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will readily occur to those disposed to their pupils and their reputation, yet all inquire for them. But it found a new domi- the philosophers would not join themselves cile in Great Britain, the philosophers of to the one or the other of them. which perceiving in its infantile and imma- liberty of thinking for themselves being ture features a resemblance of the great obtained, some men of superior genius and Francis Bacon, lord. Verulam, took it into acumen, and some also whose imaginations their arms, cherished it, and to our times were stronger than their judgments, venhave given it fame. The whole Royal tured to point out new ways for discovering Society of London, which is almost the public latent truths. But nearly all of them school of the nation, approved of it, and failed of obtaining many followers, so that with no less expense than pains and patience it will be sufficient just to glance at the subimproved and extended it. In particular, ject. There were some whose mediocrity it is very much indebted for its progress to of talents or whose native indolence deterred those immortal men, Isaac Barrow, John them from the difficult and laborious task Wallis, John Locke, and Robert Boyle, who of investigating truth by the efforts of their should have been named first, a very religious own minds; and who therefore attempt to gentleman, much noted among other things collect and form into a kind of system the for his very learned works. The theologians best and most satisfactory principles adalso of that country, a class of men whom mitted by all the schools. philosophers are wont to charge with vio- commonly denominated Eclectics. And lently opposing their measures, deemed it finally, from these very contests of the philonot only sound and harmless, but most sophers, some very acute men took occasion useful to awaken and cherish feelings, of to despair of finding the truth, and again reverence for the Deity and to defend reli- to open the long-closed school of the Scepgion, and most consonant with the decisions tics. Among these, the more distinguished of the Holy Scriptures and the primitive were Francis Sanches, a physician of Touchurch. And hence all those who publicly louse, 2 Francis de la Mothe le Vayer, assailed the enemies of God and religion Peter Daniel Huet, bishop of Avranches, in the Boyle Lectures, descended into the and some others. It is usual and not witharena clad in its armour and wielding its out reason to place among this class Peter weapons. But by the ingenuity and dili- Bayle, who acquired high reputation in gence of no one have its increase and the latter part of this century by various progress been more aided than by those works rich in matter and elegant in style. of Isaac Newton, a man of the highest excellence, and venerable even in the estimation of his opposers; for he spent the whole of his long life in digesting, correcting, amplifying, and demonstrating it, both by experiments and by computations; and with so much success, that from only silver it seemed to become gold in his hands. The English say that the excellence and the superior value of this philosophy may be learned from this fact, that all those who have devoted themselves wholly to it have left behind them bright examples of sanctity and solid piety; while, on the other hand, many of the metaphysical philosophers have been entirely estranged from God and his worship, and were teachers and promoters of the greatest impiety.

37. But although these two illustrious schools had deprived the ancient ones of

This great man's Elementa Philosophice Mathematica, often printed, and his other writings, philosophical and mathematical and also theological, are of great notoriety. His life and merits are elegantly described by Fontenelle, Elogés des Académiciens de l'Académie Royale de Sciences, tome ii. p. 293-323. Add Biblioth. Angloise, tome xv. part ii. p. 545, and Biblioth. Raisonnée, tome vi. part ii. p. 478.

3

4

2 There is a celebrated work of his entitled, De eo,

quod nihil scitur; which, with his other tracts and his
Life, was published at Toulouse, 1636, 4to. See Bayle's
Dictionnaire, tome iii. p. 2530, and Peter de Ville-
mandy's Skepticismus Debellatus, cap. iv. p. 32.
3 See Bayle's Dictionnaire, tome iv. art. Vayer, p.

2780, &c.

4 His book on the Weakness of Human Reason was

published after his death, both in French, Amsterd. 1723, 8vo, and recently in Latin. But it appears that long before this book was either published or written, Huet had recommended the mode of philosophising adopted by the sceptics, and thought this alone best See his suited to establish the Christian religion. Commentarius de Rebus ad eum pertinentibus, lib. iv. p. 230, and his Demonstratio Evangelica, preface, sec. iv. p. 9, where he approves of the measures of those who first enervate all philosophy and expel it from the mind by the truth of Christianity. We are aware that the Jesuits, to whom Huet was much inclined, formerly hazardous artifice, in order to draw over Protestants to

sceptical arguments, before they prove to the doubting

adopted with success and do still adopt this very the Romish community.

5 Who at this day can be unacquainted with Bayle?

His Life, copiously written in two volumes 8vo, by Des Maizeaux, was published at the Hague in 1732 [and is prefixed to the fifth edition of his Dictionnaire Hist. et Critique, Basil, 1738, 4 tomes, fol.] His scepticism was most clearly shown and confuted with great dexterity by De Crousaz, in a very copious French work (Examen du Pyrrhonisme], a neat abridgment of which was made by Sam. Formey [Le Triomphe de l'Evidence], and translated from French into German, by Haller, Gotting. 1750, 8vo. [See also Bayle's own answer to this and other charges brought against him, subjoined to the fifth edition of his Dictionnaire, tome iv. p. 616, &c.-Mur.

SECTION II.

THE PARTICULAR HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.

PART I.

THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT CHURCHES.

CHAPTER I.

THE HISTORY OF THE ROMISH OR LATIN CHURCH.

1. Ar the commencement of this century, the Romish church was governed by Clement VIII. [A.D. 1592–1605] whose former name was Aldobrandini, and who reigned in the close of the preceding century. That he possessed genius and cunning, and was very zealous for suppressing Protestantism and extending the Romish church, all admit; but whether he had all the prudence necessary for a sovereign pontiff, many have questioned. He was succeeded [during 27 days] in the year 1605 by Leo XI. of the family of Medici, who died at an advanced age in the very year of his elevation and left the Romish chair to Paul V. of the family of Borghese [1605-1621], who was a man of violent passions and frequently a most insolent asserter of his prerogatives, as appears, among other things, from his rash and unsuccessful conflict with the Venetians. In Gregory XV. [1621-1623] of the family of Ludovici, who was elected in 1621, there was more moderation than in Paul V. but no more gentleness towards those who forsook the Romish church. This however is the common and almost necessary fault of all the Roman pontiffs, who without it could scarcely fulfil the high duties of their office. Urban VIII. of the family of Barberini [1623-1644], whom the favour of the cardinals placed in the Romish chair in 1623, showed himself very favourable and liberal to learned and literary men, being himself well versed in literature and an excellent writer both in prose and verse; but towards the Protes

See Leo Allatius, Apes Urbana, which little book was republished by Fabricius at Hamburg. It is a full catalogue of the learned and excellent men who adorned Rome in the pontificate of Urban VIII. and who experienced the liberality of that pontiff. The neat and elegant Latin poems of this pontiff have been often printed. [These poems were written while he was at cardinal. Under him nepotism greatly prevailed, and the political transactions of his court are ascribable more to his nephews and family than to him. He procured a very distinguished edition of the Romish Breviary, suppressed the order of female Jesuits, con

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tants he was extremely cruel and harsh. Yet Urban will appear kind and good, if compared with Innocent X. [1644-1655] of the family of Pamphili, who succeeded him in 1644. For he was ignorant of all those things of which ignorance is least excusable in heads of the church, and surrendered up himself and all public affairs civil and sacred to the control of Olympia his kinswoman, a most vicious creature, avaricious and insolent. His very zealous efforts to prevent the peace of Westphalia, I do not think we should reckon among his peculiar crimes, because, if I am not greatly mistaken, the best of pontiffs would have done the same. His successor in 1655, Alexander VII. previously Fabius Chigi [A.D. 1655-1667], is deserving of a little more commendation. Yet he was not lacking in any of those stains which the pontiffs cannot wash off and yet preserve their rank and authority; and discerning and distinguished men even in the Romish church have described him as possessing slender talents, inadequate to the manage

ferred the title of Eminence on the cardinals and on all cardinal-legates, on the three clerical German electors, and on the grand master of the order of Malta.-Schl 2 Mémoires du Cardinal de Retz, tome iii. p. 102, &c. newest edition. Add tome iv. p. 12. Respecting his contests with the French, see Bougeant's Histoire de la

Paix de Westphalie, tome iv. p. 56, &c. [Respecting Pamfili, trad. de l'Italien de l'Abbé Gualdi, avec des notes Olympia, see La Vie d'Olympe Maldachini Princesse par M. I. Geneva (or rather Paris), 1770, 12mo. The original was published in 1666, 12mo. Innocent before which was continued after his elevation, and was carhis election had lived in free intercourse with Olympia, ried to such lengths that the Donna, under the reign of her dear brother-in-law, possessed all power, sold all offices and prebends, gathered money in a thousand ways, opened the despatches of the envoys, and guided and controlled all state affairs. She suppressed nearly 2,000 minor cloisters, and thereby obtained vast sums; and other cloisters threatened with the same fate had to purchase their freedom. She was for some time excluded from the palace and removed from the court by cardinal Pancirolla and his creature, the pretended cardinal Pamphili, whose proper name was Astalli and who had no connexion with the pope. But she soon after returned to her old place and was the absolute mistress of the Vatican, where she at last took up her residence; indeed the unfriendly chroniclers say that one of her earrings was found in the pope's bed. And such was the pontiff who persuaded Ferdinand III. to hold the sword always drawn over the Protestants, who condemned Jansenfus, and who entered his dissent against the peace of Westphalia.- Schl.

1

ment of great affairs, an insidious disposition, | worthy regulations and enactments of Innoand the basest instability. The two Cle- cent fell to the ground and were overthrown ments IX. and X. who were elected, the by the indolence and the yielding temper of one in 1668 and the other in 1669 [1670- Alexander VIII. of the Ottoboni family, 1676], performed little worth recording for who was created pope in the year 1689 posterity. The former was of the family of [A.D. 1689-1691].** Innocent XII. of the Rospigliosi, and the latter of that of Altieri.2 family of Pigniatelli, a good man and posInnocent XI. previously Benedict Ode- sessed of fine talents, who succeeded Alexscalchi, who ascended the papal throne in ander in the year 1691 [A.D. 1691-1700], 1677 [1676-1689], acquired a high and wished to restore the regulations of Innocent permanent reputation by the strictness of XI. to their authority, and he did partially his morals, his uniform consistency, his restore them. But he too had to learn that abhorrence of gross superstition, his zeal the wisest and most vigorous pontiffs are to purge religion of fables and reform the inadequate to cure the maladies of the clergy, and by other virtues. But his court and church of Rome; nor did posexample most clearly shows that much may terity long enjoy the benefits he had probe attempted and but little accomplished vided for them. At the very end of the by pontiffs, although they possess perfectly century, 1699 [A.D. 1700-1721], Clement sound views and upright intentions; and XI. of the family of Albani was placed at that the wisest regulations cannot long the head of the Romish church. He was resist the machinations of such a multitude clearly the most learned of the cardinals, of persons, fostered and raised to power and not inferior to any of the preceding and influence by licentiousness of morals, pontiffs in wisdom, mildness, and the desire pious frauds, fables, errors, and worthless to reign well. Yet he was so far from institutions. At least, nearly all the praise- strenuously opposing the inveterate maladies and the unseemly regulations of the Romish church, that indiscreetly and as he supposed for the glory and security of the church, i.e. of the head of it, he rather admitted many things which conduce to its dishonour, and which show that even the better sort of pontiffs, through their zeal to preserve or to augment their dignity and honour, may easily fall into the greatest errors and faults."

1 See the Mémoires du Card. de Retz, tome iv. p. 16, &c. p. 77, who very sagaciously decides many points respecting him; also Mémoires de M. Joly, tome ii. p. 186, 210, 237, who speaks equally ill of Alexander; and the celebrated Arckenholz, Mémoires de la Reine Christine, tome ii. p. 125, &c. [The craft and dissimulation attributed to this pontiff really constituted an essential part of his character; but it is not strictly true that he was a man of a mean genius, or unequal to great and difficult undertakings. He was a man of learning, and discovered very eminent abilities at the treaty of Munster, where he was sent in the character of nuncio. Some writers relate that while he was in Germany he had formed the design of abjuring popery and embracing the Protestant religion, but was deterred from the execution of his purpose by the example of his cousin count Pompey, who was poisoned at Lyons on his way to Germany after he had abjured the Romish faith. These writers add that Chigi was confirmed in his religion by his elevation to the cardinalship. See Bayle, Nouvelles de la Répub. des Lettres, Octob. 1688.--Macl.

2 Mémoires de la Reine Christine, tome ii. p. 126, 131. [Clement IX. was a ruler fond of peace and splendour, a foe to nepotism, and a beneficent friend to his subjects. Clement X. was no less fond of peace than his predecessor, but he introduced a peculiar kind of nepotism by adopting as his son the cardinal Paolucci. Yet his six years' reign exhibited nothing remarkable. Schl.

the clergy, and to extirpate nepotism. But he often went too far, and his reforming zeal frequently extended to things indifferent. For instance, he wished to prohibit the clergy from taking snuff, and the ladies from learning music and the like. And in this way he would have hindered the good effects of his zeal for reformation if he had met with no obstructions to be overcome. To canonization and to the reading of the bull In Cana Domini he was no friend. He actually canonized no one; and on Maunday Thursdays, on which this bull was to be read, he always gave out that he was sick. His Life was written by Philip Bonamici, the papal secretary of the Latin Briefs, with design probably to favour his canonization, in which business he was the Postulator; and it was entitled Commentar. de Vita et Rebus Gestis Venerab. Servi Dei Innocentii XI. Pont. Mar. Rome, 1776, 8vo.- Schl.

4 Alexander VIII. restored nepotism, condemned the Jesuitical error of philosophical sin, and benefited the Vatican library by purchasing the library of queen Christina.-Schl.

See the Journal Universel, tome 1. p. 441, &c. tome vi. p. 306. The present pontiff, Benedict XIV. attempted in the year 1743 to enrol Innocent XI. among the saints. But Louis XV. king of France, influenced it is said by the Jesuits, resisted the measure because Louis XIV. had had much controversy with this pontiff, as we shall state hereafter. [It is a remarkable 5 Cardinal Henry Noris says much respecting Innocircumstance in his life, that in the Thirty Years' War he cent XII. his election, character, and morals, in his served in Germany as a soldier; and there is still shown Epistles, published in his Opera, tom. v. p. 362, 365, at Wolfenbuttle the house in which as an officer he is 370, 373, 380. [His hostility to nepotism, and his insaid to have resided. This circumstance indeed the flexibility, his strictness, and his frugality, were as count Turrezonico has called in question, in his work great as those of Innocent XI. His strictness he maniDe Supposititiis Stipendiis Militaribus Bened. Odeschal-fested in particular by forbidding the clergy to wear chi, Como, 1742, fol. But Heumann has placed the fact wigs, and by requiring the monks to live according to beyond all doubt in the Hannoverisch. nüzlichen Samm- their rules. He was so little disposed to burn heretics lungen, 1755, p. 1185; and in the Beyträge von alten u. that the Inquisition began to doubt his orthodoxy; and neuen theologischen Sachen, 1755, p. 882. He however when he wished to protect Molinos, they by commisafterwards assumed the sacred office; and even on the sioners put this question to him, "What did Aloysius papal throne exhibited the virtues of a military com- Pigniatelli believe?"-Schl. mander, courage, strictness, and inflexibility of purpose. He sought to diminish the voluptuousness and splendid extravagance of his court. to correct all abuses among

There were published the last year [A.D. 1752], in French, two biographies of Clement XI. the one composed by the celebrated Lafitau, bishop of Sisteron in

commenced near the beginning of the century in the Austrian territories, where those citizens who had renounced the Romish religion were oppressed in numberless ways with impunity by their adversaries, and were divested of all their rights. Most of them had neither resolution nor ability to defend their cause, though guaranteed by the most solemn treaties and laws. The Bohemians alone, when they perceived it to be the fixed purpose of the adherents of the pope, by gradual encroachments to deprive them of all liberty of worshipping God according to the dictates of their consciences, though purchased with immense expense of blood by their fathers and but recently confirmed to them by royal charter, resolved to resist the enemies of their souls with force and arms. Therefore having entered into a league, they ventured courageously to avenge the wrongs done to them and to their religion. And that they sometimes went farther than either discretion or the precepts of that religion which they defended would justify, no one will deny. This boldness terrified their adversaries, but it did not entirely dismay them. The Bohemians therefore in order to pluck

2. The great pains taken by the Romish church to extond their power among the barbarous nations which were ignorant of Christianity have been already noticed. We have therefore now only to describe their care and efforts to recover their lost possessions, or to bring the Protestants under subjection. And for this their efforts were astonishingly great and various. In the struggle they resorted to the powers of genius, to arms and violence, to promises, to flatteries, to disputations, and to wiles and fallacies, but for the most part with little success. In the first place, in order to demonstrate the justice of that war which they had long been preparing to carry on by means of the house of Austria against the followers of the purer faith, they in part suffered and in part caused the peace settled with the Protestants by Charles V. to be assailed by Casper Scioppius, a perfidious but learned man, by the Jesuits, Adam Tanner, Anthony Possevin, Balthazar Hager, Thomas Hederick, and Lawrence Forer, the jurists of Dillingen and others. For they wished to have it believed that this treaty of peace was unjust, that it had no legitimate force, and that it was violated and rendered null by the Protestants them-up the very roots of the evil, when the selves, because they had either corrupted or forsaken the Augsburg Confession. This malicious charge was repelled privately by many Lutheran divines, and publicly in 1628 and 1631, by order of John George, elector of Saxony, in two volumes accurately drawn up by Matthias Hoe, which were called the Lutherans' Defence of the Apple of their Eye (Defensio Pupilla Lutheranc), to indicate the importance of the subject. The assailants however did not retreat, but continued to dress up their bad cause in numerous books written for the most part in an uncouth and sarcastic style. And on the other hand, many of the Lutherans exposed their sophisms and invectives.

3. The religious war which the pontiffs had for a long time been projecting to be carried on by the Austrians and Spaniards

France, Vie de Clement XI. Padua, 1752, 2 tomes, 8vo; the other composed by Reboulet, chancellor of Avignon, Histoire de Clement XI. Avignon, 1752, 2 tomes, 4to. Both (but especially the latter) are written with elegance; both contain many historical errors which French historians are commonly not duly careful to avoid; both are not so much histories as panegyrics, yet are such that discerning readers can easily discover that though very discreet, Clement from a desire to confirm and exalt the pontifical majesty did many things very imprudently, and by his own fault brought much vexation on himself. [On the characters and policy of these pontiffs, see especially Ranke's Popes of Rome, vols. ii. and iii. Mrs. Austin's translation.-R.

Respecting these writings see, besides others, Salig's Historie der Augsb. Confession, vol. i. book fv. chap. iii. p. 458, &c. [See also Schlegel's notes to this paragraph -Mur.

emperor Matthias died in 1619, thought it their duty to clect for their sovereign one who was not a Roman Catholic. This they supposed they had a right to do by the ancient privileges of the nation, which had been accustomed to elect their sovereigns by a free suffrage, and not to receive them by any natural or hereditary right. consequence was that Frederick V. the electoral prince Palatine, who professed the Reformed religion, was chosen and solemnly crowned this very year at Prague.3

The

4. But this step, from which the Bohemians anticipated security to their cause, brought ruin upon their new king and upon themselves various calamities, including that which they most dreaded, the loss of a religion purged of Romish corruptions. Frederick, being vanquished by the imperial forces at Prague in the year 1620, lost not

2 What occurred in Austria itself is laboriously narrated by Raupach, in his Austria Evangelica, written in German. The sufferings of the friends of a purer faith in Styria, Moravia, and Carinthia, and the arts by which they were utterly suppressed, the same diligent and pious writer intended to have described from published and unpublished documents, but death prevented him. [Something on the subject, as far down as the year 1564, to which date Raupach had arrived when death overtook him, Winkler has left us in this Anecdota Histor. Eccles. par. viii. p. 233, &c.-Schl.

3 Here, in addition to the writers of the ecclesiastical history of this century, Carolus, and Jäger, sce Struve's Syntagma Histor. German. p. 1487, 1510, 1523, 1538, &c. and the authors the cites. Add the accurate Le Vassor's Histoire de Louis XIII. tome ill. page 223, &c.

with success.

only the kingdom he had occupied, but also | prince Palatine, who, they maintained, was his hereditary dominions; and now an unjustly deprived of his hereditary domiexile, he had to give up his very flourishing nions. For they contended that this prince, territories, together with his treasures, to be by invading Bohemia, had not injured the depopulated and plundered by the Bava- German emperor but only the house of rians. Many of the Bohemians were pun- Austria; and that the emperor had no right ished with imprisonment, exile, confiscation to avenge the wrongs of that house by of their property, and death; and the whole inflicting the penalties decreed against nation from that time onward was com- princes who should rebel against the Roman pelled to follow the religion of the conqueror, empire. But this war was not attended and to obey the decrees of the Roman pontiff. The Austrians would have obtained a much less easy victory, or would have at least been obliged to give better terms to the Bohemians, if they had not been aided and assisted by John George I. the elector of Saxony, who was influenced both by his hatred of the Reformed religion and by other motives of a political nature. This overthrow of the prince Palatine was the commencement of the Thirty Years' War which was so disastrous to Germany. For some of the German princes, entering into a league with the king of Denmark, took up arms against the emperor in support of the

of Bohemia; and he is said to have contributed much

1 Here may be consulted the Commentarii de Bello Bohemico Germanico ab anno Chr. 1617, ad ann. 1630, 4to; Le Vassor's Histoire de Louis XIII. tome iii. p. 444, &c. Compare also on many points in these affairs Scultetus' Narratio Apologetica de curriculo Vitæ suæ, p. 86, &c. It is a matter of notoriety that the Roman Catholics, and particularly the Jesuit Martin Becan, induced Matthias Hoe, who was an Austrian by birth and chaplain to the elector of Saxony, to make it appear to his master that the cause of the Palatinate, as being that of the Reformed religion, was both unrighteous and injurious to the Lutheran religion, and to persuade him to espouse the cause of Austria. See the Unschuldige Nachrichten, A.D. 1747, p. 858. [This Scultetus was the known court preacher to the unfortunate king to his resolving to accept the Bohemian crown. Yet this last fact Scultetus denied, though he admitted that he subsequently commended the king for having taken that resolution, and that in one of his sermons he exhorted him to manly courage. Matthias Hoe of Hoeneg, of noble Austrian birth, burned with the most terrible religious hatred against the Reformed, and actually abhorred them more than he did the Catholics. To be convinced of this we need only to read his Manifest and the Turks, or his Thoughts respecting the Heilbron League of the Protestant States with Sweden; which last plece is in the Unschuldige Nachrichten, vol. xxxiv. p. 570-581. These traits in his character were known, and perhaps also the susceptibility of his heart in respect to gold. And hence the Jesuitical emissaries, and particularly Becan, were able (by their unassuming and flattering letters, in which they represented the misfortune it would be to have the Bohemians fall under the dominion of a Réformed prince) to give such a direction to his mind that he exerted himself against

Proofs that the Calvinists harmonize with the Arians

5. The papists therefore, being elated with the success of the emperor, were confident that the period most earnestly longed for had now arrived, when they could either destroy the whole mass of heretics or bring them again under subjection to the church. The emperor giving way too much to this impression, fearlessly carried his arms through a great part of Germany; and he not only suffered his generals to harass with impunity those princes and states which manifested less docility than was agreeable to the Romish court, but also showed by no doubtful indications that the destruction of all Germanic liberty, civil and religious, was determined upon. And the fidelity of the clector of Saxony to the emperor, which he had abundantly evinced by his conduct towards the elector Palatine, and the disunion among the princes of Ger many, encouraged the belief that the appa rent obstructions to the accomplishment of this great object might be overcome with but moderate efforts. Hence in the year 1629, the emperor Ferdinand II. to give some colour of justice to this religious war, issued that terrible decree called from its object the Restitution Edict, by which the Protestants were commanded to deliver up and restore to the Romish church all ecclesiastical property which had fallen into their hands since the religious peace established in the preceding century.3 The Jesuits especially are said to have procured from the emperor this decree; and it is indeed ascertained that this sect had purposed to claim a great part of the property demanded as due to them in reward of their great services to the cause of religion; and hence arose a violent contest between them and the ancient possessors of that pro

2 The principal historians of this war are Khevenhüller, Annales Ferdinandi; Von Chemnitz, Swedish War; Puffendorf, De Rebus Suecicis; and the Histories of the Thirty Years' War, by Bougeant, Krause, Schiller, &c. See Henke's Kirchengesch. vol. iii. p. 321, note. [On all these transactions sec especially Ranke's Popes of Rome, volume ii. full of original and authentic information not elsewhere accessible.-R.

the Reformed, and hindered his master from entering
into a league with them. His master was attached to
the Evangelical Lutheran faith, was very conscientious,
and believed simply whatever his confessor said, by
whom (as it is expressed in the above-cited Thoughts,
&c.) he inquired of the Lord. The Austrian gold at
the same time may also have had considerable influence
on the court preacher's eloquence. At least it is openly-Mur.
stated that the court preacher afterwards received
10,000 dollars from the imperial court, to divest the
elector of those scruples of conscience which might
cause him [to oppose] the peace of Prague so injurious
to the common cause. See Puffendorf, Rerum Suecicar.
lib. vii. p. 193.-Schl.

3 This subject will be found illustrated by the authors mentioned in Struve's Syntagma Histor. German. p. 1553, &c. and by the others mentioned above. [See note 1, p. 596, above.-Mur.

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