is used for mission; but it more properEsdras; Dick on Inspiration, p. 344. ly denotes the dignity or office of an APOLLINARIANS, were ancient apostle of Christ. It is also used in heretics, who denied the proper hu- ancient writers for the office of a bishop. imanity of Christ, and maintained that But as the title apostolicus has been apthe body which he assumed was endow-propriated to the pope, so that of aposed with a sensitive and not a rational soul: but that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in man. This sect derived its name from Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea. Their doctrine was first condemned by a council at Alexandria in 362, and afterwards in a more formal manner by a council at Rome in 375, and by another council in 378, which deposed Apollinaris from his bishopric. This, with other laws enacted against them, reduced them to a very small number; so that at last they dwindled away. APOSTACY, a forsaking or renouncing our religion, either by an open declaration in words, or a virtual declaration of it by our actions. The primitive || Christian church distinguished several kinds of apostacy; the first, of those who went entirely from Christianity to Judaism; the second, of those who complied so far with the Jews, as to cominunicate with them in many of their unlawful practices, without making a formal profession of their religion thirdly, of those who mingled Judaism and Christianity together; and, fourthly, of those who voluntarily relapsed into paganism. Apostacy may be far ther considered as, 1. Original, in which we have all participated, Rom. iii. 23; -2. National, when a kingdom relinquishes the profession of Christianity; -3. Personal, when an individual backslides from God, Heb. x 38;-4. Final when men are given up to judicial hardness of heart, as Judas. See BACK SLIDING. APOSTLE, properly signifies a messenger or person sent by another upon some business. It is particularly applied to them whom our Saviour deputed to preach.-2. Apostle, in the Greek liturgy, is used for a book containing the epistles of St Paul, printed in the order wherein they are to be read in churches through the course of the year.-3. The|| appellation was also given to the ordi nary travelling ministers of the church, Rom. xvi 7. Phil. ii. 25. though in our translation the last is rendered messen APOSTOLIC, apostolical; something that relates to the apostles, or descends from them. Thus we say the apostolical age, apostolical doctrine, apostolical character, constitutions, traditions, &c. APOSTOLIC, in the primitive church, was an appellation given to all such churches as were founded by the apostles; and even to the bishops of those churches, as being the reputed successors of the apostles. These were confined to four, viz. Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. In after times, the other churches assumed the same quality, on account, principally, of the conformity of their doctrine with that of the churches which were apostolical by foundation, and because all bishops held themselves successors of the apostles, or acted in their dioceses with the authority of apostles. The first time the term apostolical is attributed to bishops, as such, is in a letter of Clovis to the council of Orleans, held in 511, though that king does not there expressly denominate them apostolical, but (apostolica sede dignissimi) highly worthy of the apostolical see. In 581, Guntram calls the bishops met at the council of Macon, apostolical pontiffs, apostolici pontifices. In progress of time, the bishop of Rome growing in power above the rest, and the three patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, falling into the hands of the Saracens, the title apostolical was restrained to the pope and his church alone: though some of the popes, and St. Gregory the Great, no contented to hold the title by this tenure, began at length to insist that it belonged to them by another and peculiar right, as being the successors of St. Peter. The country of Rheims, in 1049, declared that the pope was the sole apostolical primate of the universal church. And hence a great number of apostolicals; apostolical see, apostolical nuncio, apostólical notáry, apostolical |