the poor, or any other parochial or ward officer, and such person shall scruple to take upon him any of the said offices, in regard of the oaths, or any other matter or thing required by the law to be taken or done in respect of such office, every such person shall and may execute such office by a sufficient deputy, that shall comply with the laws on this behalf. Sect. VIII. That no person dissenting from the church of England in holy orders, or pretended holy orders, or pretending to holy orders, nor any preacher or teacher of any congregation of Dissenting Protestants, that shall make and subscribe the declaration aforesaid, and take the said oaths at the General or Quarter Sessions of the Peace, to be held for the county, town, parts, or division where such person lives, which court is hereby empowered to administer the same, and shall also declare his approbation of and subscribe the Articles of Religion mentioned in the statute made in the 13th of Q. Elizabeth, except the 34th, 35th, and 36th, and these words in the 20th article; viz. “The|| church hath power to decree rites or ceremonies, and authority in controversies of faith,"-shall be liable to any of the pains or penalties mentioned in former acts. Sect. X. recites, That some Dissenting Protestants scruple the baptising of infants; and then proceeds to enact, That every person in pretended holy orders, &c. &c. that shall subscribe the aforesaid Articles of Religion, except before excepted, and also except part of the 27th article touching infant baptism, and shall take the said oaths, &c. &c. shall enjoy all the privileges, benefits, and advantages which any other Dissenting Minister might enjoy. Sect. XI. That every teacher or preacher in holy orders, or pretended holy orders, that is, a minister, preacher, or teacher of a congregation, that shall take the oaths herein required, and make and subscribe the declaration aforesaid, &c. &c. shall be exempted from serving upon any jury, or from being appointed to bear the office of churchwarden, overseer of the poor, or any other parochial or ward office, or other office in any hundred of any shire, city, town, parish, division, or wapen take. Sect. XII. That every justice of the peace may, at any time, require any person that goes to any meeting for exercise of religion, to make and subscribe the declaration aforesaid, and also to take the said oaths or declara tion of fidelity hereinafter mentioned: in case such person scruples the taking of an oath, and upon refusal, such justice of the peace is required to commit such person to prison, and to certify the name of such person to the next General or Quarter Sessions of the Peace, &c. Sect. XIII. recites, That there are certain other Dissenters who scruple the taking of any oath; and then proceeds to enact, That every such person shall make and subscribe the aforesaid declaration, and also this declaration of fidelity following; viz. "I, A. B. do sincerely promise and solemnly declare, before God and the world, that I will be true and faithful to King William and Queen Mary; and I do solemnly profess and declare, that I do from my heart abhor, detest, and renounce, as impious and heretical, that damnable doctrine and position, That princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, or any authority of the see of Rome, may be deposed or murthered by their subjects, or any other whatsoever; and I do declare, That no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate, hath, or ought to have, any power, jurisdiction, superiority, pre-eminence, or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm;" and shall subscribe a profession of their Christian belief in these words: "I, A. B. profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ his eternal Son, the true God, and in the Holy Spirit, one God blessed for evermore; and do acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration:" -which declarations and subscriptions shall be entered of record at the General Quarter Sessions, &c. and every such person shall be exempted from all the pains and penalties of all and every the aforementioned statutes, &c. Sect. XVI. Provided, That all the laws made and provided for the frequenting of divine service on the Lord's Day, commonly called Sunday, shall be still in force, and executed against all persons that offend against the said laws, except such persons come to some congregation or assembly of religious worship, allowed or permitted by this act. Sect. XVII. Provided, That neither this act, nor any clause, article, or thing herein contained, shall extend, or be construed to extend, to give any ease, benefit, or advantage to any Papist or Popish Recusant whatsoever, or any person that shall deny in his preaching or writing the doctrine of the blessed the truth.-13. To defend the cause of the innocent and just.-14. To communicate to others the same good impressions we have received." Trinity, as it is declared in the afore- || to others God's goodness.-4. To pray said Articles of Religion. to him for what we want.-5. To make Sect. XVIII. Provided, That if any open profession of our subjection to him. person or persons do and shall willingly, -6. To preach his word.-7. To defend maliciously, or contemptuously, come the truth.-8. To exhort men to parinto any cathedral or parish-church, ticular duties.-9. To confess our sins chapel, or other congregation permitted to God.-10. To crave the advice of by this act, and disquiet or disturb the others.-11. To praise that which is same, or misuse any preacher or teach-good in others.-12. To bear witness to er, such person or persons, upon proof thereof before any justice of the peace, Dy two or more sufficient witnesses, shall find two sureties, to be bound by recognizance in the penal sum of 50l. and in default of such sureties, shall be committed to prison, there to remain till the next General or Quarter Sessions; and, upon conviction of the said offence at the said General or Quarter Sessions, shall suffer the pain and penalty of 201. to the use of the King's and Queen's Majesties, their heirs and suc cessors. Sect. XIX. That no congregation or assembly for religious worship shall be permitted or allowed by this act until the place of such meeting shall be certified to the Bishop of the diocess, or to the Archdeacon of that archdeaconry, or to the justices of the peace at the General or Quarter Sessions of the peace for the county, city, or place in which such meeting shall be held, and registered in the said Bishop's or Archdeacon's court respectively, or recorded| at the said General or Quarter Sessions; the register or clerk of the peace whereof respectively is hereby required to register the same, and to give certificate thereof to such person as shall demand the same; for which there shall be no greater fee or reward taken than the sum of sixpence." TONGUES, GIFT OF. See GIFT OF TONGUES. TRADITION, something handed down from one generation to another. Thus the Jews pretended that, besides their written law contained in the Old Testament, Moses had delivered an oral law, which had been conveyed down from father to son; and thus the Roman Catholics are said to value particular doctrines, supposed to have descended from the apostolic times by tradition. TRANSLATION, in the ecclesiastical sense of the word, is the removing of a bishop from one see to another. It is also used for the version of a book or writing into a different language from that in which it was written. In translating the Scriptures, great knowledge and caution are necessary. Dr. Campbell lays down three fundamental rules for translating: 1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.-2. The style and manner of the original should be preserved.-3. The translation should have all the ease of original composition. He observes that the difficulties found in translating the Scriptures arise, 1. From the singularity of Jewish customs.-2. From the poverty (as appears) of their native language.3. From the fewness of the books ex of the prophets.-5. From the excessive influence which a previous acquaintance with translations have occasioned.And, 6. From pre-possessions, in what way soever acquired, in regard to religious tenets. Lord Sidmouth has lately attempted to introduce a bill in the House of Lords, proposing some amendment or explanation of this famous Act, in order to prevent abuses; but the fact appear-tant in it.-4. From the symbolical style ed to be the prevention of Sectarianism by means of itinerant preachers; and to clog the exertions of those who wish to instruct their neighbours. Vast numers of petitions from all parts of the country were presented against the bill; so that when it was brought forward on May 21, 1811, (after a considerable discussion,) the question for a second reading was put and negatived without a division. The bill was therefore thrown out. It is to be hoped that this will be the last effort ever made to infringe the Act of Toleration. TONGUE, DUTIES OF THE. "1. To glorify God by magnifying his name. -2. To sing his praises.-3. To declare Notwithstanding these difficulties, however, the divines employed by King James to translate the Old and New Testaments, have given us a translation which, with a very few exceptions, can scarcely be improved. These divines were profoundly skilled in the learning as well as in the languages of the East; whilst some of those who have presumed to improve their version, seem not to have possessed a critical knowledge of lives of its ministers. The decrees of this council, together with the creed of pope Pius IV. contain a summary of the doctrines of the Roman Catholics. Sce Mosheim's Church History; The Modern Universal History, vol. 23; Fra. Paolo Sarpi's, and Father Paul's Hitories of the Council of Trent. TRIERS, a society of ministers, with some others, chosen by Cromwell to sit at Whitehall. They were mostly In the Greek tongue, to have known still less of the Hebrew, and to have been absolute strangers to the dialect spoken in Judea in the days of our Saviour, as well as to the manners, customs, and peculiar opinions of the Jewish sects. "Neither," as one observes, "metaphysical acuteness, nor the most perfect knowledge of the principles of translation in general, will enable a man who is ignorant of these things to improve the authorised version either of the Gos-dependents, though some Presbyterians pels or Epistles, for such a man knows not accurately, and therefore cannot give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work." See BIBLE; Mr. Tytler's Essay on the Principles of Translation; and Dr. Campbell's Preliminary Dissertations to his transiation of the Gospels. were joined with them. They had power to try all that came for institution and induction; and without their approbation none were admitted. They examined all who were able to come up to London; but if any were unable, or of doubtful qualifications, they referred them to some ministers in the county where they lived. They rejected all those who did not live according to their profession, and placed in their room able serious preachers who lived godly lives, though of different opinions. TRINITARIANS, those who believe in the Trinity. See next article, and the 162d Lec. of Doddridge, where the reader will find a statement of the opinions of the ancients on this doctrine, as likewise many of the moderns; such as Baxter, Dr. Clarke, Burnet, Howe, Waterland, Taylor, Pearson, Bull, Wallis, Watts, and Jeremy Taylor. TRANSUBSTANTIATION, the conversion or change of the substance of the bread and wine in the eucharist into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, which the Romish church suppose to be wrought by the consecration of the priest. Nothing can be more contradictory to Scripture, or to common sense, than this doctrine. It must be evident to every one who is not blinded by ignorance and prejudice, that our Lord's words, "This is my body," are mere figurative expressions: besides, such a transubstantiation is so opposite to the testimony of our senses, as TRINITY, the union of three in one; completely to undermine the whole generally applied to the ineffable mysproof of all the miracles by which God tery of three persons in one God,-Fahath confirmed revelation. According ther, Son, and Holy Spirit. This docto such a transubstantiation, the same trine is rejected by many because it is body is alive and dead at once, and may incomprehensible; but, as Mr. Scott be in a million of different places whole observes, if distinct personality, agency, and entire at the same instant of time; and divine perfections, be in Scripture accidents remain without a substance, ascribed to the Father, and to the Son, and substance without accidents; and and to the Holy Spirit, no words can that a part of Christ's body is equal to more exactly express the doctrine, the whole. It is also contrary to the which must unavoidably be thence inend of the sacrament, which is to re-ferred, than those commonly used on present and commemorate Christ, not to believe that he is corporeally present, 1 Cor. ix. 24, 25. But we need not waste time in attempting to refute a doctrine which by its impious consequences refutes itself. See Smith's Errors of the Church of Rome, dial. 6; A Dialogue between Philalethes and Benevolus; Kidder's Messiah, part iii. p. 80; and Brown's Compendium, p. 613. TRENT, Council of, denotes the council assembled by Paul III. in 1545, and continued by twenty-five sessions till the year 1563, under Julius III. and Pius IV. in order to correct, illustrate, and fix with perspicuity, the doctrine of the church, to restore the vigour of its discipline, and to reform the this subject, viz. that there are three distinct Persons in the Unity of the Godhead. The sacred oracles most assuredly teach us, that the One living and true God is, in some inexplicable manner, Triune, for he is spoken of, as One in some respects, and as Three in others, Gen. i. 26, Gen. ii. 6, 7. Is. xlviii. 16. Is. xxxiv. 16. 2 Cor. xiii. 14. John xiv. 23. Matt. xxviii. 19. 2 Thess. iii. 3. 1 John v. 7. Acts, v. 3, 4. The Trinity of Persons in the Diety consists with the Unity of the Divine Essence; though we pretend not to explain the modus of it, and deem those reprehensible who have attempted it; as the modus in which any being subsists, according to its distinct nature and known properties, They agreeed in the doctrine of three. persons in the Godhead, and differed only in their manner of explaining what the Scriptures taught concerning the resurrection of the body. Philoponus maintained, that the form as well as the matter of all bodies was generated, and corrupted, and that both, therefore, were to be restored in the resurrection. Conon held, on the contrary, that the body never lost its form; that its matter alone was subject to corruption and decay, and was consequently to be restored when this mortal shall put on is a secret to the most learned natural- TRUCE OF GOD, a scheme set on foot for the purpose of quelling the violence and preventing the frequency of private wars, occasioned by the fierce spirit of the barbarians in the middle ages. In France, a general peace and cessation from hostilities took place A. D. 1032, and continued for seven years, in consequence of the methods which the bishop of Aquataine successfully employed to work upon the superstition of the times. A resolution was formed, that no man should, in time to come, attack or molest his adversaries during the seasons set apart for celebrating the great festivals of the church, or from the evening of Thursday in each week to the morning of Monday in the week ensuing, the intervening days being consecrated as particularly holy; our Lord's passion having happened on one of those days, and his resurrection on another. A change in the dispositions of men so sudden, and which proposed a resolution so unexpected, was considered as miraculous; and the respite from hostilities which followed upon it was called the Truce of God. This cessation from hostilities during TRITHEISTS, a sect of the sixth three complete days every week, allowcentury, whose chief was John Ascu-ed a considerable space for the passions nage, a Syrian philosopher, and at the same time a Monophysite. This man imagined in the Deity three natures or substances absolutely equal in all respects, and joined together by no com- TRUST IN GOD, signifies that conmon essence; to which opinion his ad- fidence in, or dependence we place on versaries gave the name of Tritheism. him. This trust ought to be, 1. SinOne of the warmest defenders of this cere and unreserved, not in idols, in doctrine was John Philoponus, an Alex-men, in talents, riches, power, in ourandrian philosopher and grammarian of the highest reputation; and hence he has been considered by many as the author of this sect, whose members have consequently derived from him the title of Philoponists. This sect was divided into two parties, the Philoponists and the Cononites; the latter of whom were so called from Conon, bishop of Tarsus, their chief. of the antagonists to cool, and for the people to enjoy a respite from the calamities of war, and to take measures for their own security. selves part, and him pait, Prov. iii. 5, 6.-2. Universal; body, soul, circumstances, 1 Peter v. 7.-3. Perpetual, Is. xxvi. 4.-4. With a lively expectation of his blessing, Mic. vii. 7. The encourage ment we have to trust in him arises, 1. From his liberality, Rom. viii. 32. Ps. lxxxiv. 11.-2. His ability, James i. 17.-3. His relationship, Ps. ciii. 13."4. His promise, Isa. xxxiii. 16.-5. His figuration of the great events of man's redemption by persons or things in the Old Testament. Types are distinguished into, 1. Such as were directly appointed for that end; as the sacrifices. conduct in all ages to those who have trusted him, Gen. xlviii. 15, 16. Ps. xxxvii. 25. The happiness of those who trust in him is great, if we consider, 1. Their safety, Ps. cxxv. 1.-2. Their courage, Ps. xxvii. 1.-3. Their-2. Such as had only a providential orpeace, Isa. xxvi. 3.-4. Their character and fruitfulness, Ps. i. 3.-5. Their end, Ps. xxxvii. 37. Job v. 26. dination to that end; as the story of Jacob and Esau.-And 3. Things that fell out of old, so as to illustrate present things from a similitude between them; as the allegory of Hagar and Sarah Some distinguish them into real and personal; by the former intending the ta bernacles, temples, and religious insti TRUTH, a term used in opposition to falsehood, and applied to propositions which answer or accord to the nature and reality of the thing whereof something is affirmed or denied. Natural or physical truth is said to be the agree-tutions; and under the latter, including ment of our sentiments with the nature of things. Moral truth is the conformity of our words and actions to our sentiments. Evangelical or Gospel truth is taken for Christ; the doctrines of the Gospel; substance or reality, in opposition to the shadows and ceremonies of the law, John i. 17. For this truth we ought to be sincere in seeking, zealous in defending, and active in propagating; highly to prize it, constantly to rejoice in it, and uniformly to be obedient to it. See LYING, SINCERITY; Tatham's Scale of Truth; Locke on the Understanding; Beattie on Truth; Dr. Stennet's Sermon on propagating the Truth; Saurin's Sermons, Eng. trans. vol. ii. ser. 1. and 14. TURLUPINS, a denomination which appeared about the year 1372, principally in Savoy and Dauphiny. They taught that when a man is arrived at a certain state of perfection, he is freed from all subjection to the divine law. It is said, they often went naked, and they allowed of no prayer to God but mental. They called themselves the fraternity of the poor. TYPE, an impression, image, or representation of some model, which is termed the antitype. In this sense we often use the word to denote the pre what are called providential and personal types. While we may justly consider the death of Christ, and his resurrection from the dead, as events that are typified in the Old Testament, we should be careful not to consider every thing mentioned in the Hebrew Scripture as a type, for this will expose the whole doctrine of types to ridicule: for instance, what can be a greater burlesque on the Scriptures to suppose, as some have done, that the extraction of Eve from the side of Adam, while he was in a deep sleep, was intended as a type of the Roman soldiers' piercing our Saviour's side while he slept the sleep of death? Such ideas as these, vented sometimes by novices, and sometimes by more aged divines, give a greater proof of the wildness of their fancies than the correctness of their judgments. See Mather and MEwen on the Types; Ridgley's Div. quest. 35. TYTHE, the tenth part of all fruits, &c. a revenue payable to the clergy. The tythes among the Jews were of three sorts. The first to the Levites, for their maintenance, Numb. xviii. 21.-24. The second for the feasts and sacrifices, Deut. xiv. 22; and the third for the poor every third year. Deut. xiv. 28, 29. See Supp. Papers. V & U. VALENTINIANS, a sect who sprung up in the second century, and were so called from their leader Valentinus. The Valentinians were only a branch of the Gnostics, who realized or personified the Platonic ideas concerning the Deity, whom they called Pleroma, or Plenitude. Their system was this: the first principle is Bythos, i. e. Depth, which remained many ages unknown, having with it Ennoe or Thought, and Siege or Silence: from these sprung the Nous or Intelligence, which is the only Son, equal to and alone capable of comprehending the Bythos. The sister of Nous they called Aletheia or Truth; and these constituted the first quaterni ty of ons, which were the source and original of all the rest; for Nous and Aletheia produced the world and life, and from these two proceeded man and the church. But, besides these eight |