tians respecting the cruelty of the Moham-host-seemed to be a very formidable army, medans, wished to engage personally in a and adequate to overcome almost any holy war, and more than fifty thousand obstacles, but in reality it was very weak men prepared themselves for an expedition and pusillanimous. It was composed under him. But his controversy with the chiefly of monks, mechanics, farmers, peremperor Henry IV. of which we shall have sons tired of their stated occupations, occasion to speak hereafter, and other un- spendthrifts, speculators, prostitutes, boys, expected events, obliged him to abandon girls, servants, malefactors, and the lowest the design. But near the close of the cen- dregs of the idle populace who hoped to tury a certain Frenchman of Amiens, Peter make their fortune. From such troops surnamed the Hermit, was the occasion of what could be expected? Those attached the renewal of the design by Urban II. to this camp were called Crusaders (cruciPeter visited Palestine in the year 1093, ati), and the enterprise itself was called a and there beheld with great anguish of Crusade (expeditio cruciata); not only mind the extreme oppressions and vexations because they professedly were going to which the Christians residing at the holy rescue the cross of our Lord from the places suffered from the Mohammedans. hands of its enemies, but also because they Therefore being wrought up to an enthu-wore upon their right shoulders a white, siasm which he took to be a divine impulse, red, or green cross made of woollen cloth, he first applied for aid to Simeon, the and solemnly consecrated." patriarch of Constantinople [within whose province Jerusalem lay], and to Urban II. the Roman pontiff, without success; and then began to travel over Europe, calling on both princes and people to make war upon the tyrants of Palestine. Nay, he carried about with him an epistle on this very subject, addressed from heaven to all Christians, and thereby calculated the more readily to impose upon the ignorant.2 5. Public sympathy being thus cxcited, Urban II. in the year 1095, assembled a very numerous council at Placentia, in which he first recommended this holy war.3 But the dangerous enterprise was relished only by a few, although the ambassadors of the Greek emperor, Alexius Comnenus were present, and in the name of their master represented the necessity of opposing the Turks whose power was daily increasing. The business succeeded better in the council of Clermont which was assembled soon after. For the French, more enterprising and ready to face dangers than the Italians, were so moved by the inflated eloquence of Urban, that a vast multitude of all ranks and ages were ready at once to engage in a military expedition to Palestine. This ann. 1095, No. 32, p. 648. [The number present at the council of Clermont is not definitely stated by the early writers, though they all agree that it was very great. There were thirteen archbishops, two hundred and fifty bishops, besides abbots and inferior clergy, with a two speeches of Urban are given by Harduin, Concilia, tom. vi. par. ii. p. 1718, &c.—Mur. multitude of laymen. The Acts of this council with 5 These adventurers moreover were from every counMalmesbury, while he bears testimony to this fact, try in Europe, even the most remote. William of gives a curious illustration of what were then supposed to be the national peculiarities of some of these less civilized people who abandoned their hones in numbers for the crusades:-"Nam non solum Mediterra-⚫ neas provincias hic amor movit, sed et omnes, qui vel in penitissimis insulis, vel in nationibus barbaris, Christi nomen audierunt. Tunc Wallenses venationem saltuum, tunc Scottus familiaritaten pulicum, tunc Danus continuationem potuum, tunc Noricus cruditatern reliquit piscium." Will. Malbur. lib. iv. cap. ii. apud Rerum Anglic. Script. post Bedam, Lond. 1596, fol. p. 75.-R. • See Bzovius, Continuat. Annal. Baronii, tom. xv. ad ann. 1410, sec. 9, p. 32, &c. ed. Colon.; Lenfant, Hist. du Concile de Pise, tome ii. livr. v. p. 60, &c. The writers who give account of the Crusades are enumerated by Fabricius, Lux Evangelii toti Orbi exoriens, cap. xxx. p. 518. [Most of the original writers living in or near the times of the Crusades were colHanov. 1611, 2 vols. fol. Of these original writers the lected by Bongarsius, in his Gesta Dei per Francos, most important are Robert of Rheims, Baldrich or Baudri of Dol, Raimond of Agile, Albert of Aix, Fulcher or Fulcard of Chartres, and Guibert of Nogent; but especially William bishop of Tyre, and James de Vitry. To these may be added Marino Sanuto of the thirteenth century. The best moderns are said to be Mailly, Esprit des Croisades, ou Histoire politique et milirecouvrement de la Terre sainte, Paris, 1780, 4 vols. This fact is mentioned by the abbot Dodechinus in 12mo; Maimburg, Hist. des Croisades, Paris, 1675, &c. his Continuat. Chronici Mariani Scoti, in the Scrip-4 vols. 12mo; Mayer, Gesch. der Kreuzzüge, Berlin, tor. Germanici. of Pistorius, tom. i. p. 462. For an 1780, 2 vols. 8vo; Wilkin, Gesch. der Kreuzz. Lips. account of Peter, see Du Fresne, Note ad Anna Com- 1807-17, 3 vols, 8vo; Waken, Gemälde der Kreuzz. nena Alexiadem, p. 79, ed. Venet. Francf. 1808-10, 3 vols. 8vo; Heeren, l'ersuch e. Entwickelung d. Folg. d. Kreuzz. (a prize essay) Gotting. Decline and Fall, chap. lviii. lix.; Bower's Lives of the 1808, 8vo. The English reader may consult Gibbon's Mur. [in 2 vols. 8vo, and an admirable sketch of the Popes, vol. v. and vi.; Mill's History of the Crusades. first crusade in the Encycl. Metrop. vol. xi. p. 584613, with careful references to the original authorities. A preferable work to Mailly's Esprit des Croisades, is Michaud, Histoire des Croisades, Paris, 1841, 6th edit. 6 vols. 8vo, with maps; to which should be added his Bibliothèque des Croisades, Paris, 1829, 4 vols. 8vo. 1 Gregory VII. Epistol. lib. ii. ep. 31, and in Har-taire des Guerres enterprises par les Chrétiens pour le duin, Concilia, tom. vi. par. i. p. 1285. 3 Berthold, a contemporary writer, says there were present in this council about four thousand clergymen and more than thirty thousand laymen, and that its sessions were held in the open air, because no church could contain the multitude. See Harduin, Concilia, tom. vi. par. ii. p. 1711, &c.-Mur. Ruinart, Vita Urbani II. sec. 225, &c. p. 224. 229, 240, 272, 274, 292, 296, of the Opp. Posthum. of Mabillon; and Ruinart. tom. iii.; Harduin's Concilia, tom. vi. par. ii. p. 1726; Baronius, Annales, tom. xi. ad crusaders first besieged Nice, the capital of Bithynia, which was taken in the year 1097. They then proceeded through Asia Minor into Syria, and in the year 1098 took Antioch [in Syria], which was given with its territory to Boamund, duke of Apulia. They also captured Edessa, of which Baldwin, the brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, was constituted the sovereign. Finally in the year 1099, these Latins reduced the city of Jerusalem by their victorious arms. And here the seat of a new kingdom was established, and the above-named Godfrey was declared the first king of Jerusalem. He however refused the title of king from motives of modesty, and retaining a few soldiers with him, permitted the others to return back to Europe. But this great man died not long after and left his kingdom to his brother Baldwin, prince of Edessa, who did not hesitate to assume the title of king. 6. Eight hundred thousand persons therefore, as credible writers inform us, marched from Europe in the year 1096, pursuing different routes and conducted by different leaders, all of whom directed their way to Constantinople, that after receiving instructions and aid from Alexius Comnenus, the Greek emperor, they might pass over into Asia. The author of the war, Peter the Hermit, girded with a rope, first led on a band of eighty thousand through Hungary and Thrace. But this company, after committing innumerable base deeds, were nearly all destroyed by the Hungarians and Turks. Nor did better fortune attend some other armies of these Crusaders, who roamed about like robbers under unskilful commanders, and plundered and laid waste the countries over which they travelled. Those bands whose leaders were men of noble birth and experienced in military affairs, performed the journey rather more prosperously. Godfrey of 8. With the Roman pontiffs and partiBouillon, duke of Lorrain, a man who may cularly with Urban II. the principal motive be compared with the greatest heroes of for enkindling this holy war was furnished, any age and who was commander-in-chief I conceive, by the corrupted religion of of the war, conducted with his brother that age. For according to the prevailing Baldwin a well-organized body of eighty views, it was a reproach upon Christians thousand horse and foot, through Germany to suffer the land which had been conseand Hungary. Another body under the crated by the footsteps and the blood of command of Raymond, earl of Toulouse, Christ, to remain under the power of his marched through Slavonia. Robert earl enemies; and moreover a great and essenof Flanders, Robert duke of Normandy, 3 tial part of piety to God consisted in piland Hugo the Great, brother to Philip grimages to the holy places, which were king of France, embarked with their forces most hazardous undertakings so long as the at Brindisi and Tarento (Brundusium and Mohammedans should occupy Palestine. Tarentum), and landed at Durazzo (Dyr- To these religious motives was added an rachium). These were followed by Boa-apprehension that the Turks, who had mund, duke of Apulia and Calabria, at the already subdued a large part of the Greek head of a numerous and select band of Normans. 7. This army, the greatest since the memory of men, when it arrived at Constantinople though greatly diminished by various calamities, excited much alarm and not without reason in the mind of the Greek emperor. But his fears were dispelled when it had passed the straits of Gallipolis and landed in Bithynia. The There is also much additional information in Reinaud, Extraits des Auteurs Arab. rclat. aux Croisades, Paris, 1829.-R. The army under Peter the Hermit vented their rage especially against the Jews, whom they either compelled to receive baptism or put to death with horrid cruelty. The same thing was done by another division in the countries along the Rhine, at Mentz, Cologne, Treves, Worms, and Spire, where however the Jews were sometimes protected by the bishops. Sce the Annalist, Saxo, ad ann. 1096, in Eccard's Corpus Hist. Medii Evi, tom. i. p. 579, &c.-Schl. 2 Of this illustrious hero the Benedictine monks treat professedly, in the Hist. Littér. de la France, tome viii. p. 598, &c. 3 He was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, king of England.--Mur. empire, would march into Europe and would in particular assail Italy. Those among the learned who suppose that the Roman pontiff recommended this terrible war, for the sake of extending his own authority and of weakening the power of the Latin emperors and king, and that the kings and princes of Europe encouraged it, in order to get rid of their powerful and warlike vassals and to obtain possession of their lands and estates, bring forward indeed plausible conjectures, but they are mere conjectures. Yet afterwards when 4 The first of these motives ascribed to the pontiff's is brought forward by many, both Protestants and Catholics, as one not at all to be questioned. See Accoltus, De Bello Sacro in Infideles, lib. 1. p. 16. Basnage, Hist. des Eglises Réformées, tome i. period v. p. 235. Vertot, Hist. des Chevaliers de Malthe, tome i. livr. iii. p. 302, 308, livr. iv. p. 428. Baillet, Hist. des Démelez du Boniface VIII. avec Philip le Bel, p. 76, Hist. du Droit Eccles. François, tome i. p. 296, 299, and many others. But that this supposition has no solid foundation will be clear to those who consider all the circumstances. The Roman pontiffs could not certainly foresee that so many princes and people of every class the pontiffs as well as the kings and princes sort, both in church and state; and their learned by experience the great advantages effects are visible even to the present resulting to them from these wars, new and day. Europe was deprived of more than additional motives for encouraging them undoubtedly occurred to them, and particularly that of increasing their own power and aggrandisement. 9. But these wars, whether just or unjust, produced immense evils of every 1 would be so beneficial to themselves. For all the and the increase of their wealth, were not apparent at of accidental circumstances than of design. This half of its population, and immense sums of money were exported to foreign countries; and very many families previously opulent and powerful either became extinct or were reduced to extreme poverty. For the heads of familics either mortgaged or.sold their territories, possessions, and would march away from Europe to Palestine; neither estates in order to defray the expense of could they discover beforehand that these expeditions their expedition; while others imposed advantages accruing to the pontiffs and to the clergy such intolerable burdens upon their vasfrom these wars, both the extension of their authority sals and tenants, as obliged them to abanonce and at the commencement of the war; but they don their houses and lands and assume the gradually developed themselves, being the result rather badge of the cross. A vast derangement single fact shows that the pontiffs who promoted these of society and a subversion of everything wars, could have had no thoughts of extending their took place throughout Europe; not to power by them. It may be added that the general belief mention the murders, slaughter, and roband the expectation of the pontiffs was, that the whole business would be accomplished in a single expedition berics everywhere committed with impuof no long continuance; and that God himself would, nity by these soldiers of God and Jesus by miraculous interposition, overthrow those enemies of Christianity who were the unjust possessors of Christ, as they were called, and the new Palestine. Besides, as soon as Jerusalem was taken, aud often very grievous privileges and premost of the European princes and soldiers returned rogatives to which these wars gave occasion.3 back to Europe; which the popes surely would not have permitted, if from the continuance of this war they anticipated great accessions to their wealth and power. But no conjecture on this subject is, in my view, more unfortunate than that which supposes Urban II. to have eagerly pressed forward this holy war, in order to weaken the power of the emperor Henry IV. with whom he was in a violent contest respecting the investiture of bishops. The advocates of this conjecture forget that the first armies which marched against the Mohammedans of Asia, were raised chiefly among the Franks and Normans, and that the Germans, who were opposed to Urban II. were at first the most averse from these wars. Other arguments are omitted for the sake of brevity.-Nor is the other part of the conjecture which relates to the kings and princes of Europe, better founded. It has received the approbation of Vertot, (Hist. des Cheval. de Malthe, livr. iii. p. 309) Boulanvilliers, and other great and eminent men who think they see farther than others into the policy of courts in those ages. But these excellent men have no other argument than this; many kings, especially of the Franks, were rendered more rich and powerful by the death and the misfortunes of those who engaged in these wars; and therefore they craftily gave not only permission, but also a direct encouragement to these wars. All can see the inconclusiveness of this reasoning. We are too prone to ascribe more sagacity and cunning both to tho Roman pontiffs and to the kings and princes of those times than they really possessed; and we too often judge of the causes of transactions by their results, which is a defective and uncertain mode of reasoning. I apprehend that the Roman pontiffs, of whom alone I would speak, obtained their immense aggrandisement, not so much by shrewdly forming plans for enlarging their power, as by dexterously seizing the opportunities which occurred. 1 The question of the justice of what are called the Crusades, I shall not take upon me to discuss; nor shall I deny that it is, when viewed impartially, an intricate and dubious question. But I wish the reader to be apprised that there was discussion among Christians as early as the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, respecting the justice and injustice of those holy wars. For the Cathari or the Albigenses and Waldenses denied their justice. The arguments they used are collected and refuted by Moneta, a Dominican writer of the thirteenth century, in his Summa contra Catharos et Waldenses, (which was published a few years ago at Rome by Richini,) lib. v. c. xiii. p. 531, &c. But the arguments of the Cathari against the transmarine expeditions (viam ultra-marinam) as they called these wars, had not great weight; nor were the answers of the well-meaning Moncta very solid. An * Many and very memorable examples of this occur 3 Those who took the badge of Crusaders acquired extraordinary rights and privileges, which were injurious to other citizens. Of these the Jurists properly treat. I will only observe that hence it became customary, whenever a person would contract a loan, or buy, or sell, or enter into any civil compact, to require of him to renounce the privileges of a Crusador, 1 10. These wars were no less prejudicial to the church and to religion. The power and greatness of the Roman pontiffs were greatly advanced by them; and the wealth of the churches and monasteries was in nany ways much augmented. Moreover as bishops and abbots in great numbers forsook their charges and travelled into Asia, the priests and monks lived without restraint and addicted themselves freely to every vice. Superstition also, previously extravagant, now increased greatly among the Latins. For the long list of tutelary saints was enlarged with new and often fictitious saints of Greek and Syrian origin, before unknown to the Europeans; and an immense number of relics generally of a ridiculous character, were imported to enrich our churches and chapels. For every one who returned home from Asia brought with him as the richest treasure, the sacred relics which he had purchased at a high price of the fraudulent Greeks and Syrians, and committed them to the whether already acquired or yet future (privilegio crucis sumptæ ac sumenda renunciare.) Sce Le Beuf, Mém. sur l'Hist. d'Auxerre, Append. tome ii. p. 292. 1 The accessions to the wealth and the power of the Roman pontiffs arising from these wars, were too numerous and various to be conveniently enumerated here with particularity. And not only the visible head of the church, but likewise the church universal augmented its power and resources by means of these wars. For they who assumed the cross, as they were about to place their lives in great jeopardy, acted as men do when about to die. They therefore generally made their wills; and in them they gave a part of their property to a church or monastery, in order to obtain the protection and favour of God. See Plessis, Hist. de Meaux, tome ii. p. 76, 79, 141; Gallia Christiana, tom. ii. p. 138, 139; Le Beuf, Mem. pour l'Hist. d'Auxerre, tome ii. Append. p. 31; Du Fresne, Adnot. ud vitam Ludovici Sancti, p. 52. Numerous examples of such pious donations are to be found in ancient records. Those who had controversies with priests or monks very commonly would abandon their cause or lawsuit, and yield up the property in controversy; Those who had themselves seized on the property of churches or convents, or were told that their ancestors had done some wrong to the priests, freely restored what they had taken, and often with additions, and compensated for the injuries done whether real or imaginary by their donations. See Du Fresno, ubi supra, p. 52. [In general the Crusades were a rich mine for the popes. Whoever became a knight of the cross became subject to the pope, and was no longer subject to the secular power of his temporal lord. Whoever had taken the vow to march to the holy land and afterwards wished to be released from it, could purchase an exemption from the pope who gave such dispensations, &c.-Schl. The Roman Catholics themselves acknowledge that in the time of the crusades many saints, before unknown to the Latins, were brought from Greece and the East into Europe, where they were worshipped most religiously. And among these new spiritual guardians, there were some of whose lives and history there is the greatest reason to doubt. For example St. Catherine was introduced into Europe from Syria, as is admitted by Baronius, Ad Martyrol, Rom. p. 728, by Cassander, Scholia ad Hymnos Ecclesia, in his Opp. Paris, 1616, fol. p. 278, 779. Yet it is very doubtful whether this Catherine, the patroness of learned men, over existed. ADVERSE EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 1. THE principal sufferings of the Christians in this century were from the Saracens or from the Turks, who were equally the enemies of both Saracens and Christians. The Saracens, though at war among themselves and at the same time unable to arrest the daily encroachments of the Turks upon them, persecuted their Christian subjects in a most cruel manner, putting some to death, mutilating others, and plundering others of all their property. The Turks not only pressed hard upon the Saracens, but also subjugated the fairest provinces of the Greek empire along the Euxine sea, and ravaged the remaining provinces with their perpetual incursions. Nor were the Greeks able to oppose their desolating progress, being miserably distracted with intestine discords, and so exhausted in their finances that they could neither raise forces nor support them when raised. 2. In Spain the Saracens seduced a large portion of the Christians by rewards, by marriages, and by compacts, to embrace 3 The sacred treasures of relics which the French, Germans, Britons, and other nations of Europe formerly preserved with such care, and which are still exhibited the crusades, and were purchased at a great price by with reverence, are not more ancient than the times of kings, princes, and other distinguished persons of the fraudulent dealers imposed upon the pious credulity of Greeks and Syrians. But that these avaricious and the Latins, the most candid judges will not doubt. Richard, king of England, in the year 1191 purchased from Saladin, the noted Mohammedan Sultan, all the relics at Jerusalem. See Matthew Paris, Hist. major, p. 138, who also tells us (p. 666) that the Dominicans brought from Palestine a white stone on which Christ had impressed the prints of his feet. The Genoese possess as a present from Baldwin, the second king of Jerusalem, the dish from which Christ ate the pascal singular monument of ancient devotion is ridiculed by lamb with his disciples at his last supper. And this Labat, l'oyages en Espagne et en Italie, tome ii. p. 63. Respecting the great amount of relics brought from Palestine to France by St. Lewis the French king, see Plessis, Hist. de l'Eglise de Meaux, tome i. p. 120. Joinville's Life of St. Lewis, edited by Du Fresne. Lancelot, Mém. pour la vie de l'Abbé de S. Cyran, is held sacred at Besançon was brought from Palestine tome ii. p. 175. Christ's pocket-handkerchief which to Besançon by a Christian Jewess. See Chiflet, l'esontium, par. ii. p. 108, and De linteis Christi sepulcralibus, cap. ix. p. 50. For other examples, see Matthæus, Analecta veteris Evi, tom. ii. p. 677; Mabillon, Annales Benedict. tom. vi. p. 52, and especially Chiflet, Crisis historia de linteis Christi sepulcralibus, cap. ix. x. p 50, &c. Among other things Chiflet says, p. 59: "Sciendum est, vigente immani et barbara Turcarum persecutione, et imminente Christianæ religionis in Oriente naufragio, educta e sacrariis et per Christianos quovis modo recondita Ecclesiarum pignora. Ilisce plane divinis opibus illecti præ aliis Galli, sacra Acítava qua vi, qua pretio a detinentibus hac illac extorserunt." And this learned writer brings many examples as proofs. the Mohammedan faith. And they would crime for their subjects to continue to wordoubtless have gradually induced most of ship the gods of their ancestors. And this their subjects to apostatize from Christia- severity was undoubtedly more efficacious nity, had they not been weakened by the for extinguishing the inveterate idolatry, loss of various battles with the Christian than the instructions given by persons who kings of Aragon and Castile, especially did not understand the nature of Christiawith Ferdinand I. of Aragon, and by the nity, and who dishonoured its purity by conquest of a large part of the territories their corrupt morals and their superstitious subject to them. Among the Danes, Hun- practices. The still unconverted European garians, and other nations, those who still nations of this period, the Prussians, the adhered to their ancient superstitions (and Lithuanians, the Slavonians, the Obotriti, there were many of this description among and others inhabiting the lower parts of those people) very cruelly persecuted their Germany, continued to harass the neighfellow-citizens, as well as the neighbouring bouring Christians with perpetual wars and nations who professed Christianity. To incursions, and cruelly to destroy the lives suppress this cruelty the Christian princes of many.3 in one place and another, made it a capital. PART II. THE INTERNAL HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. CHAPTER I. HISTORY OF LEARNING AND SCIENCE. 5 John historians Leo the Grammarian, Scylitzes, Cedrenus, and some others, are not to be passed by in silence; although they adhered to the fabulous stories of their countrymen, and were not free from partiality. Michael Psellus, a man in high reputation, was a pattern of excellence in all the learning and science of his age. He also laboured to excite his countrymen to the study of philosophy, and particularly of the Aristotelian philosophy, which he attempted to explain and recommend by various productions. Among the Arabians the love of science still flourished, as 1. THE calamitous state of the Greek empire impeded the progress of literature and science among its subjects. The Turks as well as the Saracens were continually divesting the empire of some portion of its glory and power; and what they left inviolate, the civil discords, the frequent insurrections, and the violent dethronement of emperors, gradually wasted and destroyed. Yet there was here and there an individual who cherished and encouraged the liberal arts, both among the emperors (as Alexius Comnenus) and among the patriarchs and bishops. Nor would the controversies of the Greeks with the Latins, allow the former to despise all cultivation of the understanding and all love of learning. Owing to these causes, the Greeks of this century were not entirely destitute of men respectable for their learning and intellectual culture. 6 George Cedrenus, a Greek monk, compiled a chro2. I omit the names of their poets, rhe-nicle extending from the creation to A.D. 1057. It is a toricians, and grammarians, who if not the best were at least tolerable. Among their 4 He was the continuator of Theophanes' Chronicle from A.D. 813 to 1013, the time when he is supposed to have written. His work was published Gr. and Lat. subjoined to Theophanes, ed. Combefis, Paris, 1655, fol. and in the Corpus Hist. Byzant. tom. vi. p. 355-404.-Mur. 5 John Scylitzes, a civilian and Curopalates at Con stantinople. He wrote a History of Transactions in the it to A.D. 1081. The whole was published in a Latin translation by Gabe, Venice, 1570, fol. and the latter East from A.D. 811 to 1057; and afterwards continued part in Gr. by Goar, Paris, 1648, fol.-Mur. mere compilation or transcript from George Syncellus, prior to the reign of Diocletian, then from Theophanes to A.D. 813, and lastly from John Scylitzes to A.D. 1057. It was first published, Gr. and Lat. by 1 Hottinger, Hist. Eccles. sæcul. xi. sec. ii. p. 452; Hylander, Basil, 1566, fol. and afterwards much better Geddes, History of the Expulsion of the Moriscoes out of and with notes by Fabrotus and Goar, Paris, 1647, fol.; Spain, among his Miscellaneous Tracts, vol. i. p. 104, &c. also in the Corpus Hist. Byzant. tom. viii. p. 1-627. These wars between the Christian kings of Spain-Mur. [I may state here that a new edition of this and the Mohammedans or Moors, are described by the Spanish historians, Mariana and Ferreras. 3 Helmold, Chron. Slavor. lib. 1. cap. xv. p. 52, &c.; Adamus Bremensis, Histor. lib. ii. cap. xxvii. [Among these nations many persons had professed Christianity; but on account of the numberless taxes laid upon them particularly by the clergy, and the cruelty of the Christian magistrates, they returned to paganism again and then persecuted the Christians without mercy. See Helmold (lib. i. cap. xvi. xxiv. XXV.) and Adam. Brem. (lib. ii. cap. xxxii.) particularly in regard to the Slavonians.-Schl. great work of the French press, the Corpus Hist. Byzan. was commenced at Bonn in 1828, at the suggestion of Niebuhr, and that it is still in course of publication under the auspices of the Royal Academy of Berlin. I believe about 45 volumes have already appeared, though some disappointment has been felt at the manner in which some of the works have been edited. See Note 7. p. 396, below.-R. "See Leo Allatius, Diatriba de Psellis, p. 14, ed. Fabricius. [Michael Psellus, junior, was of noble birth, a senator at Constantinople, tutor to Michael Ducas, afterwards emperor. He retired to a monastery about BB |