Corn fields neatly finished in this manner give a plan a very fine

appearance.

Moors.

With a pen, or a hair-pencil, draw the representation of a few scattered hillocks if there be any on the moor.

Draw also here and there small bushes, to represent heath, broom, whins, and such like brushwood as usually grow upon moors.

Make likewise tufts of grass, if the moor is pasturable, and then fill up all the vacant spaces with perpendicular and inclining strokes, as represented in Nos. 1 and 2, Plate VI.

If the moor be high, hilly, and rugged, with pools of water, caverns, roads, &c., it must be shaded with lines, in imitation of engraving, as exhibited in No. 5, Plate VI.; if any parts be wet and marshy, they must be done in the same manner as marshy ground; and if the moor contains large stones, rocks, or trees, they must not be omitted.

When you have finished shading with Indian ink, you must then colour the different parts of the moor in the same manner as they appear in nature. The parts producing herbage must be washed with a greenish colour, inclining to blue; the dark parts with a brownish tint; the lighter parts with a yellowish one, &c.; and the shrubs and bushes may be touched up with a fine lightish green.

If the moor contains whins, first wash them with green, and then touch them up on the west side with yellow, which will give them the appearance of being in blossom.

By proceeding as above directed, a variety of pleasing effects and shades will be produced, and you will be able to give your plan a very fine appearance, and make it resemble even nature itself.

Marshy Ground.

With a pen, or a fine-pointed hair-pencil, and palish Indian ink, draw, by the hand, shortish horizontal strokes of various lengths, pretty closely to each other, Make also the representation of reeds, rushes, sedges, and strong herbage, as exhibited in No. 1, Plate VII. ; wash the whole over with a palish green, inclining to blue; and then touch up the reeds, rushes, sedges, &c. with a stronger green, which soften off either towards the right or left with a lighter one, or with clear water. (See the Method of Shading Trees.)

Sands and Rocks.

Sands on the sea-shore, &c., must be represented by small dots, with a pen and Indian ink; loose stones by figures resembling small circles and ovals, but more irregular; and rocks must be made to

appear rugged and rough, and to rise in succession, one above another, as exhibited in No. 2, Plate VII. The sands may then be washed over with a mixture of brown, lake, and gamboge; and the stones and rocks coloured with such tints as will give them the appearance of nature. Some stones and rocks are whitish, some yellowish, some greyish, others brownish, &c.; hence the propriety of always taking their real colour into consideration when we intend to give a faithful representation upon a plan.

Trees.

Trees always adorn and beautify the face of nature, and when they are neatly drawn, with a fine pen and Indian ink, they give a plan a very beautiful and pleasing appearance.

They must be made with vertical stems, neat broadish tops, shaded darker on one side than the other, and black horizontal shades at the bottom, as represented in No. 3, Plate VII.

The lighter parts of the trees represent that side upon which the light is supposed to fall, and the horizontal shades at the bottom are intended to denote the shadows of the trees upon the ground. These shadows must always be made on the darker sides of trees, and also of every other object, where shadows are intended to be represented.

It is not material which side of a tree be left light; but we must take care to make all the trees in the same wood light on the same side; for we cannot suppose that the light can fall on the right of some trees, and on the left of others at the same time.

When a sufficient number of trees have been made to give the wood an agreeable appearance, the vacant spaces must be filled up with small bushes to represent the underwood. The whole wood should then be washed over with a lightish green; after which the tops of the largest trees may be touched up with a darker green, and with a little brown or yellow, in order to produce that pleasing variety of tints which we so often behold and admire in nature.

NOTE 1. When the Indian ink is not perfectly dry, it will run in washing the wood with green; in order to avoid this, the green wash may be laid on before the trees and bushes are made. This observation also points out the propriety of colouring fields before the quickwood fences are made with Indian ink.

2. The tops of trees are formed in various ways. Sometimes they are made with jagged edges, and filled up in the middle with irregular strokes, in different directions, and some surveyors form them entirely by horizontal lines of various engths.

3. When trees are small and neatly made, it is unnecessary to touch them up with any colour.

4. Quickwood hedges must be made with a pen and Indian ink, in imitation of bushes, and when trees are properly introduced, they have a very good effect in the hedgerows. (See Plates IX. and XI.)

Lakes, Rivers, and the Sea-Shore.

Water must first be coloured with a fine tint of Prussian blue, and then shaded by a pen and Indian ink, with crooked or waved lines, bold near the edges, and fainter towards the middle, as exhibited. in No. 4, Plate VII., which is intended to represent a mere or lake.

Rivers and brooks must also be shaded with waved lines, continued from one end to the other, as represented in Plate XI.; and the seashore in a similar manner, but much stronger and bolder than either lakes or rivers.

NOTE 1. Some draughtsmen do not wash with Prussian blue until they have finished shading with Indian ink, but it is much better to colour the water before it is shaded, as the ink frequently runs when a wash is laid upon it.

2. Here it may not be improper to observe that in colouring lakes, rivers, &c. with Prussian blue, the wash should be pretty strong at the edges, and softened off with water towards the middle.

Hilly Ground.

Meadow and pasture ground should first be washed with a fine green, and ploughed land with a yellowish brown, as before directed; the hills must then be shaded in lines, with a pen and Indian ink, as represented in Nos. 5 and 6, Plate VII.

The sides of hills may be shaded in the manner represented in the lower part of No. 6; and when the top of a hill is level, it must be left almost without shade.

The greater the altitude of a hill, the deeper must be the shade; but the level part of a valley between two hills must be very faintly shaded.

It will add greatly to the beauty of the plan or map if all the hills be introduced in their proper places. When this is the case, and the hills are properly shaded, they form what is called a bird's eye view; it being supposed that the eye of the observer is elevated to some distance from the ground.

What has been said on this subject will be fully comprehended by the learner, if he carefully examine the plate to which I have already referred, and also No. 5, Plate VI., which represents a high moorish district shaded in a very neat and expressive manner.

Pleasure-Grounds.

In order to draw a true plan of pleasure-grounds, it is necessary to measure such lines, in taking the survey, as will enable you to lay