Ju

4 Clement VII. was a bastard, but Leo X. removed

this stain by an act of legitimation. His political sagacity was such as would better have adorned the character of a minister of state than a minister of Christ. Civil history informs us on what principles he

almost alone the brunt of the war, and by Alexander VI. [1492-1503], Pius III. its dexterity and acuteness in reasoning [1503], Julius II. [1503], Leo X. [1503entirely eclipsed the glory of the old dis- 1521], and Adrian VI. [1521-1523], who putants; by personal address, by skill in have been already mentioned, were Clethe sagacious management of worldly busi- ment VII. [1523-1534], of the Medicean ness, by the knowledge of various arts and family; Paul III. [1534-1549], of sciences, and by other means, it conciliated the illustrious family of Farnese; the good-will of kings and princes; by an lius III. [1550-1555], who was previingenious accommodation of the principles ously called John Maria del Monte; of morals to the propensities of men, it Marcellus II. [1555], whose name before obtained almost the sole direction of the his pontificate was Marcellus Servin;' minds of kings and magistrates, to the ex- Paul IV. [1555-1559], whose name was clusion of the Dominicians and other more John Peter Caraffa;8 Pius IV. [1560– rigid divines; and everywhere it most 1566], who claimed to be a descendant of studiously guarded the authority of the the Medicean family, and bore the name Romish prelate from sustaining farther loss. of John Angelo de Medicis ; Pius V. All these things procured for the society immense resources and wealth, and the highest reputation; but at the same time they excited vast envy, very numerous enemies, and frequently exposed the society to the most imminent perils. All the religious orders, the leading men, the public schools, and the magistrates, united to bear down the Jesuits; and they demonstrated by innumerable books that nothing could be more ruinous both to religion and to the state than such a society as this. In some countries, as France, Poland, and others, they were pronounced to be public enemies of the country, traitors, and parricides, and were banished with ignominy. Yet the prudence, or if you choose the cunning, of the association quieted all these movements, and even turned them dexterously to the enlargement of their power, and to the strengthening of it against all future machinations.3

13. The pontiffs who governed the Latin or Romish church in this century, after

1 Before the Jesuits arose, the Dominicans alone had the control of the consciences of the European kings and princes. But they were superseded in all the courts by the Jesuits. See Du Peyrat, Antiquités de la Chapelle de France, livr. i. p. 322, &c.

Histoire de la Compagnie de Jesus, tome iii. p. 48, &c.; Bulæus, Hist. Acad. Paris. tom. vi. p. 559-648, and in many other places; and a great number of writers, especially those among the Jansenists. [The Jesuits were expelled from France A.D. 1594, but permitted to return again at the commencement of the next century. They were expelled from Venice in 1606, from Poland in 1607, and from Bohemia in 1618; to the last-named place however they were allowed to return two years after.-Mur.

3 It was under Lainez, the general of the order next after Loyola, that the spirit of intrigue entered freely into the society. Lainez possessed a peculiar craftiness and dexterity in managing affairs, and was frequently led by it into low and unworthy tricks. His ruling passion was ambition, which however he knew how to conceal from the inexperienced most artfully, under a veil of humility and piety. Under him the society assumed a graver and more manly character than under his enthusiastic and often ludicrous predecessor; and its constitution was a master-piece of artful policy, rendering it a terrible army, which dared to undermine states, to rend the church, and even to menace the pope. See the Versuch einer Neuen Gesch. des Jesuiter

ordens, vol. ii.-Schl.

acted with the emperor Charles V. See concerning
him, Ziegler's Historia Clementis VII. in Schelhorn's
and Sarpi's Hist. du Concile de Trente, tome i. p. 61,
Amanitat. Hist. Eccles. et Liter. vol. i. p. 210, &c.
&c.- Schl.

much learned discussion between cardinal Quirini and
several distinguished men, as Kiesling, Schelhorn, and
others; the former maintaining that he was a good
and perfidious character.
and eminent man, and the latter, that he was a crafty
See Quirinus de Gestis
Pauli III. Farnesi, Brixen, 1745, 4to. [And Schel-
horn's Epistola de Consilio de Emendanda Ecclesia,
Zurich, 1748, 4to; Quirini, Ad Catholicum aequumque
Lectorem Animadversiones in Epistolam Schelhornii,
Brescia, 1747; Schelhorn's second Epistola, &c. 1748,
4to; Kiesling's Epistola de Gestis Pauli III. Lips. 1747.
Concerning this pope in general, and respecting his
views in regard to a general council, see Sarpi's Hist.
is clear from the discussions of these learned men,
du Concile de Trente, tome i. p. 131, &c. Thus much
that Paul III. was an adept in the art of dissimulation,
and therefore better fitted to be a statesman than the

5 Respecting Paul III. there has in our age been

head of the church. His whole conduct in regard to the council forced upon him by the cardinals proves this. That in his youth he was a great debauchee, whom he created cardinals, and of whom the father of appears from his two grandsons, Farnese and Sforza, the first and the mother of the last were his illegitimate children.-Schl.

6 This was the worthy pontiff who was scarcely seated in the papal chair when he bestowed the cardinal's hat on the keeper of his monkeys, a boy chosen from among the lowest of the populace, and who was also the infamous object of his unnatural pleasures. See Thuanus, lib. vi. and xv.; Hottinger, Hist. Eccles. tom. v. p. 572, &c. and more especially Sleidan, Historia, lib. xxi. folio m. 609.-When Julius was reproached by the cardinals for introducing such an unworthy member into the sacred college, a person who had neither learning, nor virtue, nor merit of any kind, he impudently replied by asking them, What merit or virtue they had found in him that could induce then to place him (Julius) in the papal chair?-Macl.

He reigned only twenty-two days. See Sarpi, ubi supra, tom. ii. p. 139.-Schl.

8 Nothing could exceed the arrogance and ambition of this violent and impetuous pontiff, as appears from his treatment of queen Elizabeth. See Burnet's History of the Reformation. It was he who, by a bull, pretended to raise Ireland to the privilege and quality of an independent kingdom; and it was he also who first instituted the Index of prohibited books, mentioned above, sec. 9.-Macl.

9 His family was very remotely, if at all, descended from the Mediccan family of Florence. His character seemed to be totally changed by his elevation to the papal dignity. The affable, obliging, disinterested, and abstemious cardinal, became an unsocial, selfish, and

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[1566-1572], a Dominican monk whose name was Michael Ghislieri, a man of a sour temper and excessive austerity, who is now accounted by the Romanists a saint; Gregory XIII. [1572-1585], previously cardinal Hugo Buon Compagno; Sixtus V. [1585-1590], a Franciscan called Montaltus, [Peretti, R.] before he ascended the papal throne, who excelled all the rest in vigour of mind, pride, magnificence, and other virtues and vices; Urban VIII. [1590], Gregory XIV. [1590-1591], Innocent IX. [1591]; (these three reigned too short a time to distinguish themselves); [Clement VIII. 1592-1605]. Some of these were more and others less meritorious; yet if compared with most of those

who ruled the church before the reformation by Luther, they were all wise and good men. For since the rise of so many opponents of the Romish power, both within and without, the cardinals have deemed it necessary to be exceedingly cautious, and not commit the arduous government of the church to a person openly vicious, or to a rash and indiscreet young man. And since that period the pontiffs do not and cannot assume such despotic power of deciding on the greatest matters according to their own mere pleasure, as their predecessors did; but they must pronounce sentence ordinarily according to the decision of their senate, that is, of the cardinals and of the congregations, to which certain parts of the government are entrusted. Moreover, voluptuous pope. So long as the council of Trent neither prudence nor the silently increasing continued, which he controlled more by craft and power of emperors and kings, and the concunning than by direct authority, he was very reserved; but after its termination, he showed himself without tinual decrease of ignorance and superstidisguise in his true character. This also may deserve tion, will permit them to excite wars notice, that this pope in the year 1564 allowed the communion in both kinds in the diocese of Mentz, among nations, to issue bulls of excommuwhich allowance also the Austrians and Bavarians had nication and deposition against kings, and obtained of the pope. (Gudenus, Codex Diplom. Mo-to arm the citizens as they formerly did gunt. tom. iv. p. 709). See Sarpi, ubi supra, tom. ii. p. 183, &c.-Schl. against their lawful sovereigns. In short, stern necessity has been the mother of prudence and moderation, at Rome as often elsewhere.

1 Pius V. was of low birth, but had risen as a Dominican to the office of general commissary to the Inquisition at Rome. And as pope, he practised the cruel principles which he had learned in that school of cruelty. For he caused many eminent men of learning, and among others the noted Palearius, to be burned at

the stake; and he showed so little moderation and prudence in his persecuting zeal, that he not only approved of all kinds of violence and let loose his warriors on France, but also employed the baser methods for the destruction of heretics-insurrections and treason. Yet this method of proceeding had the in England, in Scotland, and in the Netherlands. That he also laboured to prostrate entirely the civil power before the spiritual, and by unreasonably exempting the clergy from all civil taxation greatly injured Spain, France, and Venice, may be learned from civil history. By his command, the Tridentine Catechism was composed and published. Clement X. gave him beatification, and Clement XI. canonization, which has occasioned many partial biographics to be composed of this pope.- Schl.

contrary effect from what was intended, in France,

4to.

2 See Maffei, Annales Gregorii XIII. Rome, 1742, [He was elected by means of the Spanish viceroy of Naples, cardinal de Granville, and was of a milder character than Pius V. Yet he openly approved the bloody massacre at Paris on St. Bartholomew's eve, and participated in a treasonable plot against queen Elizabeth. His idea of introducing his reformed calendar as pope drew on him obloquy from the Protestants; and his attempt to free the clergy from all civil jurisdiction, also from the French. He published the Canon Law improved and enlarged.- Schl.

3 Pius V. and Sixtus V. distinguished themselves above the rest; the former by his extreme severity against heretics, and by publishing the celebrated bull called In Coena Domini, which is [was, till the reign of Clement XIV.] annually read at Rome on the festival of the Holy Sacrament; and the latter by his many vigorous, splendid, and resolute acts for advancing the glory and honour of the church. The life of Pius V. has been written by many persons in our age, since Clement XI. enrolled him among the saints. On the bull, In Coena Domini, and the commotions it occasioned, Giannone has treated, in his Histoire Civile de Naples, livr. xxxiii. chap. iv. tome iv. p. 248, &c. [and still more fully and circumstantially, the author of the Pragmatic History of this bull.-Schl.] The life of Sixtus V. by Gregory Leti has been often published, and in different languages; but it is in many parts

14. The condition of the clergy subject to the Roman pontiff remained unchanged. Some of the bishops at times, and especially at the council of Trent, very earnestly sought to recover their ancient rights, of which the pontiffs had deprived them; and they supposed that the pontiff might be compelled to acknowledge that bishops were of divine origin, and derived their authority from Christ himself.5 But all

deficient in fidelity. [Sixtus V. was a complete statesman, and possessing a high degree of dissimulation he could play any part; and instead of the fruitless attempt of his predecessors to reduce the heretics again to obedience, he endeavoured to increase his power by conquering the kingdom of Naples, by retaining the princes who were still in his interests, and by encroachments upon their power. The Jesuits, for whom he had no partiality, hated him. The splendour of the city of Rome, the papal treasury, and the Vatican library, owe much to him. He likewise promoted the Romish edition of the Septuagint in 1587, and the edition of the Latin Vulgate, Rome, 1590, in 3 vols. fol. While a cardinal in 1580, he published at Rome the collected works of Ambrose, in 5 vols. See Walch's History of the Popes, p. 399.-Schl. [And especially Ranke, ubi supra, vol. i. p. 446, &c. See also the appendix to the third vol. p. 115, &c. where Ranke gives a fuil account of Leti's biography of Sixtus, of that by Tempesti, and of certain manuscript lives and other materials for illustrating the policy of that famous pontiff.-R.

4 For further information on these popes of the sixteenth century, see Ranke's Popes of Rome, vols. i. and ii.-R.

5 Here may be consulted, Paul Sarpi's Historia Concilii Tridentini. [This celebrated history was first published in Italian at London, in 1619, under the assumed name of Pietro Soave Polano, an anagram of his real name, Paolo Sarpi Veneto, i.e. Paul Sarpi of Venice. An English translation appeared in 629 but the best edition is that of 1676. It has also been trans

15. Respecting the lives and morals of the clergy and the reformation of inveterate evils, there was deliberation in the Council of Trent; and on this subject some decrees were passed which no wise man can disapprove. But good men complain that those decrees have to this day found no executor, and that they are neglected with impunity by all, and especially by those of more elevated rank and station. The

Trente, Gen. 1682, also translated into English, Lond.

these attempts were frustrated by the German bishops, as every one knows, have vigilance of the Romish court, which did almost nothing except their dress, their not cease to repeat the odious maxim, that titles, and certain ceremonies, from which bishops are only the ministers and legates the nature of their office could be inferred. of the vicar of Jesus Christ resident at In the other countries very many of the Rome, and that they are indebted for all prelates, with the tacit consent of the pope, the power and authority they possess to are more devoted to courts, to voluptuousthe generosity and grace of the apostolic ness, to wealth and ambition, than to see. Yet there were some, particularly Jesus Christ, to whom they profess to be among the French, who little regarded consecrated; and only a very small number that principle. And what the Romish care for the interests of the Christian comjurists call reservations, provisions, exemp-munity, or of piety and religion. Moretions, and expectatives, which had drawn over, those who are most attentive to these forth complaints from all the nations before things can scarcely escape invidious rethe Reformation, and which were the most marks, criminations, and vexations of manifest proofs of the Romish tyranny, various kinds. Many perhaps would be now almost entirely ceased. better and more devout, were they not corrupted by the example of Rome, or did they not see the very heads of the church and their servants wholly devoted to luxury, avarice, pride, revenge, voluptu ousness, and vain pomp. The canons as they are called almost everywhere continue to adhere to their pristine mode of life, and consume, often not very piously or honestly, the wealth which the piety of former ages had consecrated to the poor. The rest of the clergy however cannot at their pleasure everywhere copy after these preposterous moral guides. For it must be admitted, that since the reformation by Luther much more pains is taken than formerly to prevent the lower orders of the clergy from disregarding the rules of sobriety and external decency, lest their open profligacy should give offence to the people. 16. Nearly the same praise belongs to the monks. In most of the governors of monasteries there are things which deserve the severest reprehension; nor are idleness, gluttony, ignorance, knavery, quarrels, lasciviousness, and the other once prevalent vices of the monasteries, entirely expelled and banished from them. Yet it would be uncandid to deny that in many countries the morals of the monks are subjected to stricter rules, and that the remaining vestiges of the ancient profligacy are at least more carefully concealed. There have also arisen some who have laboured to restore the almost extinct austerity of the ancient rules, and others who have attempted to establish new fraternities for the public benefit of the church. Matthew de Baschi, an Italian, an honest but simple man, of that society of Franciscans who supposed they obeyed the precepts of their founder more religiously than the others, and who are commonly called Observant Friars (Fratres de Observantia), thought himself called by God to restore the institutes of St. Francis to their original and genuine integrity.

lated into Latin, French, and German. It was epitomized by Jurieu in his Abrégé de l'Histoire du Concile de 1684. The papal party were compelled in self-defence to produce a counter-history in order to obviate the effects which this unsparing exposure of their corrupt intrigues at Trent had produced throughout Europe. A Jesult of the name of Sforza Pallavicino was employed for this purpose; every facility was afforded him, and his Istoria del Concilio di Trento at length appeared in Italian at Rome, in 1656-57. It has not yet been translated into

English, but French and Latin translations have appeared at different times. The student will see a

most valuable critique upon these two rival histories, in the Appendix (section ii.) to Ranke's Popes of Rome, Mrs. Austin's translation, vol. iii. p. 56, &c. A careful digest of the history of the council, taken from Father Paul and Pallavicini, may be seen in Du Pin's Nouv. Biblio. des Auteurs Ecclés. tome xv. Many public documents, state-papers, official letters, &c. connected with the council have been collected from various sources, and published by Le Plat, under the title of Monumentorum ad Historiam Concil. Trident. ilustrandam, amplissima Collectio, Lov. 1781-87, 7 tom. 4to, but it does not contain the decrces or canons of the council. In addition to Fra Paolo or Father Paul's history above mentioned, the English reader may consult Geddes's Council of Trent no Free Assembly, Lond. 1714, 8vo, being a translation of the Lettres et Mémoires de Fr. de Vargas, &c. Amst. 1699, 8vo; Scott's Continuation of Milner's Church History, vol. it. chap. xiii.; Cramp's Text-book of Popery, second edit. Lond. 1839, which contains an exposition of the doctrinal decrees of the Council of Trent, mingled with historical matter. The student will find some additional information from unpublished documents, in Mendham's Memoirs of the Council of Trent, Lond. 1834, with Supplement, 1836; and still more valuable matter in Ranke's Popes of Rome, vols. 1. and This careful and impartial historian thus speaks of Le Plat and Mendham: "Le Plat follows Rainaldus or Sarpi frequently word for word, and takes out of the Latin translations of their works what he cannot find otherwise authenticated. He has also used fewer MSS. than we could have expected. There is much which is new and good in Mendham, but he has not devoted sufficient study to his subject," vol. iii. appendix, P.

81.-R.

His design being approved by Clement | year 1600 again separated them into two VII. in the year 1525, gave rise to the societies governed by their respective genefraternity of Capuchins, which experienced rals.4 the bitter indignation of the other Francis- 17. Of the new orders which arose in cans, and exhibited a great appearance of this century, the most distinguished was gravity, modesty, and disregard for worldly that which proudly assumed the name of things. The fraternity derived its name Jesus, and which has been already noticed from the cowl (caputium), a covering for among the props of the Romish power. the head sewed to the Franciscan coat, Compared with this, the others appeared which St. Francis himself is said to have ignoble and obscure. The Reformation afworn.2 Another progeny of the Francis- forded occasion for various societies of what' can order were those called Recollets in are called Regular Clerks. As all these France, Reformati in Italy, and Barefooted professed to aim at imitating and restoring (Discalceati) in Spain; and who likewise the ancient virtue and sanctity of the cleobtained the privileges of a separate asso-rical order, they tacitly bear witness to ciation distinct from the others in the year the laxity of discipline among the clergy, 1532, by authority of Clement VII. They and the necessity of a reformation. The differ from the other Franciscans by endeavouring to live more exactly according to the rules of their common lawgiver. St. Theresia, a Spanish lady of noble birth, aided in the arduous work by John de Matthia, who was afterwards called John de St. Cruce, endeavoured to restore the too luxurious and almost dissolute lives of the Carmelites to their pristine gravity. Nor were these efforts without effect, although the greatest part of the Carmelites opposed them. Hence the order was divided during ten years into two parties, the one observing severer and the other laxer rules. But as this difference as to their mode of life among members of the same family occasioned much animosity and discord Gregory XIII. in the year 1580, at the request of Philip II. king of Spain, directed the more rigid Carmelites, who were called Barefooted from their going with naked feet, to separate themselves from the more lax. Sixtus V. confirmed and extended this separation in 1587, and Clement VIII. completed it in 1593, by giving to the new association an appropriate chief or general. A few years after, when new contests arose between these brethren, the same pontiff in the

See Wadding's Annales Ordinis Minorum, tom. xvi. p. 207, 257, &c. ed. Rome; Helyot's Histoire des Ordres Monastiques, tome vii. chap. xxiv. p. 264. And especially Boverius, Annales Capucinorum. [The founder of the order of Capuchins is not well known. Some give this honour to Matthew Baschi, and others to the famous Lewis de Fossembrun. Boverius supposes that Baschi devised the cowl, but that Fossembrun his order was not the work of men, but, like Melchizedek, without father and without mother. The order had the misfortune that its first vicar-general Bernardo Ochino, and afterwards the third also, turned Protestants, which well nigh worked its ruin. Yet it afterwards spread itself over Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, with extraordinary success.-Schl.

was the author of the reform; and he thence infers that

2 See Du Fresne's Glossarium Latinitat. Medii Evi, tom. ii. p. 298, ed. Bened. art. Caputium.

3 Wadding's Annales, tom. xvi. p. 167; Helyot's Histoire des Ordres Monast. tome vii. chap. xviii. &c. p. 129, &c.

first which arose were the Theatins, so named from the town Theate or Chieti [in the kingdom of Naples], whose bishop at that time was John Peter Caraffa, afterwards pope Paul IV. who, with the aid of Cajetan de Thienæis and some others, founded this society in the year 1524. Destitute of all possessions and all revenue, they were to live upon the voluntary bounties of the pious, and were required to succour decaying piety, to improve the style of preaching, to attend upon the sick and dying, and to oppose manfully and vigorously all heretics. There were also some convents of sacred virgins connected with this order. Next in point of time to them were those which assumed the name of Regular Clerks of St. Paul, whom they chose for their patron, but who were commonly called Barnabites, from the temple of St. Barnabas at Milan which was given to them in the year 1535. This fraternity was approved by Clement VII. in 1532, and confirmed by Paul III. in 1535. It honoured as its founders Antony Mavia Zacharias, a knight of Cremona, and Bartholomew Ferrarius, a knight of Milan, also James Antony Morigia of Milan. At first they renounced all possessions and property like the Theatins, living solely upon the gratuitous gifts of the pious; but afterwards they deemed it expedient to hold property and have certain revenues. Their principal business was to labour as preachers in reclaiming sinners to their duty. The Regular Clerks of St. Majoli, also called the Fathers of Somasquo from the town Somasquo where their first general resided, had for their founder Jerome Emilianus,

4 Helyot, Histoire des Ordres Monast. tome i. chap. xlvii. p. 340, &c.

5 Helyot, ubi supra, tome iv. chap. xii. p. 71, &c. 6 Helyot, ubi supru, tome iv. chap. xv. p. 100. In this part of his noted and excellent work, Helyot with great Industry and accuracy prosecutes the history of the other sects [of monks] which we have here mentioned.