Whereupon, for the prosecution of these, they repair to some trusty concordance, which never fails them; and by the help of that they range six or seven scriptures under each head; which scriptures they prosecute one by one: First amplifying and enlarging upon one for some considerable time, till they have spoi ed it; and then that being done, they pass to another, which in its turn suffers accordingly. And these impertinent and unpremeditated enlargements they look upon as the motions, effects, and breathings of the spirit, and therefore much beyond those carnal ordinances of sense and reason, supported by industry and study; and this they call a saving way of preaching, as it must be confessed to be a way to save much labour, and nothing lse, that I know of.' The Chancellor Clarendon made South'his domestic chaplain, in consideration of an oration delivered by South as public orator on the occasion of Clarendon being installed chancellor of the university of Oxford. In 1663 he was made a prebendary of Westminster, and took his degree of doctor in divinity; and in 1670 he was made a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. Charles II. having appointed Lawrence Hyde, son of the Chancellor Clarendon, and afterwards earl of Rochester, as ambassador extraordinary to congratulate John Sobieski on being elected king of Poland, the ambassador took South with him as his chaplain. South had been his tutor, and Hyde was much attached to him. A long letter from South, dated Danzig, Dec. 16th, 1677, to Dr. Edward Pococke, regius professor of Hebiew in Oxford, contains his remarks on Poland: it is printed in the volume of his posthumous works. This letter, from a man of South's observation and ability, is a very curious and valuable historical record. He says that Sobieski spoke Latin with great facility, and was acquainted with French, Italian, German, and Turkish, besides his own language. Altogether the doctor formed a high opinion of Sobieski's abilities. South's remarks on the ecclesiastical state and constitution of Poland are marked by his usual penetration and good sense. Soon after his return from Poland, South was presented to the rectory of Islip in Oxfordshire by the dean and chapter of Westminster. He rebuilt the chancel of the church, as appears from a Latin inscription ever the entrance; and also the parsonage-house. In 1681 he preached before Charles II., being then one of his majesty's chaplains in ordinary, on these words, The lot is cast into the lap, but the disposing of it is of the Lord.' This sermon, which is a good specimen of his vehement invective, contains the following singular passage, which is not much in favour of the doctor's good taste, particularly considering the occasion: And who that had beheld such a bankrupt beggarly fellow as Cromwell, first entering the parliament-house with a threadbare torn cloak and greasy hat (perhaps neither of them paid for), could have suspected that in the space of so few years he should, by the murder of one king and the banishment of another, ascend the throne.' On which the king fell into a violent fit of laughter, and turning to Lord Rochester, said, ' Ods fish, your chaplain must be a bishop, therefore put me in mind of him at the next death.' But the chaplain did not preach in order to please those in power, or with a view to promotion in the church. He would not take any preferment either during the reign of Charles or James, or after the revolution of 1688, though he was often pressed to accept the highest dignities in the church. He strongly disapproved of all James's measures towards the restoration of the Roman Catholic religion, being a most zealous upholder of the Protestant church. But he had also strong opinions of the duty of submission to his lawful prince; and accordingly, when the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops who signed the invitation to the Prince of Orange to come over, wanted him to do the same, he replied that His religion taught him to bear all things; and bowever it should please God that he should suffer, he would, by the divine assistance, continue to abide by his allegiance, and use no other weapons but his prayers and tears for the recovery of his sovereign from the wicked and unadvised councils wherewith he was entangled.' On the abdication of James and the settlement of the crown on the Prince and Princess of Orange, South at first made some opposition, but ultimately he acknowledged the new government; yet he would accept nothing, though certain persons then in power offered to exert themselves in his behalf on the vacating of several of the sees by the bishops who refused the oath of allegiance to King William and Queen Mary. He declared that notwithstanding he himself saw nothing that was contrary to the laws of God and the common practice of all nations to submit to princes in possession of the throne, yet others might have their reasons for a contrary opinion; and he blessed God that he was neither so ambitious, nor in want of preferment, as for the sake of it to build his rise upon the ruins of any one father of the church who, for piety, good morals, and strictness of life, which every one of the deprived bishops were famed for, might be said not to have left their equal.' South did not like the Act of Toleration, and he vigorously exerted himself with the commissioners appointed by the king in 1689 for a union with dissenting Protestants, in behalf of the Liturgy and forms of prayer, and entreated them to part with none of its ceremonies. He continued to preach against dissent, exposing the insufficiency of the dissenting ministers, and pouring forth upon them his inOne of his exhaustible sarcasm, ridicule, and contempt. strongest sermons to this effect was preached in the Abbey Church of Westminster in 1692, on the text, Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same spirit' (1 Cor., xii. 4). His controversy with Dr. Sherlock, then dean of St. Paul's, who had written a book entitled 'A Vindication of the Holy and Ever-blessed Trinity,' was carried on with great power of argument, and infinite wit and humour, more indeed than suited the solemnity of the subject. South was admitted to have the better in the discussion. The king at last interposed by his royal authority, by directions addressed to the archbishops and bishops, that no preacher should in his sermon or lecture deliver any other doctrine concerning the Trinity than what was contained in the Holy Scriptures, and was agreeable to the three Creeds and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. A ballad, which was much circulated at the time, beginning A dean and prebendary Had once a new vagary,' &c., turned the two combatants into ridicule, together with Dr. Burnet, master of the Charter-House, who, about the same time, published his Archæologia.' South lived till the 8th of July, 1716. He was buried in Westminster Abbey near the grave of his old master Busby. Neither children nor wife are mentioned by his biographers. By his will he disposed of a good deal of his property for charitable purposes, having all through life been a most generous giver. The residue, after the legacies and charities were satisfied, he gave to his executrix Mrs. Margaret Hammond, his housekeeper, who had lived with him above five and thirty years. There is a Life of South in a volume of his Posthumous Works,' London, 1717, which is the authority for what has been stated. This volume also contains three of his sermons, his will, and his Latin poems and orations delivered in his capacity of publ.c orator in the University of Oxford. Though South is only known by his sermons, he must be viewed both as a political and a theological writer. He defended by argument, and by his example he enforced. passive obedience and the divine right of kings. He says that the absolute subjection' which men yield to princes comes from a secret work of the divine power.' He believed the Church of England to be perfect, and the express image of the primitive ordinances. Many of his sermons are directed against the Puritans. He dwelt with delight on their meagre mortified faces, their droneing and snuffling whine, their sanctimonious hypocritical demeanor; but in the midst of his pleasantry, he shot some shafts dipped ir the bitterest gall, and pointed by the most inveterate hatred. With a proud consciousness of superior learning, and perhaps a pharisaical conceit of superior integrity, with the keenest sarcasm and the most undisguised contempt, he held up to the detestation of mankind these impudent pre tenders to the gift of the Spirit.' According as a man's affec tions are disposed, he will view South as a furious bigot, or as an uncompromising defender of the state and the church as established. As a writer he is conspicuous for sound practical good sense, for a deep insight into human character, for liveliness of imagination, and exuberant invention, and wit that knew not always the limits of propriety. In perspicuity, copiousness, and force of expression he is almost unrivalled among English writers; and these great qualities fully compensate for the 'forced conceits, unnatural metaphors, absurd similes, and turgid and verbose language which occasionally disfigure his pages.' With all his faults, | he was a truly honest man, a firm friend, and a generous benefactor. The sincerity of his principles is shown in the purity of his life, and the vigour of his understanding is stamped on all that he wrote. (Sermons preached upon several Occasions, by Robert South, D.D., third edition, 6 vols. 8vo., 1704; Retrospective Review, No. 18.) SOUTHAM. [WARWICKSHIRE.] SOUTHAMPTON, a town within Hampshire, though forming a county of itself, situated on a point of land between the river Alre, or Itchen, on the east, and the Test, Teese, or Anton on the west. These rivers here unite to form the æstuary called 'Southampton Water.' Southampton is 70 miles in a direct line south-west of the General Post-toria Pier, after her Majesty, by whom, before her accession, office, London, or 79 miles by the London and South-Western Railway; in 50° 54′ N. lat. and 1° 24′ W. long. The Roman town of Clausentum, though not on the exact site of Southampton, may be regarded as its predecessor. Clausentum was on a point of land formed by the winding of the Itchen, on the left or east bank of that river, about a mile north-east of Southampton, now occupied by Bittern Farm. The present road from Winchester to Southampton, as far as the village of Otterbourn, coincides with the line of the Roman road from Venta Belgarum (Winchester) to Clausentum; at Otterbourn the Southampton road diverges a little to the right, while the Roman road may be traced along the hills running straight onward towards Bittern. (Ordnance Survey.) There are at Bittern the traces of a fosse and vallum, which defended the place on the land side; and fragments of Roman bricks and pottery, also urns and coins, have been found in abundance. Within the enclosurees a farmhouse, built partly from the ruins of a castellated mansion formerly belonging to the bishops of Winchester. [HAMPSHIRE.] The foundation of the present town is ascribed to the Anglo-Saxons. There is reason to believe that the castle was early erected by the Saxons. The town was attacked, but without success, by the Danes, A.D. 837; plundered by them A.D. 980; and again occupied as their winter-quarters A.D. 994. It is said to have been the scene of the memorable rebuke which Canute [CANUTE] administered to his courtiers. In the Saxon Chronicle the town is called Hamtune and Suth-Hamtun; in Domesday,' Hantone and Hentune. In the reign of Henry II. it had four churches. Leland and Grose have supposed the Southampton of this period to have been at St. Mary's, a little to the east or north-east of the present town, which they suppose to have been removed to its present site after the sack of Southampton by the French or Genoese fleet, A.D. 1338. [HAMPSHIRE.] But Sir H. C. Englefield (Walk round Southampton) has given good reason for doubting the correctness of this opinion. The year after this disaster the defences of the town were repaired and strengthened. Richard II. rebuilt the castle. It was at Southampton that Henry V. embarked in his first invasion of France (A.D. 1415), at which time the Earl of Cambridge, Lord Scrope, and Sir Thomas Grey were executed in the town for conspiring against him. In the war of the Roses a smart skirmish took place between the partizans of the rival houses, in which the Lancastrians were worsted: several of them were executed by order of Edward IV. In A.D. 1512 the marquis of Dorset, who was sent to the support of Ferdinand the Catholic in his war against France, embarked with 10,000 men at Southampton; and in 1522 the earl of Surrey, admiral of England, sailed from this place with a considerable fleet, with which he escorted the emperor Charles V. (who had been visiting Henry VIII.), on his return to his dominions, and afterwards attacked the French coast. Philip II. of Spain landed here A.D. 1554, when he came to marry Queen Mary. The county of the town comprehends the whole of the point of land between the rivers, and extends along the bank of the Itchen about three miles; its area is 1970 acres; the population, in 1831, was 19,324; in 1841, 26,900, including 800 or 900 persons employed in constructing the docks; it is rapidly increasing. The town is on a gravelly soil, somewhat elevated on the bank of the Anton, which washes it on the west and south sides. The principal street (High Street) runs north and south, and is divided into two parts by an antient bar or gateway belonging to the old town wall, considerable portions of which, with the west gate and south gate, are still standing. That part of the P. C., No. 1393. street which is south of the bar was included in the town, and is about half a mile long; the remainder, distinguished as High Street above bar,' or Above-bar Street,' belonged to the suburbs. The room in the upper part of the gateway forms the town-hall, which is small and ill-constructed. The other streets or lanes lead from the High Street at right angles or are nearly parallel to it. The principal streets are well paved and lighted; but several of those which consist of smaller tenements are not paved or lighted, and are in a very disorderly state. (Munic. Corpor. Commissioners' Report; Purl. Papers for 1835.) On the south side of the town is fne quay, near which, at the south-western corner of the town, is the pier, a structure of considerable extent and elegance, erected some years since, and called Vicit was opened. At the east end of the quay is a raised walk or causeway along the shore extending about half a mile. On the platform or battery near the quay is a singular gun of the time of Henry VIII. In the more modern part of the town, comprehending Above-bar Street and the adjacent streets, are some handsome ranges of building. The Win chester road is adorned by a fine avenue of elms, after leaving which it passes through an extensive field of open ground, beautifully wooded, called Southampton Common, affording delightful walks, drives, and rides. High Street is a handsome street throughout. The eastern side of the town is occupied by the poorer class of inhabitants; and a new road from the southern part of the town to the Itchen leads to the floating bridge which forms the communication with Fareham, Gosport, and Portsmouth. Southampton has five parish churches. Holy Rhood church, a large and antient structure, consists of a nave with side aisles and a choir or chancel; it has a tower and spire at the south-west angle, and a colonnade or portico, which occupies the whole front. The church contains several stalls of neat workmanship, a wooden screen of the time of Elizabeth or James I., a neat Gothic font, and some fragments of fine painted glass in the windows. St. Lawrence's church is small, and almost choked up with the surrounding houses. For ecclesiastical purposes this parish is united with that of St. John. AllSaints' church is of Grecian Ionic architecture, and has been much admired; it contains the monuments of Carteret, the circumnavigator, and of Bryan Edwards, the hitorian of the West Indies. These churches are all in High Street. St. Michael's, the most antient of any in the town, is in the west part of the town, in a square (formerly the fish-market) of which it forms the east side; it has a tower between the nave and chancel; there are several Norman portions and some of later date; the windows are chiefly of perpendicular character. This church has an antient font of Norman character, and the monument of Chancellor Wriothesley. St. Mary's church in the suburbs, east of the town, was rebuilt in the last century on the foundations of the older structure, which yet appear a few feet above ground: its large burial-ground is the principal place of interment for the town. There is a proprietary episcopal chapel (St. Paul's) in All Saints' parish, erected a few years since; the architecture is Gothic, and the Clergy List' contains a notice of the chapel of the Holy Trinity and of Jesus" free chapel. There are several dissenting places of worship, including one each for Independents, Baptists, Quakers, Roman Catholics, and Wesleyan Methodists. The corporation have, besides the Guildhall, a handsome audit-house, a borough gaol, and a debtors' prison. There are several places of amusement, a theatre, and two sets of assembly rooms, a racecourse, a subscription reading-room, circulating libraries, billiard-rooms, and bathing-rooms; and a botanic garden. There are scarcely any remains of the antient castle, but a tower has been erected on the site and from the materials of the antient keep. Southampton was antiently a place of great trade; wool and tin were exported; but it declined very much when the export of wool was prohibited, and at the beginning of the eighteenth century was reduced to a very low ebb. During the eighteenth century it revived; but the improvement, though considerable, was not to be compared with its increase during the present century, in which it has trebled its population. It is much frequented as a wateringplace. The harbour, which is secure, affords good anchorage. Ship-building is extensively carried on, though the vessels built are chiefly small; and considerable docks are in VOL. XXII.-2 N course of construction. Timber is imported from the Baltic | and from America; coals, of which a great quantity is sent up the country as far as Salisbury, from the north of England; stone from the western counties; and wine and brandy from Spain, Portugal, and France. There is a considerable Irish trade. There are a custom-house and four banking establishments. The port of Southampton extends to Christchurch westward, and nearly to Portsmouth eastward. The customs produced 60,000l. in 1830, and 78,000l. in 1840. The vessels inwards from foreign ports with cargoes in 1830 were 336, tonnage 31,000; outwards 184, tonnage 15,000 in 1841 (first 11 months), inwards 520, tonnage 83,036; outwards 247, tonnage 50,444. In December, 1841, the mail packet steam-ships to the West Indies commenced running, of which 14, admeasuring from 1800 to 2000 tons each, are destined for this service. They are expected to lead to a considerable extension of the commerce of Southampton, already the largest packet-port in the kingdom. Passengers to the East embark here, there being a direct communication to India once a fortnight, as well as weekly, by steamers, to Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon, Cadiz, and Gibraltar, and daily to the Isle of Wight, France, and the Channel Islands. The trade of Southampton is promoted by the Andover Canal, which follows the valley of the Anton, and by the navigation of the Itchen, which extends to Winchester. There are general markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday; a fish-market every day; and two yearly fairs, at one of which a great number of cattle are sold. Southampton is a very antient borough: the earliest known charter, which is simply confirmatory, is of Henry II. The borough limits, which are coextensive with the county of the town, include the six parishes of All Saints, Holy Rhood, St. Lawrence, St. John (united for ecclesiastical purposes to St. Lawrence), St. Michael, and St. Mary, and the tithing of Portswood, in South Stoneham parish: it has one sheriff and two coroners, besides numerous other corporate officers. Quarter-sessions are held; a court-leet from time to time by adjournment, and a civil court for mixed and personal actions of unlimited amount. Under the Municipal Corporation Act the borough was divided into five wards, with ten aldermen and thirty councillors. The revenue of the corporation, arising from rents, a proportion of the harbour dues, fines, and other sources, amounts to about 1500l. per annum. The borough returns two members to parliament, which privilege it has exercised ever since the time of Edward I.; the number of voters in 1835-36 was 1226, viz. 581 ten-pound householders, 20 purgesses, 540 scot and lot voters, and 85 persons possess ing more than one qualification; in 1841-42 the number was 1570, viz. 1301 ten-pound householders, 29 burgesses, 460 scot and lot voters, and 214 persons having more than one qualification. The court of election for the southern division of Hampshire is held at Southampton, which is also a polling-station. The living of All Saints is a rectory, of the clear yearly value of 4007, with a glebe-house; that of Holy Rhood, a vicarage, of the clear yearly value of 3791.; that of St. Lawrence, a rectory, united with the vicarage of St. John, of the joint clear yearly value of 1487.; that of St. Michael, a vicarage, of the clear yearly value of 1457.; and that of St. Mary, a rectory; all, except the last, which is a peculiar of the bishop of Winchester, are in the archdeaconry as well as in the diocese of Winchester. There were, in 1841, three infant-schools, with 150 children; an endowed grammar-school, founded by Edward VI.; another endowed school, with 40 scholars (boys), 10 of them on the foundation; three national schools, with about 300 boys and girls; one Royal British school, with 250 boys and 100 girls; the Holy Rhood parochial school, with 20 girls; a school in the workhouse; and an adult school, attached to Holy Rhood church, with from 17 to 20 scholars. The school of the Military Asylum has been removed to Chelsea; its place is occupied by the Surveying and Mapping department of the Ordnance Office, since the late fire in the Tower. There are about 70 private boarding or day schools, and 13 Sunday-schools attached to various places of worship. There are several ranges of almshouses, a penitentiary or refuge for destitute females, a dispensary, and several other charities. Dr. Isaac Watts was a native of this town, and was educated at the grammar-school. 300 members, and has a library, reading-room, and mu seum attached to it. Lectures are delivered every week during the winter. There is also a Literary and Scientific Institution, which has its museum and rooms, where lectures are delivered weekly during the season. An Infirmary has been established, which is conducted by a committee of gentlemen, who are making strenuous efforts to enlarge it. An Harmonic Society, composed of amateurs, is well sup ported. (Sir H. C. Englefield's Walk round Southampton; Beauties of England and Wales; Report of Commissioners of Municipal Corporations; other Parliamentary Papers ; Communication from Southampton.) SOUTHAMPTON, COUNTY OF, the name, in legal proceedings, of HAMPSHIRE. SOUTHCOTT, JOANNA, was born in Devonshire about the year 1750, of humble parents. She was employed, chiefly at Exeter, as a domestic servant, and up to the age of forty or thereabouts seems to have aspired to no higher occupation; but having joined the Methodists, and become acquainted with a man of the name of Sanderson, who laid claim to the spirit of prophecy, the notion of a like pretension was gradually communicated to Joanna. She wrote prophecies, and she dictated prophecies, sometimes in prose and sometimes in rhymed doggrel; her influence extended, and the number of her followers increased; she announced herself as the woman spoken of in the 12th chapter of Revelation, and obtained considerable sums by the sale of seals which were to secure the salvation of those who purchased them. Her confidence increased with her reputation, and she challenged the bishop and clergy of Exeter to a public investigation of her miraculous powers, but they treated her alallenge with contemptuous neglect, which she and her converts imputed to fear. By degrees Exeter became too narrow a stage for her performances, and she came to London on the invitation and at the expense of Sharp the engraver. [SHARP, WILLIAM.] She was very illiterate, but wrote numerous letters and pamphlets, and her prophecies, nearly unintelligible as they were, had a large sale. In 1803 she published A Warning to the whole World, from the sealed Prophecies of Joanna Southcott, and other Communications given since the Writings were opened on the 12th of January, 1803,' Lond., 8vo. In 1804 appeared Copies and Parts of Copies of Letters and Communications written from Joanna Southeott, and transmitted by Miss Townley to Mr. W. Sharp in London.' In 1813-14 she published The Book of Wonders, in Five Parts,' London, 8vo.; and also, in 1814, Prophecies concerning the Birth of the Prince of Peace, extracted from the works of Joanna Southcott,' London, 8vo. Of the Prince of Peace she announced that she was to be delivered on the 19th of October, 1814, at midnight, being then upwards of 60 years of age. There was indeed the external appearance of pregnancy, and in consequence the enthusiasm of her followers, who are said to have amounted at that time to not fewer than 100,000, was greatly excited. An expensive cradle was made, and considerable sums were contributed, in order to have other things prepared in a style worthy of the expected Shiloh. On the night of the 19th of October, a very large number of persons assembled in the street where she lived, to hear the announcement of the looked-for advent; but the hour of midnight passed over, and the crowd were only induced to disperse by being informed that Joanna had fallen into a trance. On the 27th of December, 1814, she died, having a short time previously declared that if she was deceived, she was at all events misled by some spirit, either good or evil.' Her body was opened after her decease, and the appearance which had deceived her followers, and perhaps herself, was found to have arisen from dropsy. Dr. Reece, one of the medical men by whom she had been examined, and who had publicly expressed his belief in her pregnancy, published, A correct Statement of the Circumstances that attended the last Illness and Death of Mrs. Southcott; by Richard Reece, M.D.,' London, 1815. The number of her followers continued to be very great for many years after her death; they believed that there would be a resurrection of her body, and that she was still to be the mother of the promised Shiloh. There are still (1841) believers in Joanna Southcott. SOUTHEND. [ESSEX.] SOUTHERN, THOMAS, an English dramatist, was There is a Mechanics' Institution, which comprises about born at Oxmantown, in the county of Dublin, in 1660. He 275 was admitted student of Trinity College, Dublin, in his seventeenth year, March 13, 1676, and in 1678 entered the Middle Temple, London. Preferring poetry to law, he became a popular writer of plays, the first of which was the Persian Prince,' acted in 1682: in the character of the Loyal Brother in this drama, a compliment to the Duke of York was intended, according to the biographer of Southern, in the Life prefixed to his works, 1774. Duke of Monmouth's landing, Southern served in the king's At the time of the army as ensign in Lord Ferrers's regiment, and was afterwards presented with a company by the Duke of Berwick, to whom he had been recommended by Colonel Sarsfield. At the duke's request he wrote the Spartan Dame,' which however was not acted till 1721. For the copyright of this play he received 1207., a large sum in those days. After quitting the army, Southern continued to write plays, enjoying great popularity as an author, and living on terms of intimacy with those of his contemporaries most distinguished for wit or rank. Dryden, for whom he finished the play of Cleomenes,' and afterwards Pope, were among his friends. Southern died May 26, 1746, at a very advanced age. In the delineation of character, the conduct of plots, and all the niceties of dramatic art, Southern shows but little skill; he is neither imaginative, as were the elder English dramatists, nor witty in his comic dialogues, like Congreve and others, his contemporaries. and free from affectation; his verse has a pleasant fluency, But his language is pure, and he has been successful in the expression of simple and natural pathos, particularly in the last scenes of the Fatal Marriage,' a tragedy which has been much and deservedly admired, and which was popular on the stage in the last century, under the title of Isabella.' Some of his plays were published by Tonson, 1721, 12mo. ; a complete edition of his works in 1774; they consist of comedies, and of tragedies with an infelicitous mixture of comic scenes. There is a short account of Southern prefixed to this edition, and in the prefaces to the plays are a few particulars of his life, stated by himself. He is wrongly inserted in the Athena Oxonienses' by Wood. See his Life in that work, ed. Bliss, where will be fourd a letter from Southern to Dr. Rawlinson, denying that he ever was at Oxford. See also Malone, 'Life of Dryden,' i., 176. SOUTHGATE. [MIDDLESEX.] SOUTHWARK, one of the divisions of the metropolis of England, extending along the south bank of the river Thames, opposite the city of London. As this part of the metropolis is included in the general description given elsewhere [LONDON], we have here only to add some particulars of its local history. The flat, which is bounded on three sides by the Thames, in the bend which it makes between Greenwich and Vauxhall, was originally overflowed by the tide, and formed a large marsh extending to the foot of the eminences which skirt the fourth (i.e. the south) side. It is probable that this space was banked in by the Romans so as to secure it from being overflowed; and Roman remains which have been dug up in St. George's Fields and in other places in Southwark or its neighbourhood, indicate that they had a settlement of some kind there. As Ptolemy says that London was in the territory of the Cantii (Kávriot), it has been inferred that it was on the south side of the Thames; but this opinion has been very generally rejected, as contrary to all the evidence. It is probable that on the site of Southwark there was a suburb of London, with which it communicated by a ferry near the site of the old bridge. At this ferry the great road Watling Street crossed the Thames. · In the early part of the Saxon times there is no notice of any town or other place on this spot; but a tradition of Bartholomew Linsted, or Fowle, last prior of St. Mary Overie, preserved by Stow (Survey of London, book i., c. xiii.), notices that the profits of the ferry were devoted by the owner, a maiden named Mary,' to the foundation and endowment of a nunnery, or converted into a college of priests, by whom a bridge of house of sisters,' afterwards timber was built, which with the aid of the citizens was afterwards converted into one of stone. If this tradition is entitled to credit (which Maitland denies, Hist. of London, book i., c. vii.), it would carry back the time of the foundation of the monastery of St. Mary Overie to a much earlier period than any existing historical notice of Southwark: and however doubtful the claim of the priests to the honour of building the bridge may be, we think the tradition may be taken as fair evidence of the early foundation of a religious SOU house, and of its endowment with the profits of the then existing ferry. In A.D. 993, Anlaf, king of Norway, sailed up the river as far as Stane (Staines) (Saron Chron.), from which it has been inferred that there was no bridge between London and Southwark; but this inference is hardly authorised by subsequent events. In A.D. 994 there was a bridge which obstructed the flight of Sweyn's forces when (Willielm. Malmesb., De Gestis Regum Anglor., lib. ii. ; and he attacked London, and was repulsed by the citizens. Sax. Chron.) In A.D. 1016, when Canute attacked London, the bridge formed an obstacle to the advance of his fleet, and in order to avoid it he dug a trench on the south side, by which he dragged his ships to the west side of the bridge. (Sax. Chron.) In the account of these transactions there is no mention of Southwark; yet there must have been 1023, we read in the Saxon Chronicle that on the sixth some defence for the south end of the bridge; and in A.D. day before the ides of June, the illustrious king (Cnut, or Canute), and the archbishop (Egelnoth of Canterbury), and the diocesan bishops, and the earls, and very many others, the body of Aelfeah, or Alphege, saint and martyr) over the both clergy and laity, carried by ship his holy corpse (ie. Thames to Suthgeweorke, or Southwark, on its way to Canterbury. This is, we believe, the earliest distinct mention and passing the bridge without opposition, proceeded to Edward the Confessor, came with his fleet to Southwark, of the place. In A.D. 1052, Godwin, then in rebellion against attack the king's navy which lay at Westminster; but hostilities were averted by the offer of peace. At this time, Southwark had a harbour for ships (St. Saviour's dock?) and a monastery or church (St. Mary Overie?), both belonging to the king. Southwark was burned by William the Conqueror, when the citizens of London, after the battle of Hastings, closed their gates against him. In 'Domesday' the name appears under the form Sudwerche. London was burned in a fire which consumed great part of The wooden bridge which connected Southwark with the city (A.D. 1136). It was however repaired in a few years afterwards; and in A.D. 1163 still more thoroughly restored. It is probable that the charge of these repairs led to the erection of a more stable fabric of stone (A.D. 1176-1209), which remained till within the last few years. The old midway between the Custom-House and the present bridge: timber bridge appears to have been opposite Botolph Wharf, the former stone bridge was between the timber bridge and the present one, at the foot of Fish-Street Hill. In order for the stream, so as to lay the natural bed of the river to the erection of the stone bridge, a new channel was cut wholly occupied with houses, for in A.D. 1395 there was a nearly dry. It appears that the bridge was not at first tournament held on it. Stow infers from this that there ference is by no means necessary. were then no houses at all on the bridge, but such an inhouses, several being burned by the Bastard of Fauconbridge. There appears to have been from the first a drawbridge, so In A.D. 1471 there were as to allow the passage of vessels above bridge: also a chapel south end of the bridge, and the other at the north end of on the east side; and two towers for defence, one at the the drawbridge. The bridge underwent many alterations and sustained many injuries before its final removal. The most remarkable alterations were the removal of the drawbridge and the clearing away of the houses and other buildings: the last alteration took place A.D. 1756. The bridge present London Bridge. itself was taken down in 1831, after the opening of the the flames having communicated to the northern end of the In A.D. 1213 Southwark was nearly destroyed by fire; and bridge, a number of the inhabitants of London, who had come to assist in putting out the fire, were destroyed by it or drowned in their attempts to escape: about 3000 are said to have perished. In A.D. 1327 Southwark was, by charter its affording a refuge to offenders of various kinds. The city, great inconvenience having been found to arise from of Edward III., in the first year of his reign, given to the farm rent. Though in this grant it is called a village, it city was to pay to the Exchequer a yearly sum of 107. as feemust have been of considerable size; for it had four parish churches-St. Mary's, a chapel of the great conventual church of St. Mary Over-the-Rie (or water); St. Margaret's, where the town-hall now stands; St. Olave's; and St. George's; besides the priory and church of St. Mary Overhospital of St. Thomas; two prisons, the King's Bench and the-Rie (or Overy), for the canons of St. Augustin; the 2N2 the Marshalsea; and the houses of several prelates, nobles, or abbots. Near it were the villages of Rotherhithe or Redriffe; Bermondsey, with its Cluniac priory (afterwards an abbey); and Walworth; and the market-town of Lambeth, the residence of the primate, and in the parish of which, at Kennington, was a royal palace. In A.D. 1381 the insurgent populace, under Wat Tyler, took possession of Southwark, broke open the prisons and released the prisoners, and destroyed the stews' or brothels on Bankside, which were farmed of the city. They then, by threats of burning Southwark, obliged the lord mayor of London to admit them into the city, where they committed great excesses. In Cade's insurrection (A.D. 1450), Southwark was again occupied by the rebels, who, by intimidation, forced their way into the city. Twenty years afterwards (A.D. 1471), Southwark was seized by the Bastard of Fauconbridge. He attempted to storm the bridge, but was repulsed with great slaughter. In A.D. 1554 Southwark was occupied by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who was joined by the townsmen; but he could not gain admission into London. It appears from these events that Southwark was destitute of fortifications. In the time of Elizabeth, Southwark appears to have consisted of a line of street extending from the bridge nearly to where is now the King's Bench, formerly called Long Southwark; Kent Street, then the high road to Dover, and of which only the part near St. George's Church was lined with houses; a line of street, including Tooley (i.e. St. Olave's) Street, extending from the bridge foot to Rotherhithe Church; another line of street, running westward by Bankside to where the Blackfriars Road now stands; and Bermondsey Street, branching off from Tooley Street to Bermondsey church. Except near St. Mary Overy's (now St. Saviour's) Church, there were scarcely any back or cross streets. Near Bankside were the bishop of Winchester's palace, the Globe theatre, the stews,' before spoken of (which were however suppressed at the Reformation), and two bear-gardens for baiting bulls and bears. The villages of Lambeth, Kennington, Newington, and Walworth were then separated by open fields. The grant of Edward III. appears only to have conveyed to the city the lordship of the manor: this jurisdiction was augmented by new privileges in subsequent reigns; and in the reign of Edward VI., Southwark was by letters patent incorporated with the city, and constituted the ward of Bridge Without. Certain lands were excepted from this arrangement, as Southwark Mansion and Park, belonging to the king. The ward appears never to have been repre sented in the Common Council, nor do the inhabitants now elect their alderman. The senior alderman of London is always alderman of this ward, and on his death the next in seniority succeeds. He has no ward duties to perform. In the article LONDON [vol. xiv., p. 117] this is said, but not accurately, to be the case with the alderman of Bridge Ward. There is a Bridge Ward Within, which is properly a part of the city; and Bridge Ward Without, which comprehends Southwark. The alderman of Bridge Ward Within has the same duties as any other alderman. The city of London appoints a high-bailiff and steward for Southwark, but the county magistrates for Surrey exercise jurisdiction in several matters: it is also in the district of the metropolitan police. Southwark is a parliamentary borough, and has sent two representatives to parliament uninterruptedly from 23 Edward I. It is by Londoners colloquially termed The Borough.' By the Boundary Act, the Clink Liberty, and il.e parishes of Christ Church, Bermondsey, and Rotherhithe, have been added to it for parliamentary purposes. The number of voters on the register in 1835-6 was 5388; in 1839-40, 5047, viz. 4096 ten-pound householders, and 951 scot and lot voters. The borough as thus enlarged comprehends an important manufacturing and commercial district. Along the waterside there are numerous wharfs, and various establishments which are necessary for the construction, equipage, and freight of vessels. A considerable hat-manufacture is carried on in St. Saviour's parish and in Bermondsey, in which latter there are a number of tanners and curriers. Southwark is the chief place of business of those connected with the hop-trade; the largest porter brewery in London, and indeed in the world (Messrs. Barclay and Co.'s), and a very extensive vinegar-yard (Messrs. Potts), are included within it. (Stow's London; Manning's Surrey; Parliamentary Papers; &c.) SOUTHWELL. [NOTTINGHAMSHIRE ] SOUTHWELL, ROBERT, descended from an antient family in Norfolk, was born in 1560. He was educated or the Continent, and in 1578 entered the Society of Jesuits at Rome. In 1585 he was appointed prefect of the English Jesuits' College in that city, and was soon afterwards sent to England as a missionary. He resided chiefly with Anne, countess of Arundel, who was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and died there. Southwell was appre In the civil war of Charles I., Southwark was included within the circuit of the fortifications erected by order of parliament. Towards the close of the seventeenth century it had considerably extended. The houses on the east side of Blackman Street extended to Newington and Walworth, which were thus united to the metropolis; but St. George's Fields, on the opposite side, still remained open. Back streets had been formed on each side of the High Street as far as St. George's Church. In the early part of the following century the buildings extended along the river bank to Lambeth; and Rotherhithe Street was continued to and even beyond Cuckold's Point, where the river bends to the southward. Later still, the opening of Blackfriars Bridge led to the formation of Great Surrey Street; and towards the close of the century St. George's Fields were enclosed and laid out in new streets. Since the commence-hended in July, 1592, and was strictly examined by Queen ment of the present century, Lambeth Marsh, which formerly separated Southwark from Lambeth, has been covered with new streets and buildings; and in every direction Southwark has spread, till it has united with the surrounding villages, from Greenwich to Battersea, and combined them into one large town, forming the southern division of the metropolis, and having a population of 300,000, of which town Southwark may be regarded as the nucleus. Since its annexation to the city, its ecclesiastical divisions have become more numerous. The two parishes of St. Mary and St. Margaret have indeed been united into one, of which the fine old priory church of St. Mary Overie, | better known as St. Saviour's, is the parish church; but the parish of Christ Church has been formed from this united one of St. Saviour; and within the last year or two, a new district church, St. Peter's, in Park Street, Bankside, in the same parish (St. Saviour's), has been completed. St. John's, Horslydown, has been formed out of St. Olave's, and St. Thomas's Hospital church has become parochial. That part of St. Saviour's parish of which Christ Church parish was formed, appears not to have been included in the grant to the city of London, which probably comprehended only the king's manor of Southwark, from which that of Christ Church (antiently the manor of Paris Garden) was distinct. Another portion of St. Saviour's parish, the Clink Liberty,' belongs to the bishop of Winchester, who appoints a steward and bailiff, and appears never to have been granted to the city. Elizabeth's agents as to a supposed plot against the queen's government. No disclosures could be obtained from him, and he was committed to the Tower, where, in the course of three years, he was ten times subjected to the torture. At length he admitted that he was a Jesuit, and that he came to England for the purpose of making proselytes to the Roman Catholic faith. By an act passed in 1585 (27 Eliz., c. 2) an Englishman who was a Jesuit and refused to take the oath of supremacy was declared to be guilty of treason. It was probably under this act that, on the 20th of February, 1595, he was brought to trial in the Court of King's Bench. Our authorities however do not state what was the precise charge against him, but he was found guilty, was condemned to death, and on the following day was executed at Tyburn. His demeanour was firm, he declared that he was proud to profess himself a Jesuit, and thanked God that he had been called upon to suffer martyrdom. In the Gentleman's Magazine,' vol. 67, there is a notice of his Efe, with a copious list of his works. His writings, which are both in prose and verse, were once very popular among the Roman Catholics. He writes rather elegant English for the age in which he lived, but the matter will hardly repay the trouble of perusal, at least to Protestants. Southwell's principal works are the following:-'A Consolation to Catholics imprisoned on account of Religion,” and a Supplication to Queen Elizabeth,' London, 1593; St. Peter's Complaint; with other Poems,' 1593; 'Mæoniæ; or Certain excellent Poems and Spirituall Hymns,' 1595, |