on the doctrines of the sect; the audi-,, as they are therefore cognizable at his ence, in the mean time, remaining in tribunal; the moral regulation of them perfect silence, and occasionally ex-is of the greatest importance. It is of pressing their attention and approbation consequence to inquire what thoughts by a nod. The chapel where they met ought to be rejected and what to be inwas divided into two apartments, one dulged. Those of an evil nature, which for the men, and the other for the wo-ought to be banished are, 1. Fretful and men. So strict a regard was paid to si- || discontented thoughts.—2. Anxious and lence in these assemblies, that no one apprehensive thoughts.-3. Angry and was permitted to whisper, nor even to wrathful thoughts.-4. Malignant and breathe aloud; but when the discourse revengeful thoughts.-5. Such as are was finished, if the question which had foolish, trifling, and unreasonable.-6. been proposed for solution had been || Wild and extravagant, vain and fantastreated to the satisfaction of the audi-tical.-7. Romantic and chimerical.-8. ence, they expressed their approbation || Impure and lascivious.-9. Gloomy and by a murmur of applause. Then the melancholy-10. Hasty and volatile — speaker, rising, sung a hymn of praise 11. Profane and blasphemous. The to God; in the last verse of which the thoughts we ought to indulge, are those whole assembly joined. On great fes-which give the mind a rational or retivals, the meeting was closed with a ligious pleasure; tend to improve the vigil, in which sacred music was per- understanding; raise the affections to formed, accompanied with solemn divine objects; to promote the welfare dancing; and these vigils were con- of our fellow creatures, and withal the tinued till morning, when the assembly, divine glory. To bring the mind into after a morning prayer, in which their a habit of thinking as we ought to think, faces were directed towards the rising there should be a constant dependence sun, was broken up. So abstemious on and imploring of divine grace; an were these ascetics, that they commonly increasing acquaintance with the sacred ate nothing before the setting sun, and Scriptures; and improvement of every often fasted two or three days. They opportunity of serious conversation; a abstained from wine, and their ordinary constant observance of the works of food was bread and herbs. God in creation, providence, and grace; Much dispute has arisen among the and, lastly, a deep sense of the realities learned concerning this sect. Some of an eternal world as revealed in the have imagined them to have been Judai-word of God. Mason on Self-knowzing Gentiles; but Philo supposes them to be Jews, by speaking of them as a branch of the sect of Essenes, and expressly classes them among the followers of Moses. Others have maintained, that the Therapeute were an Alexandrian sect of Jewish converts to the Christian faith, who devoted themselves to a monastic life. But this is impossible; for Philo, who wrote before Christianity appeared in Egypt,speaks of this as an established sect. From com paring Philo's account of this sect with the state of philosophy in the country where it flourished, it seems likely that the Therapeute were a body of Jewish || fanatics, who suffered themselves to be drawn aside from the simplicity of their ancient religion by the example of the Egyptians and Pythagoreans. How long this sect continued is uncertain; but it is not improbable that, after the appearance of Christianity in Egypt, it soon became extinct. THOUGHT, an image of any thing. formed in the mind; sentiment, reflection, opinion, design. As the thoughts are the prime movers of the conduct; as in the sight of the Divine Being they bear the character of good or evil; and ledge; Watts on the Mind; Goodwin's Vanity of Thoughts. See his Works, vol. iii, p. 232. TIARA, the name of the pope's triple crown. The tiara and keys are the badges of the papal dignity, the tiara of his civil rank, and the keys of his jurisdiction; for as soon as the pope is dead, his arms are represented with the tiara alone, without the keys. The ancient tiara was a round high cap. John XIII. first encompassed it with a crown. Boniface VIII. added a second crown; and Benedict XII. a third. TIME, mode of duration marked by certain periods, chiefly by the motion and revolution of the sun. The general idea which time gives in every thing to which it is applied is that of limited duration. Thus we cannot say of the Deity that he exists in time, because eternity, which he inhabits, is ab solutely uniform, neither admitting li Imitation nor succession. Time is said to be redeemed or improved when it is properly filled up, or employed in the conscientious discharge of all the duties which devolve upon us, as it respects the Divine Being, our selves, and our fellow-creatures. Time may be said to be lost when it is not devoted to some good, useful, or at least some innocent purpose; or when opportunities of improvement, business, or devotion, are neglected. Time is wasted by excessive sleep, unnecessary recreations, indolent habits, useless visits, idle reading, vain conversation, and all those actions which have no good end in them. We ought to improve the time, when we consider, 1. That it is short. -2. Swift.-3. Irrecoverable.-4. Un certain.-5. That it is a talent committed to our trust-And, 6 That the improvement of it is advantageous and interesting in every respect. See Shower on Time and Eternity; Fox on || Time; J. Edwards's Posthumous Ser mons, ser 24, 25, 26; Hale's Contemplations, p. 211; Hervey's Meditations; Young's Night Thoughts; Blair's Grave. TOLERATION, in matters of re- TOLERATION ACT, an act for that every person so offending, shall forfeit for every such offence twelve pence; nor the statute made in the 3d year of the late King James, intituled "An act for the better discovering and repressing Popish Recusants;" nor that other statute, intituled "An act to prevent and avoid dangers which may grow by Popish Recusants;" nor any other law or statute of this realm made against Papists or Popish Recusants, shall be construed to extend to any person or persons dissenting from the Church of England, that shall take the oaths (of allegiance and supremacy) and shall make and subscribe the declaration (against Popery ;) which oaths and de. claration the justices of the peace at the general sessions of the peace for the county, or place where such persons shall live, are hereby required to administer to such persons as shall offer themselves to make and subscribe the same, and thereof to keep a register; and likewise, none of the persons aforesaid shall give or pay, as any fee or reward, to any officer belonging to the court, above the sum of six-pence, for his entry of his taking the said oaths, &c. nor above the further sum of sixpence for any certificate of the same. Sect. IV. That every person that shall take the said oaths and make and subscribe the declaration aforesaid, shall not be liable to any pains, penalties, or forfeitures, mentioned in an act made in the 35th of the late Queen Elizabeth nor in an act made in the 22d of Charles the Second, intituled ||" An act to prevent and suppress Seditious Conventicles;" nor shall any of the said persons be prosecuted in any ecclesiastical court for their nonconforming to the Church of England. The preamble states, "That forasmuch as some ease to scrupulous conSect. V. Provided that if any assemsciences, in the exercise of religion, may bly of persons, dissenting from the be an effectual means to unite their Church of England, shall be held in any Majesties' Protestant Subjects in in-place for religious worship with the terest and affection," it enacts as follows: viz. Sect. II. That neither the statute made in the 23d of Elizabeth, intituled "An act to retain the Queen's Ma jesty's Subjects in their due obedience;" nor the statute made in the 20th year of the said Queen," for the more speedy and due execution of certain branches of the former act ;" nor that clause of a statute made in the 1st year of the said Queen, intituled "An act for the Uniformity of Common Prayer," &c. whereby all persons are required to resort to their parish church or chapel, upon pain of punishment by the censures of the church; and also upon pain doors locked, barred, or bolted, during any time of such meeting together, such persons shall not receive any benefit from this law, but be liable to all the pains and penalties of all the aforesaid laws. Sect. VI. Provided that nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt any of the persons aforesaid from paying of tythes, or other parochial duties; nor from any prosecution in any ecclesiastical court or elsewhere, for the same. Sect. VII. That if any person dissenting, &c. as aforesaid, shall here. after be chosen high constable, or petit constable, church-warden, overseer of the poor, or any other parochial or ward officer, and such person shall scruple to take upon him any of the said offices, in regard of the oaths, or any other matter or thing required by the law to be taken or done in respect of such office every such person shall and may exe cute such office by a sufficient deputy, that shall comply with the laws on this behalf. tion of fidelity hereinafter mentioned Sect. XIII. recites, That there are certain other Dissenters who scruple the taking of any oath, and then proceeds to enact, That every such person shall make and subscribe the aforesaid declaration, and also this declaration of fidelity following; viz. “I. A. B. do sincerely promise and solemnly declare, before God and the world, that I will be true and faithful to King William and Queen Mary; and I do solemnly profess and declare, that I do from my heart abhor, detest, and renounce, as impious and heretical, that damnable Sect. VIII That no person dissenting from the church of England in holy or ders, or pretended holy orders, or pretending to holy orders, nor any preach er or teacher of any congregation of Dissenting Protestants, that shall make and subscribe the declaration aforesaid. and take the said oaths at the General or Quarter sessions of the Peace, to be held for the county, town, parts, or division where such person lives, which court is hereby impowered to administer the same, and shall also declare his ap-doctrine and position, That princes exprobation of and subscribe the Articles of Religion mentioned in the statute made in the 13th of Q Elizabeth, except the 34th, 35th, and 36th. and these words in the 20th article; viz. "The church hath power to decree rites or ceremonies, and authority in controversies of faith,"-shall be liable to any of the pains or penalties mentioned in former acts. communicated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the see of Rome, may be deposed or murthered by their subjects, or any other whatsoever; and I do declare, That no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate, hath, or ought to have, any power, jurisdic tion, superiority, pre-eminence, or athority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm;" and shall subscribe a Sect. X. recites, That some Dissent- profession of their Christian belief in ing Protestants scruple the baptizing of these words; "I. A. B. profess faith in infants; and then proceeds to enact, God the Father, and in Jesus Christ his That every person in pretended holy eternal Son, the true God, and in the orders, &c. &c that shail subscribe the Holy Spirit, one God blessed for everaforesaid Articles of Religion, except more; and do acknowledge the Holy before excepted, and also except part Scriptures of the Old and New Testaof the 27th article touching infant bap-ment to be given by divine inspiration:" tism, and shall take the said oaths, &c-which declarations and subscriptions &c. shall enjoy all the privileges, bene-shall be entered of record at the Gefis, and advantages which any other Dissenting Minister might enjoy. Sect. XI. That every teacher or preacher in holy orders, or pretended holy orders, that is, a minister, preach er, or teacher of a congregation, that shall take the oaths herein required, and make and subscribe the declaration aforesaid, &c. &c. shall be exempted from serving upon any jury, or from being appointed to bear the office of churchwarden, overseer of the poor, or any other parochial or ward office, or other office in any hundred of any shire, city, town, parish, division, or wapentake. neral Quarter Sessions, &c. and every such person shall be exempted from all the pains and penalties of all and every the aforementioned statutes, &c. Sect XVI. Provided, That all the laws made and provided for the frequenting of divine service on the Lord's Day, commonly called Sunday, shall be still in force, and executed against all persons that offend against the said laws, except such persons come to some congregation or assembly of religious worship, allowed or permitted by this act. Sect. XVII. Provided, That neither this act, nor any clause, article, or thing Sect. XII. That every justice of the herein contained, shall extend, or be peace may, at any time, require any construed to extend, to give any ease, person that goes to any meeting for ex-benefit, or advantage to any Papist or ercise of religion, to make and sub Popish Recusant whatsoever, or any scribe the declaration aforesaid, and person that shall deny in his preaching also to take the said oaths or declara- for writing the doctrine of the blessed Trinity, as it is declared in the aforesaid to others God's goodness.-4. To pray to him for what we want.-5. To make Sect. XVIII. Provided, That if any cessors. TONGUES, GIFT OF. See GIFT oF TONGUES. TRADITION, something handed Thus the Jews pretended that, besides their written law contained in the Old Testament, Moses had delivered an oral law, which had been conveyed down from father to sou; and thus the Roman Catholics are said to value particular doctrines, supposed to have de|| scended from the apostolic times by tradition. TRANSLATION, in the ecclesiastical sense of the word, is the removing of a bishop from one see to another. It is also used for the version of a book or writing into a different language from that in which it was written. Sect. XIX. That no congregation or assembly for religious worship shall be permitted or allowed by this act until the place of such meeting shall be cer tified to the Bishop of the diocese, or to the Archdeacon of that archdeaconry, or to the justices of the peace at the General or Quarter Sessions of the peace for the county, city, or place in In translating the Scriptures, great which such meeting shall be held, and registered in the said Bishop's or Arch- knowledge and caution are necessary. deacon's court respectively, or recorded| Dr. Campbell lays down three fundaat the said General or Quarter Sessions; mental rules for translating: 1. The the register or clerk of the peace where- translation should give a complete transof respectively is hereby required to re-cript of the ideas of the original-2. gister the same, and to give certificate The style and manner of the original thereof to such person as shall demand should be preserved.-3. The translathe same; for which there shall be notion should have all the ease of original greater fee or reward taken than the composition. He observes that the difficulties found in translating the Scrip sum of six pence." Lord Sidinouth has lately attemptedtures arise, 1. From the singularity of to introduce a bill in the House of Jewish customs-2. From the poverty Lords, proposing some amendment or (as appears) of their native language.explanation of this famous Act, in order || 3. From the fewness of the books exto prevent abuses; but the fact appear-tant in it.-4. From the symbolical style ed to be the prevention of Sectarianism of the prophets.-5. From the excessive by means of itinerant preachers; and to clog the exertions of those who wish to instruct their neighbours. Vast num bers of petitions from all parts of the country were presented against the bill; so that when it was brought forward on May 21, 1811 (after a considerable discussion,) the question for a second reading was put and negatived without a division. The bill was therefore thrown out. It is to be hoped that this will be the last effort ever made to infringe the Act of Toleration. TONGUE, DUTIES OF THE. "1. To glorify God by magnifying his name. -2. To sing his praises-3. To declare influence which a previous acquaintance with translations have occasioned.-And 6. From pre-possessions, in what way soever acquired, in regard to religious tenets Notwithstanding these difficulties, however, the divines employed by King James to translate the Old and New Testaments have given us a translation which, with a very few exceptions, can scarcely be improved. These divines were profoundly skilled in the learning as well as in the languages of the East; whilst some of those who have presumed to improve their version, seem not to have possessed a critical knowledge of the Greek tongue, to have known still less of the Hebrew, and to have been absolute strangers to the dialect spoken in Judea in the days of our Saviour, as well as to the manners, customs, and peculiar opinions of the Jewish sects. Neither," as one observes, "metaphysical acuteness, nor the most perfect knowledge of the principles of translation in general, will enable a man who is ignorant of these things to improve the authorized version either of the Gospels or Epistles, for such a man knows not accurately, and therefore cannot give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work" See BIBLE; Mr. Tytler's Essay on the Principles of Translation; and Dr. Campbell's Preliminary Dissertations to his transla- || tion of the Gospels. lives of its ministers. The decrees of this council, together with the creed of pope Pius IV. contain a summary of the doctrines of the Roman Catholics. See Mosheim's Church History; The Modern Universal History, vol. 23; Fra. Paolo Sarpi's, and Father Paul's His|| tories of the Council of Trent. TRIERS, a society of ministers, with some others, chosen by Cromwell to sit at Whitehall. They were mostly Independents, though some Presbyterians were joined with them. They had power to try all that came for institution and induction; and without their approbation none were admitted. They examined all who were able to come up to Londen; but if any were unable, or of doubtful qualifications, they referred them to some ministers in the county where they lived. They rejected ail those who did not live according to their profession, and placed in their room alle serious preachers who lived godly lives, though of different opinions. TRANSUBSTANTIATION, the conversion or change of the substance of the bread and wine in the eucharist into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, which the Romish church suppose to be wrought by the consecration of the priest. Nothing can be more contradictory to Scripture, or to common sense, than this doctrine. It must be evident to every one who is not blinded by ignorance and prejudice, that our Lord's words, "This is my body," are mere figurative expressions: besides, such a transubstantiation is so opposite to the testimony of our senses, as TRINITY, the union of three in one; completely to undermine the whole generally applied to the ineffable mysproof of all the miracles by which God tery of three persons in one God,—Fahath confirmed revelation. According ther, Son, and Holy Spirit. This docto such a transubstantiation, the same trine is rejected by many because it is body is alive and dead at once, and may incomprehensible; but, as Mr. Scott be in a million of different places whole observes, if distinct personality, agency, and entire at the same instant of time; and divine perfections, be in Scripture accidents remain without a substance, ascribed to the Father, and to the Son, and substance without accidents; and and to the Holy Spirit, no words can that a part of Christ's body is equal to more exactly express the doctrine, the whole. It is also contrary to the which must unavoidably be thence inend of the sacrament, which is to re-ferred, than those commonly used on present and commemorate Christ, not this subject, viz. that there are three to believe that he is corporeally present distinct Persons in the Unity of the 1 Cor. ix. 24, 25. But we need not Godhead. The sacred oracles most aswaste time in attempting to refute asuredly teach us, that the One living doctrine which by its impious conse- and true God is, in some inexplicable quences refutes itself. See Smith's Er- manner, Triune, for he is spoken of, as rors of the Church of Rome, dial. 6; A One in some respects, and as Three in Dialogue between Philalethes and Be-others, Gen. i. 26, Gen. ii. 6, 7. Is. xlviii. nevolus; Kidder's Messiah, part ii. p. 16. Is. xxxiv. 16. 2 Cor. xiii. 14. John, 80; and Brown's Compendium, p. 613 xiv. 23. Matt. xxviii. 19. 2 Thess. iii. 3. TRENT, Council of, denotes the 1 John, v. 7. Acts, v. 3, 4. The Trinity council assembled by Paul III. in 1545, of Perseus in the Deity consists with and continued by twenty-five sessions the Unity of the Divine Essence; though till the year 1563, under Julius III we pretend not to explain the modus of and Pius IV. in order to correct, illusit, and deem those reprehensible who trate, and fix with perspicuity, the doc trine of the church, to restore the vigour of its discipline, and to reform the TRINITARIANS, those who believe in the Trinity. See next article, and the 162d Lec. of Doddridge, where the reader will find a statement of the opinions of the ancients on this doctrine, as likewise many of the moderns; such as Baxter, Dr. Clarke, Burnet, Howe, Wa|| terland. Taylor, Pearson, Bull, Wallis, Watts, and Jeremy Taylor. have attempted it; as the modus in which any being subsists, according to "its distinct nature and known properties, |