High School, who criticised the entire manuscrij E. A. Lewis and Mr. Howard Patterson, who preparing the material for the cuts; as well as b body of students and teachers who have given ration and suggestions.

EMPORIA, KAN.,

January, 1920.

THEODORE LI

1. Early Counting.-Since the earliest times men counted and measured. They have asked the questi "How many?" and "How much?" Even the sa counted, "one, two, three, four, heap many." In the e est times counting was carried on by the use of peb sticks, and fingers. Three people were needed to co upon their fingers beyond one hundred, as is shown in picture. The first counted the units, the second the t and the third the hundreds. Our present system of co ing in units, tens (tens of units), hundreds (tens of te thousands (tens of hundreds), and so on, has likely c from this early finger counting by tens. The nine nume

knots in ropes, and other crude means were us early times to record numbers. Marks were also m stones and in the sand. The marks were not con form numbers as we do now, but a separate one used for each number. The following are a few used:

During the early centuries of the Christian era the the people of India, thought out the idea of using o marks and combining these so as to form different The nine numerals they used have changed very muc becoming what we use to-day, but the Hindus us numerals in the same way as we do ours. To w hundred forty-four we use only one figure, 4, bu takes different values in the three positions in 444 3, 5, and 7, six different numbers can be formed: 3 537, 573, 735, and 753. What numbers can be form 4 and 6? from 2, 5, and 8?

For about three or four hundred years the Hind the nine numerals to form numbers before they inve zero and its use in forming numbers. They could w but not 340 nor 305. Numbers could be expressed abacus without the zero. On the next page is an such as you may have used as a child or may have use by the Chinese. This one records 2,034. How You record 1.250? 634 ? 3.092? They also use