place in Moses's time was called Laish, Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, in the name Dan being unknown till the the reigns of John and Henry III But Danites, long after the death of Moses, the true author of the invention was possessed themselves of it. The Jewish Hugo de Sancto Caro, commonly called canon of Scripture was then settled by Hugo Cardinalis, because he was the Ezra, yet not so but that several varia- first Dominican that ever was raised to tions have been made in it. Malachi, for the degree of cardinal. This Hugo flouinstance, could not be put in the Bible rished about A. D. 1240: he wrote a by him, since that prophet is allowed to comment on the Scriptures, and prohave lived after Ezra; nor could Nehe- jected the first concordance, which is miah be there, since that book mentions that of the vulgar Latin Bible. The aim chap. xii. v. 22,) Jaddua as high priest, of this work being for the more easy and Darius Codomanus as king of Per- || finding out any word or passage in the sia, who were at least a hundred years Scriptures, he found it necessary to dilater than Ezra. It may be added, that, || vide the book into sections, and the secin the first book of Chronicles, the ge- tions into subdivisions; for till that time nealogy of the sons of Zerubbabel is car- the vulgar Latin Bibles were without ried down for so many generations as any division at all. These sections are must necessarily bring it to the time of the chapters into which the Bible hath Alexander; and consequently this book, ever since been divided; but the subdior at least this part of it, could not be in vision of the chapters was not then into the canon in Ezra's days. It is probable verses, as it is now. Hugo's method of the two books of Chronicles, Ezra, Ne- subdividing them was by the letters A, hemiah, Esther, and Malachi, were B, C D, E, F, G, placed in the margin, adopted into the Bible in the time of at an equal distance from each other, Simon the Just, the last of the men of according to the length of the chapters. the great synagogue. The Jews, at first, The subdivision of the chapters into were very reserved in communicating verses, as they now stand in our Bibles, their Scriptures to strangers; despising had its original from a famous Jewish and shunning the Gentiles, they would Rabbi, named Mordecai Nathan, about not disclose to them any of the treasures 1445. This rabbi, in imitation of Hugo concealed in the Bible. We may add, Cardinalis, drew up a concordance to that the people bordering on the Jews, the Hebrew Bible for the use of the as the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Arabs, Jews. But though he followed Hugo &c. were not very curious to know the in his division of the books into chaplaws or history of a people, whom in ters, he refined upon his inventions as their turn they hated and despised. to the subdivision, and contrived that Their first acquaintance with these by verses: this being found to be a books was not till after the several cap- much more convenient method, it has tivities of the Jews, when the singularity been ever since followed. And thus, as of the Hebrew laws and ceremonies in- the Jews borrowed the division of the duced several to desire a more particu- books of the Holy Scriptures into chaplar knowledge of them. Josephus seems ters from the Christians, in like mansurprised to find such slight footsteps of ner the Christians borrowed that of the the Scripture history interspersed in the chapters into verses from the Jews. Egyptian, Chaldean, Phoenician, and The present order of the several books Grecian history, and accounts for it is almost the same (the Apocrypha exhence, that the sacred books were not cepted) as that made by the council of as yet translated into Greek, or other f'rent. languages, and consequently not known to the writers of those nations. The first version of the Bible was that of the Septuagint into Greek, by order of that patron of literature, Ptolemy Philadelphus; though some maintain that the whole was not then translated, but only the Pentateuch; between which and the other books in the Septuagint version, the critics find a great diversity in point of style and expression, as well as of accuracy.

III. BIBLE, modern Divisions of. The division of the Scriptores into chapters, as we at present have them, is of modern date. Some attribute it to Stephen

IV. BIBLE, rejected Books of. The apocryphal books of the Old Testament, according to the Romanists, are the book of Enoch (see Jude 14,) the third and fourth books of Esdras, the third and fourth books of Maccabees, the prayer of Manasseh, the Testament of the twelve Patriarchs, the Psalter of Solomon, and some other pieces of this nature. The apocryphal books of the New Testament are the epistle of St. Barnabas, the pretended epistle of St. Paul to the Laodiceans, several spurious Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and Revelations; the book of Hermas, entitled the Shepherd;

Messrs. Ziegenbald and Grindler, two Danish missionaries, published a translation of the New Testament in the Malabrian language, after which they proceeded to translate the Old Testa

ment.

13. BIBLE, Malayan. About 1670, Sir Robert Boyle procured a translation of the New Testament into the Malayan language, which he printed, and sent the whole impression to the East Indies.

14. BIBLE, Rhemish. See No. 23. 15. BIBLE, Samaritan. At the head of the oriental versions of the Bible must be placed the Samaritan, as being the most ancient of all (though neither its age nor author have been yet ascertained,) and admitting no more for the Holy Scripture but the five books of Moses. This translation is made from the Samaritan Hebrew text, which is a little different from the Hebrew text of the Jews this version has never been printed alone, nor any where but in the Polyglots of London and Paris

16. BIBLE, Swedish. In 1534, Olaus and Laurence published a Swedish Bible from the German version of Martin Luther: it was revised in 1617 by order of king Gustavus Adolphus, and was afterwards almost universally received.

others contend he only translated the Gospels. We have certain books or parts of the Bible by several other translators; as, first, the Psalms, by Adelm, bishop of Sherburn, cotemporary with Bede, though by others this version is attributed to king Alfred, who lived two hundred years later. Another version of the Psalms, in Anglo Saxon, was published by Spelman in 1640.-2. The evangelists, still extant, done from the ancient Vulgate, before it was revised by St. Jerome, by an author unknown, and published by Matthew Parker in 1571. An old Saxon version of several books of the Bible made by Elfric, abbot of Malmesbury, several fragments of which were published by Will. Lilly, 1638; the genuine copy by Edn. Thwaites, in 1699, at Oxford.

18. BIBLES, Arabic. In 1516, Aug. Justinian, bishop of Nebio, printed at Genoa an Arabic version of the Psalter, with the Hebrew text and Chaldec paraphrase, adding Latin interpretaions: there are also Arabic versions of the whole Scripture in the Polyglots of London and Paris; and we have an edition of the Old Testament entire, printed at Rome, in 1671, by order of the congregation de propaganda fide; but it is of little esteem, as having been altered agreeably to the Vulgate edition. The Arabic Bibles among us are not the same with those used with the Christians in the East. Some learned men take the Arabic version of the Old Testament printed in the Polyglots to be that of Saadias's, who lived about A. D. 900: their reason is, that Aben Ezra, a great antagonist of Saadias, quotes some passages of his ver

17. BIBLE, Anglo-Saxon.-If we en quire into the versions of the Bible of our own country, we shall find that Adelm, bishop of Sherburn, who lived in 709, made an English Saxon version of the Psalms; and that Edfrid, or Ecbert, bishop of Lindisferne, who lived about 730, translated several of the books of Scripture into the same language. It is said, likewise, that venerable Bede, who died in 785. translated|sion, which are the same with those in the whole Bible into Saxon.-But Cuth- the Arabic version of the Polyglots; bert, Bede's disciple, in the enumera- yet others are of opinion that Saadias's tion of his master's works, speaks only version is not extant. In 1622, Erpeof his translation of the Gospel, and nius printed an Arabic Pentateuch says nothing of the rest of the Bible. called also the Pentateuch of MauritaSome say that king Alfred, who lived nia, as being made by the Jews of Barabout 890, translated a great part of bary, and for their use. This version the Scriptures. We find an old ver- is very literal, and esteemed very exsion in the Anglo Saxon of several act. The four evangelists have also books of the Bible, made by Elfric, ab- been published in Arabic, with a Latin bot of Malmesbury: it was published version, at Rome, in 1591, folio. These at Oxford in 1699. There is an old have been since reprinted in the PolyAnglo Saxon version of the four Gos-glots of London and Paris, with some pels, published by Matthew Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, in 1571, the author whereof is unknown. Mr. Mill observes, that this version was made from a Latin copy of the old Vulgate. The whole Scripture is said by some to have been translated into the Anglo Saxon by Bede, about 701, though

little alteration of Gabriel Sionita. Erpenius published an Arabic New Testament entire, as he found it in his manuscript copy, at Leyden, 1616. There are some other Arabic versions of later date mentioned by Walton in his Prolegomena, particularly a version of the Psalms, preserved at Sion Cal

lege, London, and another of the pro-tament, and was revised and republishphets at Oxford; neither of which have ed by the same person in 1530. The been published. Proposals were issued prologues and prefaces added to it, refor printing a new edition of the Ara- fect on the bishops and clergy; but bic Bible, by Mr. Carlyle, chancellor of this edition was also suppressed, and the diocese of Carlisle, and professor of the copies burnt. In 1532, Tindal and Arabic in the university of Cambridge; his associates finished the whole Bible, but I am sorry to add that he has been except the Apocrypha, and printed it called away by death, without finishing abroad: but, while he was afterwards preparing a second edition, he was taken up and burnt for heresy in Flanders. On Tindal's death, his work was car

it.

superintendant of an English church in Germany, and the first Martyr, in the reign of queen Mary, who translated the Apocrypha, and revised Tindal's translation, comparing it with the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German, and adding prefaces and notes from Lu

19. BIBLES, Chaldee, are only the glosses or expositions made by the Jews at the time when they spoke the Chal-ried on by Coverdale, and John Rogers, dee tongue these they call by the name of targumim, or paraphrases, as not being any strict version of the Scripture. They have been inserted entire in the large Hebrew Bibles of Venice and Basil; but are read more commodiously in the Polyglots, being there attended with a Latin transla-ther's Bible. He dedicated the whole tion. to Henry VIII. in 1537, under the bor20. BIBLES, Coptic. There are sc-rowed name of Thomas Matthews; veral manuscript copies of the Coptic whence this has been usually called Bible in some of the great libraries, es- Matthew's Bible. It was printed at pecially in that of the late French Hamburgh, and licence obtained for king. Dr Wilkins published the Cop-publishing it in England, by the favour tic New Testament, in quarto, in 1716; and the Pentateuch also in quarto, in 1731, with Latin translations. He reckons these versions to have been made in the end of the second or the beginning of the third century.

of archbishop Cranmer, and the bishops Latimer and Shaxton. The first Bible printed by authority in England, and publicly set up in churches, was the same Tindal's version, revised and compared with the Hebrew, and in 21. BIBLES, Danish. The first Da- many places amended by Miles Covernish Bible was published by Peter Pal-dale, afterwards bishop of Exeter; ladus, Olaus Chrysostom, John Synningius, and John Maccabæus, in 1550, in which they followed Luther's first German version. There are two other versions, the one by John Paul Resenius, bishop of Zealand, in 1605; the other of the New Testament only, by John Michel, in 1524.

22. BIBLES, Dutch. See No. 26. 23. BIBLES, East Indian. See No. 12, 13, 44.

and examined after him by archbishop Cranmer, who added a preface to it; whence this was called Cranmer's Bible. It was printed by Grafton, of the largest volume, and published in 1540; and, by a royal proclamation, every parish was obliged to set one of the copies in their church, under the penalty of forty shillings a month; yet, two years after, the popish bishops obtained its suppression by the king. It 24 BIBLES, English. The first was restored under Edward VI., supEnglish Bible we read of was that trans-pressed again under queen Mary's lated by J. Wickliffe, about the year reign, and restored again in the first 1360, but never printed, though there year of queen Elizabeth, and a new are manuscript copies of it in several edition of it given in 1562. Some Engof the public libraries. A translation, lish exiles at Geneva, in queen Mary's however, of the New Testament by reign, viz. Coverdale, Goodman, GilWickliffe was printed by Mr. Lewis.bie, Sampson, Cole, Wittingham, and about 1731. J. de Trevisa, who died Knox, made a new translation, printed about 1398, is also said to have trans- there in 1560, the New Testament lated the whole Bible; but whether having been printed in 1557; hence any copies of it are remaining does not called the Geneva Bible, containing appear. The first printed Bible in our the variations of readings, marginal language was that translated by W. annotations, &c. on account of which it Tindal, assisted by Miles Coverdale. was much valued by the puritan party printed abroad in 1526; but most of in that and the following reigns. Abp. the copies were bought up and burnt Parker resolved on a new translation by bishop Tunstal and Sir Thomas for the public use of the church; and More. It only contained the New Tes-engaged the bishops, and other learned

H

men, to take each a share or portion: || puce, pasche, &c.: however, many of these, being afterwards joined together the copies were seized by the queen's and printed, with short annotations, in searchers, and confiscated; and Thomas 1568, in large folio, made what was Cartwright was solicited by secretary afterwards called the Great English Walsingham to refute it; but, after a Bible, and commonly the Bishops' good progress made therein, archbishop Bible. In 1589, it was also published Whitgift prohibited his further proin octavo, in a small but fine black let-ceeding, as judging it improper that ter; and here the chapters were divided into verses, but without any breaks for them, in which the method of the Geneva Bible was followed, which was the first English Bible where any distinction of verses was made. It was afterwards printed in large folio,|| with corrections, and several prolegomena in 1572: this is called Matthew Parker's Bible. The initial letters of each translator's name were put at the end of his part; e. gr. at the end of the Pentateuch, W. E. for William Exon; that is, William, bishop of Exeter. whose allotment ended there: at the end of Samuel, R. M. for Richard Menevensis; or bishop of St. David's, to whom the second allotment fell: and the like of the rest. The archbishop oversaw, directed, examined, and finished the whole. This translation was used in the churches for forty years, though the Geneva Bible was more read in private houses, being printed above twenty times in as many years. King James bore it an inveterate hatred, on account of the notes, which, at the Hampton Court conference, he charged as partial, untrue, seditious, &c. The Bishops' Bible, too, had its faults. The king frankly owned that he had seen no good translation of the Bible in English; but he thought that of Geneva the worst of all. After the translation of the Bible by the bishops, two other private versions had been made of the New Testament, the first by Laurence Thompson, from Beza's Latin edition, with the notes of Beza, published in 1582, in quarto, and afterwards in 1589, varying very little from the Geneva Bible; the second by the Pa pists at Rheims, in 1584, called the Rhemish Bible, or Rhemish translation These, finding it impossible to keep the people from having the Scriptures in their vulgar tongue, resolved to give a version of their own, as favourable to their cause as might be. It was printed on a large paper, with a fair letter and margin one complaint against it was its retaining a multitude of Hebrew and Greek words untranslated, for want, as the editors express it, of proper and adequate terms in the English to render them by; as the words azymes, tunike, holocaust, pre

the doctrine of the church of England should be committed to the defence of his place, who refuted the Rhemists a puritan; and appointed Dr. Fulke in with great spirit and learning Cartwright's refutation was also afterwards published in 1618, under archbishop Abbot. About thirty years after their New Testament, the Roman Catholics published a translation of the Old at Douay, 1609, and 1610, from the Vulgate, with annotations, so that the English Roman Catholics have now the whole Bible in their mother tongue; though, it is to be observed, they are forbidden to read it without a licence from their superiors. Bible was that which proceeded from The last English the Hampton Court conference, in 1603; where, many exceptions being gave order for a new one; not, as the made to the Bishops' Bible, king James preface expresses it, for a translation altogether new, nor yet to make a good best. Fifty-four learned men were apone better; or, of many good ones, one pointed to this office by the king, as appears by his letter to the archbishop, dated 1604; which being three years before the translation was entered upon, it is probable seven of them were either Fuller's list of the translators makes dead, or had declined the task; since but forty-seven, who, being ranged under six divisions, entered on their province in 1607. 1613, with a dedication to James, and It was published in a learned preface; and is commonly called king James's Bible. After this, all the other versions dropped, and fell into disuse except the epistles and which were still continued according to Gospels in the Common Prayer Book, ion of the liturgy, in 1661, and the the Bishops' translation till the alterapsalms and hymns, which are to this day continued as in the old version. talk, speaking of the Bible, says, The judicious Selden, in his TableEnglish translation of the Bible is the "The ders the sense of the original best; best translation in the world, and rentaking in for the English translation the Bishops' Bible, as well as king James's. The translators in king James's time took an excellent way. That part of the Bible was given to him who was