author. Gregory of Nazianzum and Gregory of Nyssa obtained much renown among the theologians and disputants of this century, and their works show that they were not unworthy to be held in estimation.2

in Cyprus, has described the various sects of Christians as far down as his own time, in a large volume, which however contains many defects and misrepresentations, arising from the credulity and ignorance of the to Pityus in Colchis, he died on the road thither, the 1 His works, with a Latin translation and notes, were 14th of September, 407, aged fifty-two years and eight published by the Jesuit Petavius [Paris, 1622, 2 vols. months. For overpowering popular eloquence, Chry- fol. and Cologne (Lips.) 1682.] His life is given in a sostom had no equal among the fathers. His discourses good sized volume by Gervasius, Paris, 1738, 4to. show an inexhaustible richness of thought and illustra- [Epiphanius of Jewish extract was born at Bezanduca, tion, of vivid conception, and striking imagery. His a village near Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles from style is elevated, yet natural and clear. He transfuses Jerusalem, about the year 310. He became a monk in his own glowing thoughts and emotions into all his early life, visited Egypt, fell into the toils of the Gnoshearers, seemingly without effort and without the power tics, escaped, was intimate with St. Anthony; and of resistance. Yet he is sometimes too florid, he uses returning to Palestine in his twentieth year, about 330, false ornaments, he accumulates metaphors and illus- became a disciple of Hilarion, established a monastery trations, and carries both his views and his figures too near his native village called Ancient Ad, where he far. The spirit of the man, and some idea of his style, lived more than thirty years. He read much, and was may be learned from the following literal translation of ordained a presbyter over his monastery. In the year a paragraph in one of his private letters to a friend, 367 he was made archbishop of Constantia (formerly written during his exile:-"When driven from the city Salamis) in Cyprus, but still lived by monastic rules. I cared nothing for it. But I said to myself, if the em- He engaged in all the controversies of the times, was press wishes to banish me, let her banish me: the earth an active and popular bishop for thirty-six years, and is the Lord's and the fulness thereof. If she would regarded as a great saint and worker of miracles. In saw me in sunder, let her saw me in sunder: I have 376 he was at Antioch on the Apollinarian heresy, and Isaiah for a pattern. If she should plunge me in the 382, at Rome on the Meletian controversy. He had a sea, I remember Jonah. If she would thrust me into long and fierce contest with John bishop of Jerusalem the fiery furnace, I see the three children enduring respecting Origenism, which he regarded with strong that. If she would cast me to wild beasts, I call to abhorrence. His friend Theophilus, bishop of Alexanmind Daniel in the den of lions. If she would stone dria, having expelled some monks from Egypt, on the me, lot her stone me-I have before me Stephen the charge of Origenism, in the year 401, Epiphanius held protomartyr. If she would take my head from me, let a provincial council of the bishops of Cyprus against her take it-I have John the Baptist. If she would that error; and as the expelled monks fled to Constandeprive me of my worldly goods, let her do it-naked tinople, Epiphanius followed them in 402, intending to came I from my mother's womb, and naked shall I re- coerce Chrysostom into a condemnation of those monks turn. An apostle has told me, God respecteth not and of Origenism. But his enterprise wholly failed, man's person; and, If I yet pleased men, I should not and he died on his way home, A.D. 403 [402 P], aged be the servant of Christ.' And David clothes me with above ninety years. He became an author when turned armour, saying, 'I will speak of thy testimonies before of sixty. Dis first work, Anchoratus (The Anchor), kings, and will not be ashamed."" The works of was written A.D. 374, to teach the world genuine Chrysostom (including some falsely ascribed to him) Christianity, in opposition to the prevailing and especonsist of about three hundred and fifty sermons and cially the Arian heresics. Soon after he composed his orations on a great variety of subjects and occasions; great work [ Panarium] contra Octoginta Hæreses. He about six hundred and twenty homilies or exegetical also made an epitome of this work, and wrote a treatise discourses, on different books of the Old and New Tes- on (Scripture) Weights and Measures, a Letter to John taments, and about two hundred and fifty letters; bishop of Jerusalem, another to Jerome, and some other together with several tracts on monasticism, and a works of little value. It is said he understood five lantreatise on the Priesthood. There is also a Liturgy guages-Hebrew, Syriac, Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. which bears his name, being that used at Constantino- His learning was great, his judgment rash, and his ple, and which perhaps received some alterations from credulity and mistakes very abundant.-See Cave, Hist. his hand. For an account of his life and writings, see Liter. pages 231-234; and Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. Cave, Hist. Liter.; Tillemont, Mémoires à l'Hist. vol. x. pages 1-100.-Mur. Eccles. tome xi. pages 1--405, 547-626; Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. vol. x. pages 245-490; Montfaucon, Opp. Chrysost. tom. xiii. pages 1-177. For the sentiments, character, and influence of the man, see Neander's Johannes Chrysostomus und die Kirche in dessen Zeitalter, Berlin, 1821-22, 2 vols. 8vo.-Mur. [Several of his works have been translated into English. Two of his treatises appeared in English about the middle of the 16th century. His Golden Book on the education of children, translated by Evelyn, Lond. 1659; Companion for the Penitent, by Veneer, Lond. 1728; On the Priesthood, by Hollier, Lond. 1728; by Bruce, Lond. 1759, and recently by Marsh, 1844; select homilies and specimens of his extraordinary eloquence are given in Boyd's Select Passages, &c. and in the Book of the Fathers. And in the Oxford Library of the Fathers, vols. ii. and xv. contain his Homilies on Matthew; vol. vii. those on Romans; vols. iv. and v. on 1st Corinthians; vol. vi. on Galatians and Ephesians; vol. xiv. on Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians; vol. xil. on Timothy, Titus, and Philemon; and vol. ix. his Homilies on the Statues, as they are called. I may add that Neander's valuable life has been translated into English by J. C. Stapleton, but only the first volume has yet appeared, Lond. 1838. The student ought to read Milner's account of this father in his Hist. of the Church, cent. v. chap. i. vol. ii. p. 279, &c.; and that given from a wholly different point of view by Milman in his Hist. of Christ. vcl. iil. p. 206, &c. There is also an excellent sketch of his life in the American Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. i. p. 669. For Chrysostom's character as an expositor of Scripture, see Davidson's Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 119.-R.

2 Tolerable editions of the writings of both these men were published in France, during the seventeenth century; but better editions are anticipated from the Benedictines. [After long delay, the first volume of the expected Benedictine edition of Gregory Nazian zen's works appeared at Paris, 1778, by Clemencet, large fol. [but no additional volume has since appeared. R.] Of the old editions, the best is that of Billius, Gr. and Lat. Paris, 1609, 1630, and Cologne (Lips.) 1690, 2 vols. fol. His works, as here published, consist of about fifty orations or sermons, near two hundred and fifty epistles, and about one hundred and forty poems. Besides these, Muratori has published two hundred and twenty-eight epigrams and short poems of his, in his Anecdota Gr. pages 1-116, Petav. 1709, 4to. Some of the orations are violent attacks upon Arians and others, many others are culogies on his friends and on monks, and a few are discourses on practical subjects. Of the poems, one of the longest is an account of his own life. Most of them were written after he retired from public life and are of a religious character, but of no great merit as specimens of genius. As an orator, Gregory Naz. is considered superior to Basil for strength and grandeur. He also possessed a fertile imagination. But he has little method, and he abounds in false ornament. He was born about the year 325. His father, who was also named Gregory, was bishop of Nazianzum in Cappadocia for about forty-five years, from A.D. 329 to 374. His mother Nonna, like the mother of Samuel, devoted her son to the Lord before he was born. His education was begun at Cresarea in Cappadocia, continued at Caesarea in Palestine and at Alexandria, and completed at Athens at the age of thirty, A.D. 355. He was at

But after ages would have prized them higher if they had been less attached to Origenism, and more free from the false eloquence of the sophists. Among the Syrians, Ephræm has given immortality to his name by the sanctity of his life and by a great number of writings, in which he confutes heretics, explains the Scriptures, and treats of religious duties. Among those of whom

in his Biblioth. Orient. Vatic. tom. i. p. 24, &c. The Oxford [by Edw. Thwaites, 1709, fol.]. The same were English published several of his works in Greek at published in a Latin translation by Vossius [Rome, 1589-97, 3 vols. fol,] His works were published in Syriac a few years since at Rome, by Asseman. [Six vols. in all; vol. i. ii. iii. Gr. and Lat. 1732-43-46; vol. iv. v. vi. Syriac and Lat. 1737-40-43. fol.-Ephræm Syrus, a monk and deacon of the church at Nisibis in northern Syria, was born and spent his whole life in and near that city. When elected bishop there, he feigned himself deranged, and absconded to avoid promotion. He was a most ardent devotee of monkery, a man of genius, and a prolific writer. His works consist of essays and sermons, chiefly on the monastic and moral virtues, commentaries on nearly the whole Bible, and hymns and prayers. A few of his essays are polemic. All his works were written in Syriac, and were so popular in Syria as to be read in public after the Scriptures; and being early translated into Greek, were held in high estimation in that age. It is said his hymns and prayers are still used in the Syriac churches. He died A.D. 378. See Jerome, de Scriptor. Illustr. cap. cxv. Sozomen, Hist. Eccles. lib. iii. cap. xvi. Theodoret, Hist. Eccles. ii. cap. xxx. and iv. 29; Schroeckh, Kirchengesch, vol. viii. 255, &c. and xv. 527, &c. Milner's Church History, cent. iv. chap. xxi.—Mur.[Selections from his writings, with a life, are given in the Book of the Fathers. Danz refers to two recent works by C. A. Lengerke, published the one at Halle, in 1828, and the other at Konigsberg in 1831, on the character of this father as an interpreter of Scripture. Walch's Billio. Patrist. ed. Danz. p. 466.-R.

See

Athens about five years, and there commenced that intimacy with Basil the Great which lasted through life. On his return to Nazianzum in 356, he was baptized, and betook himself to a retired and studious life, for which he always manifested a strong predilection. In 361 his father compelled him to receive ordination as a presbyter, and the next year he preached his first sermon. On the death of Julian, who had been his fellow-student at Athens, he composed two invectives against him. His friend archbishop Basil, in the year 372, offered him the bishopric of Sasima, which he refused with indignation on account of his aversion to public life. Yet he afterwards consented to be ordained as assistant to his aged father, on condition of not being obliged to succeed him. Soon after the death of his father in 374, he retired to Seleucia and spent three years in obscurity. In 379, being pressed beyond the power of resistance, he went to Constantinople to preach to the remnant of the orthodox there. His success in converting Arians was here very great; and he was so popular that the general council of Constantinople and the emperor Theodosius constrained him to accept the patriarchal chair of that metropolis. But before the council rose, it being objected to him that it was irregular for a bishop to be transferred from one see to another, he gladly resigned. Returning to Nazianzum, he discharged the episcopal functions there 2 Pamphilus, a presbyter of Cæsarea in Palestine, was for a short time. But in 383 he retired altogether from born at Berytus, studied under Pierius of Alexandria, public life, and after about seven years spent chiefly in and spent his life at Cæsarea. He was a learned, benewriting religious poetry, he closed his life about A.D. 409. volent, and devout man, and a great promoter of See Cave, Hist. Liter.; and Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. vol. theological learning. He procured an immense theoloxiii. pages 268-458.-Gregory, bishop of Nyssa in Cap-gical library, which he gave to the church of Cæsarea. padocia, and younger brother of Basil the Great, was Most of the works of Origen he transcribed with his probably born about 331, at Cæsarea in Cappadocia. Of own hand, and particularly the corrected copy of the his early education little is known. He was no monk, Septuagint in Origen's Hexapla. One of these tranand at first averse from the ministry. He was made bishop scripts, P. D. Huet states is still in the possession of of Nyssa in Cappadocia, about the year 372. But soon the Jesuits of Clermont. He wrote a vindication and after he was driven from his sce by the persecution of the biography of Origen in five books, to which Eusebius Arians, and for several years travelled from place to added a sixth. The whole are lost except a Latin place. In 378 he returned to his see. Afterwards he was translation of book first made by Rufinus. During the much employed on councils, and was greatly esteemed persecution he was imprisoned two years, and then put by the orthodox. The council of Antioch, in 379, ap- to death. Eusebius, his great admirer, wrote his life, pointed him to visit the churches in Arabia, and restore which is lost. See Jerome, De Scriptor. Illustr. cap. order there. On his way he visited Jerusalem, and was lxxvii. Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. lib. vi. cap. xxxii. Cave, disgusted with the profligate morals there. In the year Hist. Liter.-Mur. 381, he wrote his principal work against Eunomius the Arian, which procured him great reputation. At the general council of Antioch, in the same year, he is reported to have made the new draft of the Nicene creed, which was afterwards universally adopted by the orthodox. He was also at the council of Constantinople in 394, and probably died not long after. He was a man of considerable acumen, a zealous polemic, and an extravagant crator. His works consist of polemic discourses and treatises, orations, eulogies, letters, and homilies; and were published Gr. and Lat. by F. le Duc, Paris, 1615, 2 vols. fol. to which Gretser added a third vol. Paris, 1618. The three vols. were reprinted, but less correctly, Paris, 1638, fol. A better edition has long been desired. See Cave, Hist. Liter.; and Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. vol. xiv. pages 3-147.-Mur. [Some specimens of the eloquence of these two Gregories may be seen in Boyd's Select Passages, &c. and the Book of the Fathers. Ample references to the numerous works relative to their history and writings, are given by Danz in his Walch's Biblio. Patristica; and full biographies of both may be seen in Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Bingr. With these accounts ought to be compared Milner's views of their character, in cent. iv. chap. xx. and xxiv. of his Hist. of the Church. On Gregory Nazianzen and his poetic talent, see Milman's Hist. of Christ. vol. iii. p. 196, &c. For their character and merits as biblical interpreters, see Davidson's Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 116, &c. I An elaborate account is given of him by Asseman

3 Diodorus or Theodorus, bishop of Tarsus, was head of a monastic school and presbyter at Antioch, where he had Chrysostom for a pupil. He became bishop of Tarsus in 378, sat in the general council at Constantinople 381, and was succeeded at Tyre by Phalerius A.D. 394. He was a learned man, and a voluminous though not an elegant writer. None of his works remains entire, but abstracts and numerous extracts are preserved by Photius and others. See Suidas, voce Atódwpos, Socrates, H. E. vi. 3.; Sozomen, H. E. viii. 2; Theodoret, H. E. iv. 25.; Jerome, de Scriptor. Illustr. cap. cxix.; Cave, Hist. Liter; Fabricius, Biblioth. Gr. vol. viii. p. 358, &c.; Tillemont, Memoires à l'Hist. Ecclés. tome viii. p. 558, &c. 802, &c.; Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. vol. x. pages 247-251.Mur.

4 Hosius, bishop of Corduba in Spain, was born about the middle of the preceding century, became a bishop before the end of it, and sat in the council of Illiberis A.D. 305. He was chief counsellor in ecclesiastical affairs to Constantine the Great, who summoned him to the council of Arles in 314, and sent him to Egypt to settle the religious disputes of that country in 324. He stood at the head of the council of Nice in 325, and presided in that of Sardica in 347. By the Arian council of Sirmium, 356, he was banished, when near a hundred years old; and, unable to resist, he now signed an artfully drawn Arian creed, and died A.D. 361, having lived more than a hundred years, and been a bishop

1

3

6

4

of Alexandria, Amphilochius of Iconium,2 | Marcarius, senior and junior, Apollinaris Palladius, author of the Lausiac History, senior, and a few others, are most fre&c.; Cave, Hist. Liter.; Tillemont, Mémoires à l'Hist. Ecclés. tom. xi. p. 500, &c.-Mur. [Sce a full account of him in Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biogr. vol. iii. p. 95.-R.

during about seventy. Nothing written by him remains, except an epistle to the emperor Constantius, preserved by Athanasius in his Hist. Arian. ad Monachos. See Cave, Hist. Liter.; Tillemont, Mémoires à l'Hist. Ecclés. tome vii. pages 300-321; and Fabricius, Biblioth. Gr. vol. viii. p. 899.-Mur.

5 Eustathius, a native of Side in Pamphylia, was bishop of Berea (now Aleppo) in Syria, and promoted to the patriarchate of Antioch by the council of Nice, A.D. 325. He had previously distinguished himself as an opposer of Arianism, and in that council he acted a conspicuous part. This, together with his work contra Arianos, rendered him extremely obnoxious to the abettors of Arianism, who procured his condemnation in one of their councils about the year 330. Eustathius appealed in vain to the emperor, Constantine the Great; ho was banished to Trajanopolis in Thrace, where he died about the year 360. The only entire works of his now extant, are 'his treatise on the witch of Endor, in opposition to Origen, and a short address to the emperor, delivered at the council of Nice. These, together with a treatise on the Hexaëmeron which is ascribed to him, were published by Leo Allatius, Lyons, 1629, 4to. What remains of his work against the Arians was published by Fabricius, Biblioth. Gr. vol. viii. p. 170, &c. He was highly esteemed by the orthodox of his times. See Jerome, de Scriptor. Illustr. cap. lxxxv. Chrysostom, Laudatio Eustathii, Opp. Chrysost. tom. il. p. 603; Athanasius, Epist. ad Solitarios; Cave, Hist. Liter. Du Pin, Biblioth. des Auteurs Eccles. vol. iii.; Fabricius, ubi supra, p. 166, &c.; and Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. vol. v. p. 275, &c.—Mur.

1 Didymus, a learned monk of Alexandria, and head of the catechetic school there, was the preceptor of Jerome and Rufinus. He lost his cyesight when young, yet became very conspicuous as a scholar and a theologian. He was born about the year 311, and was alive A.D. 392, then more than eighty-three years old. Of his numerous works only three have reached usnamely, De Spiritu Sancto, preserved in a Latin translation of Jerome (inter Opp. Hieronymi, tom. iv. pt. i. p. 393, &c.), Scholia on the canonical Epistles, also in a Latin translation. Both these are given in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. v. pag. 320, 338. Adversus Manichæos; Gr. and Lat. in Combefis, Auctarium noviss. Biblioth. Patr. pt. ii. p. 21, &c. See Jerome, De Scriptor. Illustr. cap. cix. and Cave, Hist. Liter.-Mur.

4 Macarius senior or the Great, called the Egyptian Macarius, a native of Thebais, was born A.D. 302, early addicted himself to a monastic life, at the age of thirty retired to the wilderness of Scetis and the mountains, Nitria, where he lived a hermit for sixty years, and died at the age of ninety, A.D. 391. Much is related of his austerities, his virtues, his wisdom, and his miracles. To him are ascribed seven opuscula and fifty homilies or discourses upon practical and experimental religion; edited last by Pritius, Gr. and Lat. Lips. 1714, 2 vols. in one, 12mo. Macarius junior, called the Alexandrian Macarius, because he was born and spent the first part of his life at Alexandria, was contemporary with Macarius senior, with whom he is often confounded. He was born about A.D. 304, pursued traffic some years, became a monk, retired to the wilderness of Scetis, was baptized at forty, became a presbyter, headed a numerous band of monks in the mountains of Nitria, and died about A.D. 404, aged one hundred years. He was no less distinguished for his virtues and his miracles than the other Macarius. But the elder Macarius was unsocial, especially with strangers, whereas the younger was very affable and often visited the city of Alexandria, whence he was called ToλTIKòs, the citizen. The younger wrote nothing but a single letter to his disciples. The code of thirty monastic rules ascribed to him, was probably the production of a later age. See Socrates, Hist. Eccles. lib. iv. cap. xxiii.; Palladius, Hist. Lausiaca, cap. xix. xx.; Rufinus, lite Patrum, cap. xxviii.; Cassian, De Coenobior. Institut. lib. v. cap. xli.; and Collat. v. cap. 12, xv. cap. 3. xxiv. cap. 13.; Sozomen, Hist. Eccles. lib. iii. cap. xiv. lib. vi. cap. xxix.; Theodoret, Hist. Eccles. lib. iv. cap. xxi.; Tillemont, Mémoires à l'Hist. Eccl. tome viii. pages 243, 264, 357; Fabricius, Billioth. Gr. vol. vii. p. 491, &c.; Cave, Hist. Liter.-Mur.

5 Apollinaris or Apollinarius, sen. was born at Alexandria, taught grammar at Berytus, and at Laodicea in Syria, where he became a presbyter. He associated with Epiphanius the sophist, a pagan, and attended his lectures, for which both he and his son, the younger Apollinaris, were excommunicated; but repenting they were restored. In the year 362, when the empercr 2 Amphilochius, after being a civil magistrate, and Julian prohibited the Christians from reading the living a while with Basil and Gregory Naz. in their classic poets and orators, Apollinaris and his son unmonastery, was made bishop of Iconium in Lycaonia dertook to compose some sacred classics to supply the about the year 370 or 375. He sat in the second general place of the pagan. The father took up the Old Testacouncil at Constantinople A.D. 381; and in the same ment, and transferred the Pentateuch into heroic verse year was appointed by the emperor Theodosius inspector in imitation of Homer; and also according to Sozomien of the clergy in the diocese of Asia. He probably died the rest of the Old Testament history he formed into A.D. 395. Ten short pieces, chiefly orations, and various comedies, tragedies, lyrics, &c. in imitation of Menanfragments, were published as his works, though most of der, Euripides, and Pindar. The son laboured on the them are of dubious origin, by Combefis, Gr. and Lat. New Testament, and transferred the Gospels and the Paris, 1644, fol. including the works of Methodius Pa- canonical Epistles into Dialogues, in imitation of those terensis and Andreas Cretensis. See Fabricius, Biblioth. of Plato. Nearly all if not the whole of these sacred Gr. vol. vii. pages 500-507; Oudin, Comment. de Script. classics are lost; yet there is extant a poetic Gr. version Eccles. tom. ii. p. 216, &c.; Cave, Hist. Liter.; and of the Psalms bearing the name of Apollinaris. The Schroeckh, Kirchengesch. vol. xii. pages 67-70.-Mur. tragedy of Christ suffering, published among the works 3 Palladius of Galatia, born A.D. 368, at the age of of Gregory Naz. is also by some ascribed to the elder twenty went to Egypt to get a practical knowledge of Apollinaris. The younger Apollinaris wrote several monkery. After residing there several years, his health works, of which only fragments remain. He believed failed and he returned to Palestine, still leading a mo- that the divine nature in Christ did the office of a ranastic life. In the year 400, going to Bithynia, Chry- tional human soul; so that God the Word, a sensitive sostom ordained him bishop of Helenopolis, which he soul (vxh), and a body, constituted the person of the afterwards exchanged for Aspona in Galatia. After Saviour. For this he was accounted a heretic, and conthe fall of Chrysostom in 404, Palladius was banished, demned by public councils. He died between A.D. 380 and died in exile about A.D. 431. His great work was and 392. Jerome, De Viris Illustr. cap. 104; Socrates, composed about the year 420, and contains the history Hist. Eccles. ii. 46 and iii. 16; Sozomen, H. E. v. 18 of the principal monks of his own times, with many of and vi. 25; Philostorg. H. E. viii. 11-15; Fabricius, whom he was personally acquainted. Being written at Biblioth. Gr. vol. vii. p. 659, &c. viii. p. 332. the request of Lausus, the emperor's lord of the bed-mont, Mémoires à l'Hist. Ecclés. vol. vii.; Cave, Hist. chamber, it was called Historia Lausiaca. It is the honest statement of a credulous monk who almost adored the heroes of his story. Several Latin editions have been published. In Greek it appeared at Leyden, 1616, 4to; and Gr. and Lat. in the Auctar. Biblioth. Patr. Paris, 1624, tom. ii. pages 893-1053, fol.; and in Biblioth. Patr. Paris, 1624, tom. xiii.-Some other works are ascribed to him. See Fabricius, Biblioth. Gr. vol. ix. p. 2, &c.; Du Pin, Biblioth. des Auteurs,

Liter.-Mur.

Tille

6 Less distinguished than the foregoing were, in the Eastern or Greek church, the pseudo-Dorotheus, a fabled bishop of Tyre, who was a confessor in the Diocletian persecution and a martyr under Julian, aged more than a hundred years. To him is attributed the Epitome of the lives of the Prophets, Apostles, and the seventy Disciples of Christ, extant in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. iii. p. 421. See Cave, Hist. Liter.

quently mentioned on account of their | bishop of Poictiers, famous for his twelve learning and their achievements.

10. Among the Latin writers the following are most worthy of notice. Hilary,

books on the Trinity and for other writings. He possessed a considerable degree of perspicacity and ingenuity, but he was often

Serapion, a monk of Thebais, distinguished for his learning and eloquence, was the friend of Athanasius, who made him bishop of Thmuis. He died about A.D. Of his once popular writings, only his book Contra Manichæos is extant, Latin, in the Biblioth. Patr. tom. iv. p. 160.

Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, A.D. 312-325, famous as beginning the controversy with Arius, who was his presbyter. Of more than seventy epistles writ-358. ten by him on the Arian controversy only two are extant, which are preserved, one by Theodoret, Hist. Eccles. lib. i. cap. iv. and the other by Socrates, Hist. Eccles. lib. i. cap. vi.

Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, and afterwards court bishop of Constantinople, and the staunch patron of Arius. He was condemned in the council of Nice and banished, retracted and was restored, became the great supporter of Arianism, and died A.D. 342. A single epistle of his has been preserved by Theodoret, Hist. Eccles. lib. i. cap. vi.

James, bishop of Nisibis in Syria, a confessor in the Diocletian persecution, an assessor in the Nicene council, and died in the reign of Constantius. He probably wrote wholly in Syriac, but his works were first published, Armenian and Latin, by Antonelli, Rome, 1756, fol. containing nineteen essays and discourses, chiefly on moral and practical subjects.

Antonius [or St. Antony], a renowned Egyptian monk who flourished about A.D. 330. His life, written by Athanasius, is still extant; likewise his monastic rules, his remarks on cases of conscience, and about twenty discourses. These Opuscula were published in a Latin translation from Arabic, Rome, 1646, 8vo. Asterius of Cappadocia, a fickle and ambitious man in the period next following the Nicene council, and a zealous Arian. He was never admitted to the clerical office, possessed some talent, and wrote comments on the Scriptures and tracts in favour of Arianism, of which only fragments remain.

Marcellas, bishop of Ancyra in Galatia. He held a council at Ancyra in 315, and was conspicuous in the orthodox ranks at the council of Nice. Afterwards his zcal against Arianism carried him into Sabellianism. He was condemned and deposed in 335, acquitted in 347, but still regarded with suspicion. He died A.D. 370. His works are lost.

Theodorus, bishop of Heraclea in Thrace, A.D. 334344, a semi-Arian and a zealous opposer of Athanasius. He died about the year 358. His commentaries on various parts of the Bible are highly commended by Jerome and others for their style and erudition. All are lost except his commentary on the Psalms, which is prefixed to the Catena Veterum Patrum in Psalmos, ed. Antwerp, 1643, 3 vols. fol.

Acacius, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, A.D. 340366, successor to Eusebius whose secretary he had been, a man of learning and eloquence, but unstable, and fluctuating between Arianism and orthodoxy. He wrote much, particularly in explanation of the Scriptures, but nothing has been preserved.

Triphilus of Ledris in Cyprus flourished A.D. 340. He was bred to the bar, and was considered one of the most elegant writers of his age. He wrote on the Canticles and the life of Spiridon, his bishop, but nothing of his remains.

Eusebius, bishop of Emessa in Phoenicia, was born at Edessa, studied there, and at Alexandria in Egypt and Antioch in Syria. As early as 312 he was distinguished for scholarship and for unassuming modesty. He refused the bishopric of Alexandria in 341, but soon after accepted that of Emessa, and died about A.D. 360. ile leaned towards semi-Arianism, wrote much and elegantly on the Scriptures, and against the Jews. What has been published as his has been much questioned.

George, bishop of Laodicea, a staunch Arian and active in all their measures, from A.D. 335 to 360. He Wrote against the Manichæans, the life of Eusebius, of Emessa, and several epistles, one of which is preserved by Sozomen, Hist. Eccles. lib. iv. cap. xiii.

Pachomius (died 350), Theodorus, his successor, and Oresiesis, were distinguished contemporary monks of Tabbennesis in Thebais, Egypt. They flourished from A. D. 340-350. Monastic rules, some epistles, and several discourses, are extant under the names of one or more of them.

Basil, bishop of Ancyra, from 336 to 360, was a semiArian, highly esteemed by Constantius, and very active against the orthodox. Contention between him and Acacius preceded his deposition and banishment to Illyricum in the year 360. He wrote much, and in particular against Marcellus, his predecessor; but none of his works are extant.

Leontius, the Arian bishop of Antioch, A.D. 348358, a crafty and deceptive man, who was active in the contentions of his times. Of his writings, only a fragment of one discourse remains.

Marcus, an Egyptian bishop and a friend of Athanasius, banished in 356 by George bishop of Alexandria. He wrote an oration against the Arians, which is published with Origen's tract on the Lord's prayer, by Wetstein, Amsterd. 1695, 4to.

Aëtius of Syria, a goldsmith, physician, deacon at Antioch, bishop somewhere, and finally a heretic. He held Christ to be a mere creature. He died about the year 366. His book, De Fide, is transcribed and refuted in Epiphanius, Hares. 76.

Eudoxius, bishop of Germanicia on the Euphrates, and (356) of Antioch, and (360) of Constantinople, dicd A.D. 370. He was successively an Arian, a semi-Arian, and an Aëtian; a learned but a verbose and obscure writer. Large fragments of his discourse, De Incarnatione Dei Verbi, are extant.

Eunomius, the secretary and disciple of Aëtius, but more famous than his master. He was made bishop of Cyzicum, A.D. 360, banished soon after, wandered much, and died about A.D. 394. He wrote on the epistle to the Romans, many letters, his own creed, and an apology for it. Only the two last are extant. He held Christ to be a created being, and of a nature unlike to that of God.

Meletius, bishop of Sebaste in Armenia, and (360) of Antioch. He was banished A.D. 361, returned under Julian, was banished again under Valens, and restored by Gratian, and died while attending the general council of Constantinople A.D. 381, at an advanced age. There is extant (in Epiphanius, Hares. lxxiii. cap. xxix. xxxiv.) an able discourse which he delivered at Antioch in 361.

Titus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, was driven from his see under Julian, A.D. 362, returned under Valentinian, and died about the year 371. He wrote Contra Manichæos, which is extant in a Latin translation in Biblioth. Patrum. tom. iv. A discourse likewise on the branches of palm, Gr. and Lat. and a commentary on Luke in Latin, have been published under his name, but are questioned.

Paphnutius, a celebrated Egyptian monk, who flourished A.D. 370. He wrote the life of St. Onyphrius, and of several other monks; still extant.

Cæsarius, youngest brother of Gregory Nazianzenus, was a learned physician of Constantinople, and was elevated to civil oflice. He is said to have written several works, and particularly a treatise against the pagans. There are extant, under his name, four dialogues Gr. and Lat. on one hundred and ninety-five questions in theology; in Fronto le Duc's Auctarium Biblioth. Patr. 1624, tom. i. But they are supposed not to be his.

Evagrius, archdeacon of Constantinople in 381, and after 385, an Egyptian monk. He was a pious and learned man, and a considerable writer. Several of his devotional and practical works are extant in the different collections of the works of the fathers.

Nemesius, bishop of Emessa after being a Christian philosopher. He flourished A D. 380, and with Origen held the pre-existence of human souls, as appears from his book De Natura Hominis, extant in the Auctarium Biblioth. Patr. 1624, tom. il.; also printed Gr. and Lat. Oxford, 1671, 8vo.

Nectarius, bishop of Constantinople A.D. 381-399,

disposed to borrow from Tertullian and and then bishop of Milan, is not rude in Origen, whom he greatly admired, rather diction or conception, nor is he destitute of than to tax his own genius.' Lactantius, valuable thoughts, yet he is chargeable with the most eloquent of the Latin Christians the faults of the age-a deficiency in soliin this century, assailed the superstition of dity, accuracy, and good arrangement.3 the pagans in his elegantly composed Divine Institutions, and likewise wrote on other subjects; but he is more successful in confuting the errors of others than in correcting his own. Ambrose, first governor