upon the Pentateuch; nor is that entire, ki miah. deration, and is then appled indiscri Temperance," says Addison, "has those particular advantages above all other means of health, that it may be practised by all ranks and conditions at any season or in any place. It is a kind of regimen into which every man may put himself without interruption to buThese Targums are of great use for siness, expense of money, or loss of the better understanding not only of the time. Physic, for the most part, is Old Testament, on which they are nothing else but the substitute of exerwritten, but also of the New. As to the cise or temperance" In order to obOld Testament, they serve to vindicate tain and practice this virtue, we should the genuineness of the present Hebrew consider it. 1. As a divine command, 1 text, by proving it to be the same that Phil. iv. 5. Luke, xxi. 34. Prov. xxiii. 1-3-2.As conducive to health.-3. As was in use when these Targums were made; contrary to the opinion of those advantageous to the powers of the mind. the who think the Jews corrupted it after-4: As a defence against injustice, lust, our Saviour's time. They help to ex-imprudence, detraction, poverty, &c. plain many words and phrases in the-And, lastly, the example of Christ Hebrew original, and they hand down should be a most powerful stimulus to TEMPLARS, TEMPLERS, to us many of the ancient customs of it. See INTEMPERANCE, SOBRIETY. the Jews. And some of them, with the phraseologies, idioms, and peculiar forms KNIGHTS OF THE TEMPLE,a religious of speech, which we find in them, do, in order instituted at Jerusalem, in the bemany instances, help as much for the ginning of the twelfth century, for the better illustration and better understand defence of the holy sepulchre, and the ing of the New Testament as of the protection of Christian pilgrims. They Old; the Jerusalem Chaldee dialect, in were first called The poor of the Holy which they are written, being the vul- City, and afterwards assumed the apgar language of the Jews in our Sa- pellation of Templars, because their viour's time. They also very much house was near the temple. The orserve the Christian cause against the der was founded by Baldwin II. then Jews, by interpreting many of the pro- king of Jerusalem, with the concurrence phecies of the Messiah in the Old Tes- of the pope and the principal articles tament in the same manner as the Chris- of their rule were, that they should tians do. Many instances are produced hear the holy office throughout every to this purpose by Dr. Prideaux in his day; or that, when their military duConnections of the History of the Old ties should prevent this, they should and New Testament. These Targums supply it by a certain number of paare published to the best advantage internosters; that they should abstain the second edition of the great Hebrew Bible set forth at Basil by Buxtorf, the father, anno 1610. ared C TEMPER, the disposition of the mind, whether natural or acquired. The|| word is seldom used by good writers without an epithet, as a good or bad temper. Temper must be distinguished from passion. The passions are quick and strong emotions which by degrees subside. Temper is the disposition which remains after these emotions are past, and which forms the habitual propensity of the soul. See Dr. Evans's Practical Discourses on the Christian Temper; and the various articles LovE, PATIENCE, HUMILITY, FORTITUDE, &c. in this work. TEMPERANCE, that virtue which a man is said to possess who moderates and restrains his sensual appetites. It is often, however, used in a much more general sense, as synonymous with mo or from flesh four days in the week, and on is there so inconsistent with reason in their arrogance, luxury, and cruelty, tempted, Heb. ii. 13. Heb. iv. 15. Far- sume a disguise (whether human or angelic is not important,) and present the most plausible temptation to our Redeemer, under these trying circumstances, is perfectly consistent with the malevolence of his character; but how far he was permitted to exert his power in forming them, is not necessary to be inquired. The grand objection is, why was Satan suffered thus to insult the Son of God? Wherefore did the TEMPTATION, the enticement of Redeemer suffer his state of retirement a person to commit sin by offering some to be thus disturbed with the malicious seeming advantage. There are four suggestions of the fiend? May it not be things, says one, in temptation: 1. De-answered that herein, 1. He gave an inception.-2. Infection.-3. Seduction.- stance of his own condescension and 4. Perdition. The sources of tempta-humiliation.-2. He hereby proved his tion, are Satan, the world, and the flesh. || power over the tempter.-3. He set an We are exposed to them in every state example of firmness and virtue to his in every place, and in every time of followers.-And, 4. He here affords conlife. They may be wisely permitted to solation to his suffering people, by showshow us our weakness, to try our faith, ing not only that he himself was temptto promote our humility, and to learn used, but is able to succour those who are to place our dependence on a superior Power: yet we must not run into them, but watch and pray; avoid sinful company: consider the love, sufferings, and constancy of Christ, and the awful con sequences of falling a victim to them. The following rules have been laid down, by which we may in some measure know when a temptation comes from Satan.-1. When the temptation is unnatural, or contrary to the general bias or temper of our minds-2. When it is opposite to the present frame of the mind.-3. When the temptation itself is irrational; being contrary to whatever we could imagine our own minds would suggest to us.-4. When a temptation is detested in its first rising and appear TESTAMENT NEW, The reliance.-5. Lastly, when it is violent. Se gious institution of Jesus Christ, says SATAN. Brooks, Owen, Gilpin, Capel Mr. Campbell, is frequently denomiand Gillespie on Temptation; South's nated n azı diaŷnan, which is almost alSeven Sermons on Temptation,in the6th || ways rendered the New Testament : vol.of his Sermons; Pike and Hayward's yet the word daban by itself, is generally Cases of Conscience; and Bishop Por- translated covenant. It is the Greek teus's Sermons, ser, 3 and 4, vol. i. word, whereby the Seventy have uniformly translated the Hebrew word Berith, which our translators have invariably translated covenant. That the Hebrew term corresponds much better to the English word covenant than to testament, there can be no question; yet the word dab in claassical use is more frequently rendered Testament. The proper Greek word for covenant is ovn, which is not found in the New Testament, and occurs only thrice in the Septuagint, where it is never employed for rendering the word Berith. TEMPTATION OF CHRIST. The temptation of Christ, of which we read in the 4th chap. of Matthew, has been much the subject of infidel ridicule, and some ingenious writers, to avoid the difficulties of a literal interpretation, have reduced the whole to vision and allegory. But perhaps this has increased rather than removed those difficulties. Is it not best always to adhere as close as possible to the language of inspiration, without glossing it with fancies of our own?-And, after all, what" TERAPHIM, a word in the Hebrew TESTAMENT, OLD. See BIBLE, 1 The term New is added to distinguish it from the Old Covenant, that is, the dispensation of Moses. The two covenants are always in Scripture the two dispensations: that under Moses is the old, that under the Messiah is the new. In the latitude wherein the term is used in holy writ, the command under the sanction of death, which God gave to Adam, may, with sufficient propriety, be termed a Covenant; but it is never so called in Scripture; and when men. tion is made of the two covenants, the old and the new, or the first and the second, there appears to be no reference to any thing that related to Adam. In all such places, Moses and Jesus are contrasted, the Jewish economy, and the Christian: mount Sinai, in Arabia, where the law was promulgated; and mount Sion in Jerusalem, where the Gospel was first published. To make the ordinance of the Lord's supper a qualification of admittance to any office in or under the civil government, is evidently a profanation of the ordinance itself; not to insist upon the impropriety of excluding peaceable and loyal subjects from places of trust and profit, merely on account of their religious opinions Various tracts have been written on the subject of a repeal of this act by Priestly, Englefield, Walker, Wakefield, Bristow, Palmer, and others. On the contrary side, by a great number of anonymous writers. THANKFULNESS See GRATITUDE, and the next article. THANKSGIVING, that part of divine worship wherein we acknowledge benefits received. "It implies," says Dr. Barrow vol. i. ser. 8 and 9.) "1. A right apprehension of the benefits conferred. 2. A faithful retention of beneThese terms, from signifying the two fits in the memory, and frequent reflecdispensations, came soon to denote the tions upon them.-3. A due esteem and books wherein they were written, the valuation of benefits.-4. A reception of sacred writings of the Jews being called those benefits with a willing mind, a vethe Old Testament; and the writings hement affection.-5. Due acknowledg superadded by the apostles and evangement of our obligations.-6. Endeavours lists, the New Testament. An example of the use of the former application we have in 2 Cor. iii. 14. "Until this day remaineth the veil untaken away in the reading of the Old Testament." See Dr. Campbell's Pract. Disser. ipart 3. of real compensation; or, as it respects the Divine Being, a willingness to serve and exalt him.-7. Esteem, veneration, and love of the benefactor." The blessings for which we should be thankful are, 1. Temporal; such as health, food, raiment, rest, &c.-2. Spiritual; such TEST ACT, is the statute 25 Car as the Bible, ordinances, the Gospel and II. cap. 2, which directs ali officers, its blessings; as free grace, adoption, civil and military, to take the oaths, and pardon, justification, calling, &c.-3. make the declaration against transub- Eternal, or the enjoyment of God in a stantiation, in the Court of King's Bench future state.-Also for all that is past, or Chancery, the next term, or at the what we now enjoy, and what is pronext quarter sessions, or (by subsequent mised: for private and public, for ordistatutes) within six months after their nary, and extraordinary blessings; for admission; and also within the same prosperity, and even adversity, so far as time to receive the sacrament of the rendered subservient to our good. The Lord's supper, according to the usage of excellency of this duty appears, if we the church of England, in some public consider, 1. Its antiquity: it existed in church, immediately after divine ser- Paradise before Adam fell, and therevice or sermon, and to deliver into court fore prior to the graces of faith, rea certificate thereof, signed by the mi-pentance, &c.-2. Its sphere of operanister and church-warden: and also to tion: being farbeyond many other graces prove the same by two credible wit- which are confined to time and place. -3. Its felicity; some duties are pain nesses, upon forfeiture of five hundred pounds, and disability to hold the said ful; as repentance, conflict with sin, office. The avowed object of this act &c. but this is a source of sublime was, to exclude from places of trust all pleasure.-4. Its reasonableness-And, members of the church of Rome; and 5. Its perpetuity. This will be in exerhence the Dissenters of that age, if they cise for ever, when other graces will not did not support the bill when passing be necessary, as faith, repentance, &c. through the two houses of parliament, The obligation to this duty arises, 1. gave it no opposition. For this part of From the relation we stand in to God. their conduct they have been often cen--2. The divine command.-3. The sured with severity, as having betrayed their rights from resentment to their enemies. promises God hath made.-4. The example of all good men.-5. Our unworthiness of the blessings we re THEOPASCHITES, a denomination in the fifth century, who held that Christ had but one nature, which was the divine, and consequently that this divine nature suffered. ceive. And, 6. the prospect of eternal lingflect's Origines Sacra; Turfeglory. tine's Institutio Theologia Elenctice; THEFT, the taking away the pro- || Butler's Analogy; Picteti Theologia perty of another without his knowledge Chistiana; Stapferi Institutiones Theoor consent. This is not only a sin ||logie; Witsius on the Covenants; Usher, against our neighbour, but a direct vio-oston, Watson, Gill, and Ridgley's lation of that part of the decalogue, Divinity; Doddridge's Lectures; which says, Thou shalt not steal." Brown's Compendium of Natural and This law requires justice, truth, and Revealed Religion; and Ryan's Effects faithfulness in all our dealings with of Religion on Mankind See also armen; to owe no man any thing, but to ticles CHRISTIANITY, RELIGION, REgive to all their dues; to be true to all || VELATION, SCRIPTURES. engagements, promises, and contracts; and to be faithful in whatever is committed to our care and trust. It for bids all unjust ways of increasing our own and hurting our neighbour's substance by using false balances and mea- THEOPHILANTHROPISTS, a sures; by over-reaching and circum-sect of deists, who, in September 1796, venting in trade and commerce; by published at Paris a sort of catechism or taking away by force or fraud the goods, || directory for social worship, under the persons, and properties of men; by bor- title of Manuel des Theanthrophiles. rowing and not paying again; by op This religious breviary found favour; pression, extortion, and unlawful usury. the congregation became numerous ; It may include in it also, what is very and in the second edition of their Manual seldom called by this name, i. e. the they assumed the less harsh denominarobbing of ourselves and families, by tion of Theophilanthrofiists i. e. lovers neglecting our callings, or imprudent of God and man.-According to them, management thereof; lending larger the temple the most worthy of the Disums of money than our circumstances vinity is the universe. Abandoned will bear, when there is no prospect of sometimes under the vault of heaven to payment; by being profuse and exces- the contemplation of the beauties of nasive in our expences; indulging unlaw-ture, they render its Author the homage ful pleasures, and thereby reducing our of aderation and gratitude. They ne families to poverty; or even, on the vertheless have temples erected by the other hand, by laying up a great deal|| hands of men in which it is more comfor the time to come, while our families modious for them to assemble, to hear are left to starve, or reduced to the lessons concerning his wisdom. Certain greatest inconvenience and distress. moral inscriptions; a simple altar, on THEODOSIANS. See ANGELITES. which they deposit, as a sign of gratiTHEOLOGY signifies that science tude for the benefits of the Creator, which treats of the being and attributes such flowers or fruits as the season afof God, his relations to us, the dispensa- ||ford; a tribune for the lectures and distions of his providence, his will with re-courses, form the whole of the ornaspect to our actions, and his purposes ments of their temples. with respect to our end. The word was first used to denote the systems, or rather the heterogeneous fables, of those poets and philosophers who wrote of the genealogy and exploits of the gods of First inscription. We believe in the Greece. Hence Orpheus, Museus, existence of God, in the immortality of Hesiod, &c. were called theologians; the soul.-Second inscription. Worship and the same epithet was given to Plato, God, cherish your kind, render youron account of his sublime speculations selves useful to your country.—Third inon the same subject. It was afterwards scription. Good is every thing which adopted by the carliest writers of the tends to the preservation or the perfec Christian church, who styled the author tion of man. Evil is every thing which of the Apocalypse, by way of eminence, tends to destroy or deteriorate him.Beocyes, the divine. As the various Fourth inscription. Children, honour branches of theology are considered in your fathers and mothers; obey them their places in this work, they need not with affection, comfort their old age. be insisted on here. The theological Fathers and mothers, instruct your student will find the following books on children.-Eifth inscription. Wives the subject of utility; Grotius de regard your husbands, the chiefs of Veritate Religionis Christiana; Stil-your houses. Husbands, love your wives, The first inscription, placed above the altar, recalls to remembrance the two religious dogmas which are the foundation of their moral. and render yourselves reciprocally happy. to happiness." So much for the divi- milar discussions have never produced good, and that they have often tinged From the concluding part of the Man the earth with the blood of men. Let uel of the Theophilanthropists, we may us lay aside systems, and apply ourlearn something more of their senti-selves to doing good: it is the only road ments. "If any one ask you," say they, "what is the origin of your religion and of your worship, you can answer hin thus: Open the most ancient books which are known, seek there what was the religion, what the worship of the first human beings of which history has THEOSOPHISTS, a sect who prepreserved the remembrance. 'There you will see that their religion was what tend to derive all their knowledge from we now call natural religion, because it divine illumination. They boast that, has for its principle even the Author of by means of this celestial light, they are nature. It is he that has engraven it in not only admitted to the intimate knowthe heart of the first human beings, inledge of God, and of all divine truth, ours, in that of all the inhabitants of the earth; this religion, which consists in worshipping God and cherishing our kind, is what we express by one single word, that of Theophilanthropy. Thus our religion is that of our first parents; it is yours; it is ours; it is the universal religion. As to our worship, it is also that of our first fathers. See even in the most ancient writings, that the ex terior signs by which they rendered their homage to the Creator were of THERAPEUTÆ, so called from the great simplicity. They dressed for him an altar of earth; they offered him, in extraordinary purity of their religious sign of their gratitude and of their sub-worship, were a Jewish sect, who, with mission, some of the productions which a kind of religious frenzy, placed their they held of his liberal hand. The fa- whole felicity in the contemplation of the thers exhorted their children to virtue; divine nature. Detaching themselves they all encouraged one another, under wholly from secular affairs, they transthe auspices of the Divinity, to the ac-ferred their property to their relations complishment of their duties. This simple worship the sages of all nations have not ceased to profess, and they have transmitted it down to us without interruption. "If they yet ask you of whom you hold your mission, answer, we hold it of God himself, who, in giving us two arms to aid our kind, has also given us intelligence to mutually enlighten us, and the love of good to bring us together to virtue; of God, who has given experience and wisdom to the aged to guide the young, and authority to fathers to conduct their children. but have access to the most sublime secrets of nature. They ascribe it to the singular manifestation of divine benevolence, that they are able to make such a use of the element of fire in the chemical art, as enables them to discover the essential principles of bodies, and to disclose stupendous mysteries in the physical world. To this class, it is said, belonged Paracelsus, R. Fludd, Van Helmont, Peter Poiret, and the Rosicrusians. or friends, and withdrew into solitary places, where they devoted themselves to a holy life. The principal society of this kind was formed near Alexandria, where they lived, not far from each other, in separate cottages, each of which had its own sacred apartment, to which the inhabitants retired for the After their purposes of devotion. morning prayers, they spent the day in studying the law and the prophets, endeavouring, by the help of the commentaries of their ancestors, todiscover some allegorical meaning in every part. Besides this, they entertained themselves "If they are not struck with the force with composing sacred hymns in various of these reasons, do not farther discuss kinds of metre. Six days of the week the subject, and do not engage yourself were, in this manner, passed in solitude. in controversies, which tend to diminish On the seventh day they met, clothed the love of our neighbours. Our prin- in a decent habit, in a public assembly; ciples are the Eternal Truth; they will where taking their places according to subsist, whatever individuals may sup- their age, they sat with the right hand port or attack them, and the efforts of between the breast and the chin, and the the wicked will not even prevail against || left at the side. Then some one of the them. Rest firmly attached to them, elders, stepping forth into the middle of without attacking or defending any re-the assembly, discoursed with a grave igious system; and remember, that si-l countenance and a calm tone of voice, |