repugnancy: these last have greater affinity with the animal constitution. The causes of antipathy are less known than those of aversion. Repugnancy is less permanent than either the one or the other. We hate a vicious character, we feel an aversion to its exertions. We are affected with antipathy for certain persons at first sight: there are some affairs which we transact with repugnancy. Hatred calumniates, aversion keeps us at a distance from certain persons. Antipathy makes us detest them; repugnancy hinders us from imitating them.

ANTIPEDOBAPTISTS, (from art. "against," and was raides, “child,” and Barr, "baptize,") is a distinguishing denomination given to those who object to the baptism of infants. See BAPTISM.

ANTIQUITIES, a term implying all testimonies or authentic accounts that have come down to us of ancient nations. As the study of antiquity may be useful both to the enquiring Christian, as well as to those who are employed in, or are candidates for the Gospel ministry, we shall here subjoin a list of those which are esteemed the most valuable.-Fabrici Bibliographia Antiquaria; Spencer de Legibus Heb. Ritualibus; God

tained, that if they should commit any kind of sin, it would do them no hurt, nor in the least affect their eternal state; and that it is one of the distinguishing characters of the clect that they cannot do any thing displeasing to God. It is necessary, however, to observe here, and candour obliges us to confess that there have been others, who have been styled Antinomians, who cannot, strictly speaking, be ranked with these men: nevertheless, the unguarded expressions they have advanced, the bold positions they have laid down, and the double construction which might so easily be put upon many of their sentences, have led some to charge them with Antinomian principles. For instance; when they have asserted justification to be eternal, without distinguishing between the secret determination of God in eternity, and the execution of it in time; when they have spoken lightly of good works, or asserted that believers have nothing to do with the law of God, without fully explaining what they mean: when they assert that God is not angry with his people for their sins, nor in any sense punishes them for them, without distinguishing between fatherly corrections and vindictive punishment: these things, whatever be the private sentiments of those who advance them, have a ten-wyn's Moses and Aaron; Bingham's dency to injure the minds of many. It has been alleged, that the principal thing they have had in view, was, to counteract those legal doctrines which have so much abounded among the selfrighteous; but, granting this to be true, there is no occasion to run from one extreme to another. Had many of those writers proceeded with more caution, been less dogmatical, more explicit in the explanation of their sentiments, and possessed more candour towards those who differed from them, they would have been more serviceable to the cause of truth and religion. Some of the chief of those who have been charged as favouring the above sentiments are, Crisp, Richardson, Saltmarsh, Hussey, Eatom, Town, &c. These have been answered by Gataker, Sedgwick, Witsius, Bull, Williams, Ridgley, Beart, De Fleury, &c. See also Bellamy's Letters and Dialogues between Theron, Paulinus, and Aspasio; with his Essay on the Nature and Glory of the Gospel; Edwards' Chrispianism, unmasked.

ANTIPATHY, hatred, aversion, repugnancy, Hatred is entertained against persons, aversion and antipathy against persons or things, and repugnancy against actions alone. Hatred is more voluntary than aversion, antipathy, or

Antiquities of the Christian Church; Brown's Antiquities of the Jews; Potter's and Harwood's Greek, and Kennett's and Adam's Roman Antiquities ; Preface to the Prussian Testament, published by L'Enfant and Beausobre; Prideaux and Shuckford's Connections; Jones's Asiatic Researches; and Maurice's Indian Antiquities.

ANTISABBATARIANS, a modern religious sect, who deny the. necessity of observing the Sabbath Day. Their chief arguments are, 1. That the Jewish Sabbath was only of ceremonial, not of moral obligation; and consequently, is abolished by the coming of Christ.-2. That no other Sabbath was appointed to be observed by Christ or his apostles.3. That there is not a word of Sabbathbreaking in all the New Testament.4. That no command was given to Adam or Noah to keep any Sabbath.-And, 5. That, therefore, although Christians are commanded "not to forsake the assembling of themselves together," they ought not to hold one day more holy than another. See article SABBATH.

ANTITACTÆ, a branch of Gnostics, who held that God was good and just, but that a creature had created evil; and, consequently, that it is our

duty to oppose this author of evil, in order to avenge God of his adversary. ANTITRINITARIANS, those who deny the Trinity, and teach that there are not three persons in the Godhead. See TRINITY.

ANTITYPE, a Greek word, properly signifying a type or figure corresponding to some other type.

tranquillity of mind, incapable of being ruffled by either pleasure or pain. In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term apathy to express a contempt of all earthly concerns; a state of mortification such as the Gospel prescribes. Clemens Alexandrinus, in particular, brought it exceedingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw such philosophers to Christianity who aspired after such a sublime pitch of virtue.

APELLEANS, so called from Apelles, in the second century. They affirmed that Christ, when he came down from heaven, received a body not from the substance of his mother, but from the four elements, which at his death he rendered back to the world, and so ascended into heaven without a body.

The word antitype occurs twice in the New Testament, viz. in the Epistle to the Hebrews, chap. ix. v. 24. and in the 1 Epistle of St. Peter chap. iii. v. 21. where its genuine import has been much controverted. The former says, that Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are arTITUTA, the figures or antitypes of the true-now to appear in the presence of God. Now TUTOS signifies the pattern APHTHARTODOCITES, a denoby which another thing is made; and mination in the sixth century; so called as Moses was obliged to make the ta- from the Greek agros, incorruptible, bernacle, and all things in it, according and donu, to judge; because they held to the pattern shown him in the Mount, that the body of Jesus Christ was incorthe tabernacle so formed was the anti-ruptible, and not subject to death. They type of what was shown to Moses: any were a branch of the Eutychians. thing, therefore, formed according to a model or pattern, is an antitype. In the latter passage, the apostle, speaking of Noah's flood, and the deliverance only of eight persons in the ark from it, says, Ω και η μας αντίτυπον νον σώζει βαπτισμα; Βάλtism being an antitype to that, now saves us; not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience towards God, &c. The meaning is, that righteousness, or the answer of a good conscience towards God, now saves us, by means of the resurrection of Christ, as formerly righteousness saved these eight persons by means of the ark during the flood. The word antitype, therefore, here signifies a general similitude of circumstances; and the particle, whereunto, refers not to the immediate antecedent duros, water, but to all that precedes.

ANTOSIANDRIANS, a sect of rigid Lutherans who opposed the doctrine of Osiander relating to justification. These are otherwise denominated Osiandromastiges. The Antosiandrians deny that man is made just, with that justice wherewith God himself is just; that is, they assert that he is not made essentially but only imputatively just; or that he is not really made just, but only pronounced so.

APATHY, among the ancient philosophers, implied an utter privation of passion, and an insensibility of pain. The word is compounded of a, priv. and abos, affection. The Stoics affected an entire apathy; they considered it as the highest wisdom to enjoy a perfect calmness or

"to

APOCARITAS, a denomination, in the third century, which sprang from the Manicheans. They held that the soul of man was of the substance of God. APOCHRYPHA,books not admitted into the canon of scripture, being either spurious, or at least not acknowledged as divine. The word is Greek, and derived from ano, "from," and xguræ, hide or conceal." They seem most of them to have been composed by Jews. None of the writers of the New Testament mention them; neither Philo nor Josephus speak of them. The Christian church was for some ages a stranger to them. Origen, Athanasius, Hilary, Cyril of Jerusalem, and all the orthodox writers who have given catalogues of the canonical books of scripture, unanimously concur in rejecting these out of the canon. The Protestants acknowledge such books of scripture only to be canonical as were esteemed to be so in the first ages of the church; such as are cited by the earliest writers among the Christians as of divine authority, and after the most diligent enquiry were received and judged to be so by the council of Laodicea. They were written after the days of Malachi, in whom, according to the universal testimony of the Jews, the spirit of prophecy ceased, Mal. iv. 4-6. Not one of the writers in direct terms advances a claim to inspiration. They contain fables, lies, and contradictions. 1 Macc. vi. 4. 16. 2 Macc. i. 13. 16. 2 Macc. ix. 28. The apocryphal books are in general believed to be canonical by the church of Rome; and, even by '

APOSTLES' CREED. See CREED. APOSTOLATE, in a general sense, is used for mission; but it more properly denotes the dignity or office of an apostle of Christ. It is also used in ancient writers for the office of a bishop. But as the title apostolicus has been ap

the sixth article of the church of Eng-ger.-4. It is likewise given to those land, they are ordered to be read for persons who first planted the Christian example of life and instruction of man- faith in any place. Thus Dionysius of ners, though it doth not apply them to Corinth is called the Apostle of France, establish any doctrine. Other reformed Xavier the Apostle of the Indies, &c. churches do not so much as make even this use of them. See Prideaux's Connexion, vol. i. p. 36-42: Lee's Dis. on Esdras; Dick on Inspiration, p. 344. APOLLINARIANS, were ancient heretics, who denied the proper humanity of Christ, and maintained that the body which he assumed was endow-propriated to the pope, so that of aposed with a sensitive and not a rational soul: but that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in man. This sect derived its name from Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea. Their doctrine was first condemned by a council at Alexandria in 362, and afterwards in a more formal manner by a council at Rome in 375, and by another council in 378, which deposed Apollinaris from his bishopric. This, with other laws enacted against them, reduced them to a very small number; so that at last they dwindled away.

tolate became at length restrained to the sole dignity of the popedom.

APOSTOLIC, apostolical; something that relates to the apostles, or descends from them. Thus we say the apostolical age, apostolical doctrine, apostolical character, constitutions, traditions, &c.

APOSTOLIC, in the primitive church, was an appellation given to all such churches as were founded by the apostles; and even to the bishops of those churches, as being the reputed successors of the apostles. These were confined to four, viz. Rome, Alexandria, || Antioch, and Jerusalem. In after times, the other churches assumed the same quality, on account, principally, of the conformity of their doctrine with that of the churches which were apostolical by foundation, and because all bishops held themselves successors of the apostles, or acted in their dioceses with the authority of apostles.

APOSTACY, a forsaking or renouncing our religion, either by an open declaration in words, or a virtual declaration of it by our actions. The primitive Christian church distinguished several kinds of apostacy; the first, of those who went entirely from Christianity to Judaism; the second, of those who complied so far with the Jews, as to communicate with them in many of their unlawful practices, without making a The first time the term apostolical is formal profession of their religion; attributed to bishops, as such, is in a thirdly, of those who mingled Judaism letter of Clovis to the council of Orleans, and Christianity together; and, fourth-held in 511, though that king does not ly, of those who voluntarily relapsed there expressly denominate them aposinto paganism. Apostacy may be far-tolical, but (apostolica sede dignissimi ther considered as, 1. Original, in which highly worthy of the apostolical see. we have all participated, Rom. iii. 23; In 581, Guntram calls the bishops met -2. National, when a kingdom relin- at the council of Macon, apostolical quishes the profession of Christianity; pontiffs, apostolici pontifices. 3. Personal, when an individual backslides from God, Heb. x. 38;--4. Final, when men are given up to judicial hardness of heart, as Judas. See BACK

SLIDING.

In progress of time, the bishop of Rome growing in power above the rest, and the three patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, falling into the hands of the Saracens, the title APOSTLE, properly signifies a mes- apostolical was restrained to the pope senger or person sent by another upon and his church alone; though some of some business. It is particularly applied the popes, and St. Gregory the Great, to them whom our Saviour deputed to not contented to hold the title by this preach.-2. Apostle, in the Greek li-tenure, began at length to insist that it turgy, is used for a book containing the epistles of St. Paul, printed in the order wherein they are to be read in churches through the course of the year.-3. The appellation was also given to the ordinary travelling ministers of the church, Rom. xvi. 7. Phil. ii. 25. though in our translation the last is rendered messen

belonged to them by another and peculiar right, as being the successors of St. Peter. The country of Rheims, in 1049, declared that the pope was the sole apostolical primate of the universal church. And hence a great number of apostolicals; apostolical see, apostolical nuncio, apostolical notary, apostolical

brief, apostolical chamber, apostolical || will have it to be only self-interest: acvicar, &c. cording to them, that which determines APOSTOLICAL CONSTITU- any agent to approve his own action, is TIONS, a collection of regulations at- its apparent tendency to his private haptributed to the apostles, and supposed piness; and even the approbation of anto have been collected by St. Clement, other's action flows from no other 'cause whose name they likewise bear. It is but an opinion of its tendency to the the general opinion, however, that they | happiness of the approver, either imare spurious, and that St. Clement had mediately or remotely. Others resolve no hand in them. They appeared first approbation into a moral sense, or a in the fourth century, but have been principle of benevolence, by which we much changed and corrupted since. are determined to approve every kind There are so many things in them dif- affection either in ourselves or others, ferent from and even contrary to the and all publicly useful actions which we genius and design of the New Testa- imagine to flow from such affections, ment writers, that no wise man would without any view therein to our own believe, without the most convincing private happiness. and irresistible proof, that both could come from the same hand. Grabe's Answer to Whiston; Saurin's Ser. vol. ii. p. 185; Lardner's Cred. vol. iii. p. 11. ch. ult.; Doddridge's Lect. lec. 119. APPROPRIATION, the annexing a APOSTOLIC FATHERS, an ap-benefice to the proper and perpetual pellation usually given to the writers of the first century, who employed their pens in the cause of Christianity. Of these writers, Cotelerius, and after him Le Clerc, have published a collection in two volumes, accompanied both with their own annotations, and the remarks of other learned men. See also the genuine epistles of the apostolic fathers by Abp. Wake.

APOSTOLICI, or APOSTOLICS, a name assumed by different sects on account of their pretending to imitate the practice of the apostles.

APOTACTITE, an ancient sect, who affected to follow the examples of the apostles, and renounced all their effects and possessions. It does not appear that they held any errors at first; but afterwards they taught that the renouncing of all riches was not only a matter of counsel and advice, but of precept and necessity.

But may we not add, that a true Christian's approbation arises from his perception of the will of God? See OBLIGATION.

use of some religious house. It is a term also often used in the religious world as referring to that act of the mind by which we apply the blessings of the Gospel to ourselves. This appropriation is real when we are enabled to believe in, feel, and obey the truth; but merely nominal and delusive when there are no fruits of righteousness and true holiness. See ASSURANCE.

AQUARIANS, those who consecrated water in the eucharist instead of wine. Another branch of them approved.of wine at the sacrament, when received in the evening: they likewise mixed water with the wine.

ARABICI, erroneous Christians, in the third century, who thought that the soul and body died together, and rose again. It is said that Origen convinced them of their error, and that they then abjured it.

ARCHANGEL, according to some APPLICATION, is used for the act divines, means an angel occupying the whereby our Saviour transfers or makes eighth rank in the celestial hierarchy; over to us what he had earned or pur- but others, not without reason, reckon chased by his holy life and death. Ac-it a title only applicable to our Saviour. cordingly it is by this application of the Compare Jude 9. with Daniel xii. 1. 1 merits of Christ that we are to be justi- Thess. iv. 16. fied and entitled to grace and glory.

ARCHBISHOP, the chief or metroApplication is also used for that part politan bishop, who has several suffraof a sermon in which the preacher gans under him. Archbishops were not brings home or applies the truth of re-known in the East till about the year ligion to the consciences of his hearers. See SERMON.

APPROBATION, a state or disposition of the mind, wherein we put a value upon, or become pleased with, some person or thing. Moralists are divided on the principle of approbation, or the motive which determines us to approve or disapprove. The Epicureans

320; and though there were some soon after this who had the title, yet that was only a personal honour, by which the bishops of considerable cities were distinguished. It was not till of late that archbishops became metropolitans, and had suffragans under them. The ecclesiastical government of England is divided into two provinces, viz. Canter

ARCHDEACON, a priest invested with authority or jurisdiction over the clergy and laity, next to the bishop, either through the whole diocese, or only a part of it. There are sixty in England, who visit every two years in three, when they inquire into the reparations and moveables belonging to churches; reform abuses; suspend; excommunicate; in some places prove wills; and induct all clerks into benefices within their respective jurisdictions.

sury and York. The first archbishop | The Arians were first condemned and of Canterbury was Austin, appointed by anathematised by a council at Alexanking Ethelbert, on his conversion to dria, in 320, under Alexander, bishop Christianity, about the year 598. His of that city, who accused Arius of imgrace of Canterbury is the first peer of piety, and caused him to be expelled England, and the next to the royal fa- from the communion of the church; and mily, having precedence of all dukes,|| afterwards by 380 fathers in the general and all great officers of the crown. It council of Nice, assembled by Constanis his privilege, by custom, to crown time, in 325. His doctrine, however, was the kings and queens of this kingdom. not extinguished; on the contrary, it The archbishop of York has precedence became the reigning religion, especially of all dukes not of the royal blood, and in the East. Arius was recalled from of all officers of state except the lord banishment by Constantine in two or high chancellor. The first archbishop three years after the council of Nice, of York was Paulinus, appointed by and the laws that had been enacted pope Gregory about the year 622. against him were repealed. Notwithstanding this, Athanasius, then bishop of Alexandria, refused to admit him and his followers to communion. This so enraged them, that, by their interest at court, they procured that prelate to be deposed and banished; but the church of Alexandria still refusing to admit Arius into their communion, the emperor sent for him to Constantinople; where upon delivering in a fresh confession of his faith in terms less offensive, the emperor commanded him to be received into their communion; but that very evening, it is said, Arius died as his friends were conducting him in triumph to the great church of Constantinople. Arius, pressed by a natural want, stepped aside, but expired on the spot, his bowels gushing out. The Arian party, however, found a protector in Constantius, who succeeded his father in the East. They underwent various revolutions and persecutions under succeeding emperors; till, at length, Theodosius the Great exerted every effort to suppress them. Their doctrine was carried, in the fifth century, into Africa, under the Vandals; and into Asia under the Goths.-Italy, Gaul, and Spain, were also deeply infected with it; and towards the commencement of the sixth century, it was triumphant in many parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe: but it sunk almost at once, when the Vandals were driven out of Africa, and the Goths out of Italy, by the arms of Justinian. However, it revived again in Italy, under the protection of the Lombards, in the seventh century, and was not extinguished till about the end of the eighth. Arianism was again revived in the West by Servetus, in 1531, for which he suffered death. After this the doctrine got footing in Geneva, and in Poland; but at length degenerated in a great measure into Socinianism. Erasmus, it is thought, aimed at reviving it, in his commentaries on the New Testament:

ARCHONTICS, a sect about the year 160 or 203. Among many other extravagant notions, they held that the world was created by archangels; they also denied the resurrection of the body. ARCH-PRESBYTER, or ARCHPRIEST, a priest established in some dioceses with a superiority over the rest. He was anciently chosen out of the college of presbyters, at the pleasure of the bishop. The arch-presbyters were much of the same nature with our

deans in cathedral churches.

ARRHABONARII, a sect who held that the Eucharist is neither the real flesh or blood of Christ, nor yet the sign of them, but only the pledge or earnest thereof.

ARIANS, followers of Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, about 315, who maintained that the Son of God was totally and essentially distinct from the Father; that he was the first and noblest of those beings whom God had created-the instrument, by whose subordinate operation he formed the universe; and therefore, inferior to the Father both in nature and dignity: also, that the Holy Ghost was not God, but created by the power of the Son. The Arians owned that the Son was the Word; but denied that word to have been eternal. They held that Christ had nothing of man in him but the flesh, to which the xos, or word, was joined, which was the same as the soul in us.