names of Pennoerucium and Penkridge appear to embody the same element Penk, which is the name of the stream near which both Penkridge and Stretton stand. The village consists of two principal streets along the Wolverhampton and Cannock roads, leading down the bridge over the Penk, before reaching which they unite: the lower part of the village is subject to frequent inundations. The church is mostly of perpendicular character; but some parts are of older date, especially the east window, which is of decorated English character, and has fine tracery. The whole parish, with the townships of Hatherton and Kinvaston in Wolverhampton parish, comprehends an area of 18,020 acres, and extends into the western division of the hundred. The population in 1831 was 2991. The market, which was on Tuesday, is now given up. There are three yearly fairs: one of them a large cattle-fair, and another a large horsefair. There is a national day and Sunday school, and several private day-schools. Tutbury is in the northern division of Offlow hundred, about 22 miles east of Stafford through Uttoxeter, on the bank of the Dove, which separates Staffordshire from Derbyshire. There is said to have been a fortress here in the Saxon times: at any rate, one was occupied by Henry de Ferieres or Ferrars, to whom the Conqueror had granted large possessions in Staffordshire. The castle is mentioned in Domesday;' and Tutbury, there cailed Toteberie, is described as a borough with a market. This Henry founded a Benedictine or Cluniac monastery (authorities differ as to which it was), the possessions of which were largely augmented by his successors, and were valued at the dissolution at 2447. 16s. 8d. gross, or 1997. 148. 10d. clear yearly value. Robert de Ferrars, earl of Derby, one of the descendants of Henry, having joined the earl of Leicester and the other insurgent barons in the war against Henry III., lost his castle of Tutbury, which was taken by Prince Edward; and, in consequence of his subsequent second rebellion, forfeited to the king, by whom it was bestowed on his son Edmund Crouchback. It was subsequently inherited by John of Gaunt, who rebuilt a great part of it, and lived here in great splendour. It was afterwards united with the duchy of Lancaster to the crown, and was one of the places of confinement of Mary Queen of Scots. In the great civil war it was held by the Royalists, and was not taken till the spring of 1646, soon after which it was in great part demolished. The honour of Tutbury comprehended several lordships, manors, towns, villages, and hamlets. she was obliged to acknowledge the imposition, and that she had occasionally taken food. The case was however remark able for the small quantity of nourishment which was taken by her. There are several villages in Staffordshire, especially in the iron-district, whose manufacturing importance entitl:s them to special notice. Sedgley is in the northern division of Seisdon hundred, on the road from Wolverhampton to Dudley, about 3 miles from each: the parish is included in the parliamentary borough of Wolverhampton; it had in 1831 a population of 20,577. [WOLVERHAMPTON.] West Bromwich is in the southern division of Offlow hundred, between Birmingham and Wednesbury, but nearer the latter. The church contains some good antient work. There are meeting-houses for Wesleyans and Independents. The parish has an area of 5380 acres, with a population, n 1831, of 15,327, of whom 1318 men were employed in the manufacture of iron for the forge or workshop, and above 1000 in coal-pits, or in other works connected with these great branches of industry. Sandwell park, one of the seats of the earl of Dartmouth, is near West Bromwich; it occupies the site of a small Benedictine priory. There were, in 1833, two national schools, an endowed day-school, a Catholic school partly supported by subscription, and several private schools. Kingswinford, or more correctly King's Swinford (Swinford Regis) is in the northern division of Seisdon hundred, about 3 miles or 34 miles from Stourbridge (Worcestershire), on the road to Wolverhampton. It belonged to the crown at the time of the Domesday Survey, hence its designation of King's Swinford. The old church has some antient portions deserving of notice; and there has been a new church built at Wordsley in the parish, about a mile and a half from the village. There is an Independent chapel at Brierley hill. There are some remains of a Roman camp in the parish; and Holbeach House, where the leaders in the Gunpowder plot were taken, is also in the parish. The area of the parish is 7130 acres: the population in 1831 was 15,156; of whom 500 men were employed in the manufacture of iron goods in great variety; 400 in coal and iro mines; and 1200 in labour of other kinds not agricultural. There were, in 1833, two subscription day and Sunday schools, beside a number of private day-schools and several Sunday-schools. Tipton is in the southern division of Offlow hundred, about a mile and a half north-north-east of Dudley, in the heart of the iron and coal district. Its importance is quite of modern date, having advanced with those branches of industry to which its situation is adapted. There are numerous coal and iron works, which gave employment, in 1831, to 2200 men. The goods manufactured are similar to those made at Wednesbury. The population of the parish at that period was 14,951: the area of the parish is 3020 acres. Several branches of the Birmingham canal navigations pass through the parish. The old church having become dilapidated, a new church, a neat and commodious brick building, was some time since erected in its place, and the old one allowed to become a ruin; and within the last three or four years, an additional church has been completed. The Wesleyan Methodists and the Independents have each a chapel. There were in the parish, in 1833, six national schools, three for boys and three for girls, attended by nearly 900 children in the week, and by 200 in addition on Sunday. These schools were partly supported by endowment and subscription. There were several Sunday-schools, in which nearly 2200 children in addition were taught. Tipton is also called Tibbington. The village of Tutbury is on the slope of the hill that overhangs the valley of the Dove. The ruins of the castle are on the brow of the hill, and are sufficient to show its former magnitude: some parts are of perpendicular and others of earlier date. The church is the nave of a much larger building; the north arches are walled up, and the south wall of the south aisle is mostly of later date, with perpendicular windows; the present east end is the arch of the centre tower walled up, and part of the transept pier remains; the piers and arches are Norman, a simple and bold example. The west door, and the arch of a window over it, are very fine: the door is much enriched with beakhead, zigzag, and other Norman enrichments, and part of the arch is worked in gypsum, the ornaments very delicately cut, and retaining much of their original sharpness. The font is a good one, of perpendicular character, but mutilated. The church is a valuable Norman specimen.' (Rickman.) There is a low tower, chiefly of Norman character, at the south-west angle. There are places of worship for Independents and for different branches of the Methodists. The parish has an area of 4110 acres, with a population, in 1831, of 1553. Some cotton-spinning is carried on. The market, formerly on Tuesday, has been given up. There is an endowed school. Tutbury was remarkable for an antient and barbarous custom called bull-running,' which consisted of chasing a bull with a soaped tail, turned out antiently by the prior of Tutbury, and subsequently by the grantee of the priory lands. The custom has been abolished for several years. A somewhat similar custom has long existed at Stamford in Lincolnshire. [STAMFORD.] Tutbury was, early in the present century, the scene of a remarkable imposture: a woman of the name of Ann Moore professed to Darlaston is in the southern division of Offlow hundred, live with taking any nourishment. She was watched, but a mile and a half north-west of Wednesbury. It has coalwithout being detected, and her profession of entire absti-pits and iron-mines, and manufactures of hardware. There nence gained credit for six years. At length a stricter watch are a parish church, a brick building of the sixteenth cen was kept, and at the end of nine days (April or May, 1813) tury, and Independent and Wesleyan meeting-houses. A P. C., No. 1411. VOL. XXII.-3 H Rowley-Regis is in the northern division of Seisdon hundren, about three miles south-east of Dudley. The church contains some good antient work; and there is a place of worship for Baptists. The area of the parish is 3670 acres ; the population in 1831 was 7438, of whom 130 men were employed in coal-pits, and above 1000 men in iron-works and the connected branches of industry; the manufactures are similar to those of Wednesbury. There are two dayschools with small endowments, beside private and Sunday schools. branch of the Birmingham canal navigations passes near the village. The parish has an area of 770 acres. The population in 1831 was 6647, of whom 673 men were employed in manufactures, chiefly or wholly of iron and hardwares, and 357 men in coal-pits and quarries. There are two national schools, which are partly supported by subscription. There is a township of Darlaston in the parish of Stone, which is sometimes confounded with this. Handsworth is in the southern division of Offlow hundred, about two miles north-west of Birmingham. The church has been mostly rebuilt; only the tower and a small part of the wall of the antient edifice remain. In the church are monuments to Messrs. Boulton and Watt, the wellknown manufacturers of Soho. Soho park and works are in this parish. The area of the parish is 7720 acres. The population in 1831 was 4944, of whom 112 men were engaged in manufactures. The Roman Catholic College of St. Mary Oscott is in the parish; and there are a charity-school and a national-school, besides several private schools. Harborne lies in the same division of the same hundred, and about the same distance as Handsworth south-west of Birmingham. The church is a modern building, but some of the antient buttresses and the tower of the older structure remain: the tower is of late perpendicular date. The parish, including the chapelry of Smethwick, has an area of 4000 acres: the population, in 1831, was 4227, of whom above 330 men were employed in manufactures. Amblecoat, in the parish of Old Swinford (the greater part of which parish is in Worcestershire), close to Stourbridge; Clent, in a detached portion of the county, south of Stourbridge; Kinfare, west of the same town, Wombourne, and Tettenhall, all near the south-western border of the county, and in the hundred of Seisdon, participate more or less in the iron and hardware manufacture, which gave emFloyment in them, in 1831, to 500 men. Norton-in-the-Moors, in the neighbourhood of Burslem, participates in the coal-works and earthenware manufactures of the Pottery district. The parish has an area of 3940 acres the population, in 1831, was 2407, of whom 40 were engaged in manufacture, and probably 200 in coal-pits. At Checkley, or rather at the hamlet of Tean in Checkley parish, two miles and a half south-east of Cheadle, on the road to Uttoxeter, is a considerable tape-manufactory: the population of the parish, in 1831, was 2247, of whom 106 men were employed in manufacture, and 42 in stone-quarries. Some cotton-spinning is carried on at Yoxall, near Burtonon-Trent. Divisions for Ecclesiastical, Legal, and Parliamentary purposes.-The county of Stafford is in the diocese of Lichfield, and constitutes the archdeaconry of Stafford. It is divided into four rural deaneries, as follows: 113 12 2 Stone Tamworth and Tutbury. 0 66 4 225 47 47 The number of benefices is somewhat less than appears from the above statement (which we borrow from Cox's 'Clergy List,' 1841), owing to some unions having been formed. The residence of the bishop of Lichfield is at Eccleshall. Staffordshire is in the Oxford circuit: the assizes and quarter-sessions are held at Stafford, where is the county gaol and house of correction. It is said to be capable of holding 325 prisoners in separate cells, and 546 when more than one sleeps in a cell. (Inspectors' of Prisons Third Report.) This prison is conducted with care and judgment, and neatness and good order reign almost throughout. There are treadwheels for grinding corn, supplying the prison with water, and cleansing the prison drains; and beside this hard labour, several trades are carried on. (Ibid.) There is a county lunatic asylum at Stafford. The number of representatives returned to parliament by the county and places within it was before the Reform Act ten:-viz. two knights of the shire, and two members each for the city of Lichfield and the boroughs of Newcastleunder-Lyme, Stafford, and Tamworth. By the Reform Act the county was formed into two divisions, and two members allotted to each. The northern division contains the whole hundreds of Pyrehill and Totmonslow, and the northern division of the hundred of Offlow: the place of election is Stafford; and the polling-stations are Stafford, Leek, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Cheadle, and Abbots' Bromley. The southern division comprehends the southern division of Offlow hundred, and the whole hundreds of Cuttleston and Seisdon; the place of election is Lichfield, and the polling stations are Lichfield, Walsall, Wolverhampton, Penkridge, and King's Swinford. Wolverhampton, Stoke-upon-Trent, and Walsall were made parliamentary boroughs; the first and second to return two members each, the last to return one member. The whole number of representatives sent from the district was thus increased from ten to seventeen. The constituency at the two periods, 1835-6 and 1839-40, was as follows: Staffordshire, North Lichfield History, Antiquities, &c. In the earliest period of authentic history Staffordshire appears to have formed part of the territories of the Cornavii, or Carnabii. Under the Romans it was comprehended in the province of Flavia: Cæsariensis. The antient roads, Watling Street, Ryknield Street, and the Via Devana (Deva or Chester road) crossed this county. Watling Street entered it at Fazeley, near Tamworth, and ran west-north-west a little to the south of Cannock and Penkridge into Shropshire. The turnpike-road from London to Shrewsbury falls in with Watling-Screet on Cannock Chase, and coincides with it through the remainder of its course in this county. The Roman towns of Etocetum and Pennocrucium were on this line of Watling street: the first was at Wall, about two miles south-south-west of Lichfield; the second probably near Stretton, in Penkridge parish, and two or three miles south-west of Penk. ridge village. At Wall, according to Shaw's account (Hist. of Staffordshire), are some remains of walls enclosing two acres of land, called the Castle Croft. Great quantities of foundation stones, pavements of Roman bricks, and other. antiquities, have been dug up here. Wall is at the inter section of Ryknield and Watling streets. Pennocrucium we are inclined to fix on the river Penk, near Stretton; this position accords tolerably well with the distances in the Antonine Itinerary from Uriconium (Wroxeter, Salop) and Etocetum, and does not require the corrections which are necessary if Pennocrucium is fixed (as some have proposed) at Penkridge. Ryknield-Street entered the county across the Dore near Burton, and ran south-west by Burton and Alrewas to Etocetum or Wall, where it crossed Watling-Street; and turning more towards the south, ran by Sutton-Park and Perry-barr common into Warwickshire and Worcestershire. The Ad Trivonam (On-Trent) of Richard of Cirencester, may be fixed between Branston and Burton-uponTrent. The Via Devana entered the county across the Trent near Ad Trivonam, and appears to have passed by Uttoxeter, and through the Pottery district into Cheshire. Chesterton, two miles north-west of Newcastle, was probably a Roman station; but we doubt whether it was the Mediolanum of Antoninus and Richard, as some have supposed. The name of Uttoxeter (compare Wroxeter and Exeter) would incline us to suppose that it had been the site of a Roman station, but the form in which the name appears in Domesday' (Wotachshede) is not favourable to the supposition. A Roman road appears to have led from Watling-Street at Etocetum north-west through Chesterton, where it crossed the Via Devana into Cheshire. Another road, running westward from Little Chester, near Derby, crossed the Dove, and ran towards Cheadle: it probably joined the Via Devana. There are traces of camps or other military works supposed to be Roman at Ashwood, near King's Swinford; st Moreton, between Stafford and Aqualafe Mere; at Oldbury, | Trent (A.D. 1403), between two Staffordshire Knights and between Birmingham and Dudley; at Aldridge, between their retainers, who had embraced opposite sides. Sir Sutton Coldfield and Wasall; and in Arley wood, near William Handsacre, the insurgent commander, was deOver Arley on the Severn. Roman antiquities have been feated and slain, and the victor fell shortly after in the fight discovered in various places, especially a large quantity of at Shrewsbury. silver coins at Rowley Regis. There are traces of a bank, ditch, and pallisade, running for a considerable distance northward from Etocetum or Wall. There are some antient camps, of which it is doubtful if they are British, or belong to the Saxon or Danish periods. One of these, called Castle Old-ford or Old-fort, near Stohall, about four miles south of Lichfield, is very conspicuous. There are others in Beaudesert Park, near Rugely; on Abbots Castle hill, on the Shropshire border, between Wolverhampton and Bridgnorth; and at Barr Beacon, near Walsall. There are tumuli in various parts of the county, some of which are thought to be Roman. On the conquest of South Britain by the Saxons, the county was included in the kingdom of Mercia, or of the Middle Angles. When Oswio, of Northumbria, who had slain Penda and subdued Mercia (A.D. 655), granted part of that kingdom to Peada, son of Penda, the county was divided, Oswio retain ing the part north of Trent, and resigning the rest to Peada. Under these princes the Christian religion was established in Mercia, and a bishop appointed. On the death of Peada (A.D. 656), Oswio resumed the whole; but when the Mercians rebelled, and chose Wulfhere for their king, they seem to have recovered Staffordshire. Wulfhere restored paganism, but being subsequently converted to Christianity, the bishopric of Mercia was re-established, and fixed at Lichfield. The antient camp at Berry-bank, near Stone, is traditionally said to have been the residence of Wulf here. In the year 716, Osred, king of the Northumbrians, was slain in battle, at Mere (Hen. Hunt., lib. iv.), which some suppose to be Maer, between Newcastle-under-Lyme and Drayton, Other accounts [NORTHUMBERLAND, vol. xvi., p. 318] lead to the supposition that he died in battle against the Picts. There are the traces of an antient camp or fort, called the Burgh or Braff, near Maer. It is to be observed that although Staffordshire was wholly included in the Mercian kingdom, in the wide application of that term, the part north of the Trent was comprehended in what was sometimes termed Southumbria (Matt. Westmonast.): the southern part appears to have been included in the territory of the Middle Angles. The Mercian kings appear often to have resided at Tamworth. In the division of the island between the Saxons and Danes, in the time of Alfred, Staffordshire was partly included in the Danelagh or Danish territory, Watling Street being the boundary; but the whole was recovered by Alfred's successors. In the wars of Edward the Elder, son of Alfred, with the Danes (A.D. 910), a battle was fought at Tettenhall Regis, near Wolverhampton, in which the Danes were beaten; and in the following year they sustained another great defeat at Wednesfield: two years after (A.D. 913) Ethelfleda, Lady of Mercia,' sister of Edward, built forts at Tamworth and Stafford; and next year one at Eadesbyrig, which some suppose to be Wednesbury. Ethelfleda died at Tamworth (A.D. 920), at which town Edward assumed the direct government of Mercia. The Saxon chronicle, in recording this event, calls Tamworth a burgh or borough. In the divisions of the kingdom between Edmund I. and Anlaf (A.D. 940-943), the county was divided between the Saxons and Danes, the part north of Watling-Street being assigned to the latter. In the war of Ethelred II. with the Danes (A.D. 1016), his son Edmund marched through the county, ravaging it as he went. Under Edward the Confessor there was an earl of Staffordshire. At what time the county was formed is not known; possibly when this part of Mercia came under the power of the West-Saxon kings. There are several camps which are supposed to be of Saxon or Danish origin. In the reign of Henry I. Staffordshire was ravaged by Robert de Belesme, who supported the claim of Robert of Normandie to the crown. In the troubles of the reigns of John and Henry III., there is no record of any remarkable event connected with it; but in those of Edward II. the earls of Lancaster and Hereford, then in insurrection, were defeated by the king at Burton-upon-Trent. In the insurrection of the Percys against Henry IV. a sharp encounter took place near Mavesyn Ridware, on the banks of the In the War of the Roses, the Yorkist earl of Salisbury, marching from the north towards London (A.D. 1459) with 5000 men, was intercepted at Blere Heath, on the western side of the county, between Drayton (Salop) and Eccleshall, by 10,000 Lancastrians under Lord Audley. The good generalship of Salisbury secured the victory: Lord Audley was killed, with all his chief officers and a fourth part of his army. A stone pedestal, surmounted by an antient wooden cross, marks the field of battle. Richard III. was with his army at Tamworth just before the battle of Bosworth Field (A.D. 1485). The principal monuments of the middle ages are ecclesiastical. Lichfield Cathedral is the most important. Croxden Abbey, between Cheadle and Uttoxeter, is a fine ruin in a narrow valley watered by a small rivulet. The west end of the church, the south wall and transept, part of the cloister, the walls of the chapter-house, and some parts of the offices, may be traced. The general character of the architecture is early English. Mary, queen of Scots, was imprisoned for some time, under the care of the earl of Shrewsbury, at Tutbury Castle; also at Chartley, from whence she was removed by Abbots Bromley and Burton to Fotheringhay in Northamptonshire. Holbeach House, where most of the Powder-Plot conspirators were taken or killed, is in Staffordshire, between Wolverhampton and Stourbridge. In the great civil war the county generally embraced the side of the parliament, though several families sided with the Royalist party. Some Royalists, under the earl of Chesterfield, garrisoned Lichfield Cathedral and Close; but it was taken by the Parliamentarians, though with the loss of their general, Lord Brook (March, 1643). This post was retaken about a month after by Prince Rupert, who also took Burton: in the interval the Parliamentarians under Sir William Brereton and Sir John Gell had a severe but indecisive battle with the Royalists, at Hopton Heath, near Stafford. The Parliamentarians occupied the towns_of Stafford and Wolverhampton, and subsequently took Eccleshall Castle, and took and demolished Stafford Castle: they also besieged Tutbury Castle, but without success. Their horse had the advantage in a skirmish near Leek, which was one of their posts; and in the latter part of 1643 they gained the victory in two skirmishes with Colonel Hastings, the Royalist commander, in this county. In 1645 the king with his army marched through Staffordshire before the battle of Naseby, and was in it again after the battle. He appears to have had at this time two garrisons in the county, Lichfield Close, and Tutbury. Dudley castle, in the insulated portion of Worcestershire, was also held by his adherents; but in the course of this or the following year these all surrendered. After the battle of Worcester (A.D. 1651), Charles II. was at Boscobel House in this county. In the rebellion of 1745 the Pretender's army was at Leek, while that of the duke of Cumberland occupied Stone. (Shaw's History of Staffordshire; Rickman's Gothic Architecture; Parliamentary Papers; Ordnance Survey ; &c.) STATISTICS. Population and Occupations.-The population is chielly employed in trade and manufactures, little more than onefifth being engaged in agriculture. Staffordshire was the seventh in the list of manufacturing counties in 1831, and ranked the thirty-sixth among the agricultural counties. At that period there were 3781 males aged 20 and upwards, occupiers of land, employing labourers; 3649 occupiers of land not employing labourers; 16,812 labourers employed in agriculture; 26,755 persons employed in manufactures; 24,766 employed in retail trades and handicrafts; 3569 capitalists, bankers, and members of the professions; 22,690 non-agricultural labourers; 1959 other males twenty years of age; 1959 male domestic servants; 12,739 female servants. The places in which manufacturing employment is chiefly carried on are given in the following extract from the Census of 1831: The southern part of the county of Stafford is eminent for its manufacturing industry in producing iron and hardware (of which iron is the material); the north-west part of the county produces earthenware from the potteries in such quantity and excellence, as to have acquired the distinctive appellation of Staffordshire Ware. Both these manufactures are, comparatively speaking, of modern date; and in crossing the southern part of the county from Birmingham through Wolverhampton, the activity displayed in the coal-field between Wednesbury and Bilston, in the conversion of iron-ore, is concentrated beyond example. Eastward of this, at West Bromwich above 1000 men are employed in the further preparation of iron for the forge and the workshop; 2200 men are employed at Tipton, 1200 at Walsall and the foreign of Walsall, 740 at Willenhall, 157 at Wednesfield, 444 at Wednesbury, and 200 at Rowley-Regis, in making guns and other fire-arms, gas-tubes, chains, spades and shovels, locks and keys, hinges, bridle-bits, stirrup-irons, buckles, screws, files, edge-tools of all kinds, and in producing machinery; and at Smithwick and Handworth about 150 men are so employed. Wolverhampton, which besides its comprehensive business as the chief town of a manufacturing district, centains nearly 2000 men, who, in addition to the articles above mentioned, are employed in making domestic firearms, tinned and japanned iron-ware. Sedgley contains 500, and Kingswinford 200 manufacturers of the same kind; at Tettenhall more than 60, and at Brewood about 130 men are employed in the less refined manufacture of stock-locks. Darlaston contains nearly 500 men occupied in hardware workmanship; and in most of the places thus enumerated, as well as in many populous villages, the more domestic manufacture of iron nails furnishes employment to 2500 men and part of their families. The other important manufacture of Staffordshire, unrivalled in amount, but not surpassing in beauty and excellence the china-ware of HOUSES. Worcester, is spread over the vicinity of Newcastle underLine. Employed in this manufacture, Burslem contains 900 men and their families; Skelton a larger number; Longton and Lane-end nearly 1000; Parkhall 700; Hanley, 360; Fenton-Calvert, 300; Sneyd, 125: these places, including a few adjacent villages which partake of the earthenware manufacture, contain about 4400 men and their families so employed. In the town of Stafford 800 men are employed in shoe-making, and these, in so far as the article produced is not consumed in the town and neighbourhood, may properly be deemed manufacturers. Burton-upon-Trent and its suburb (Burton-Extra), Yoxall, and Tutbury, partake in a small degree of the cotton-spin ning trade as well as that of hardware. The population of Staffordshire, at the decennial periods when the census was taken, was as under ;— Increase per cent 23.4 OCCUPATIONS. 1831 .. 132,887 6 5 21,789 206,921 203,591 410,512 101,632 children chargeable on the poors'-rate in 1835-6, 2255, or 1 in 182;-in England 1 to 215. Lunatics and idiots chargeable on the same fund in 1836, 261, or 1 in 1573;— in England 1 in 1033. Proportion per cent. of persons married under 21 years of age in 1840, 13-4;-in England and Wales, 9'6 for the two sexes. The annual value of real property in the county assessed to the property-tax in 1815, was 1,150,2847. The sum raised for poor-rate, county-rate, and other local purposes, for the And in each of the following years ending 25th March, year ending 25th March, 1833, was 175,591., levied upon the expenditure was as under: 1835. 1836. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1837. £104,245 £92,176 £83,817 £81,183 £82,971 £92,835 The expenditure in the last of the above years would average about 38. 81d. for each inhabitant, which is much lower than for the whole of England and Wales. The expenditure for the year ending 25th March, 1834, was 120,5127. The saving effected between that year and 1840 amounted to 42,934, or 29 per cent.; namely, under the head of relief and maintenance, 27,6771., or 23 per cent.; in suits of law, &c., 50217.. or 73 per cent.; and in miscellaneous expenses, 10,2367., or 49 per cent. The number of poorlaw unions is 16, comprising a population of 404,141, according to the census of 1831: there are 22 parishes with a population of 6371, which are not in any union. The number of paupers relieved during the quarter ending Lady-day, 1840, was 19,047 (3777 in-door, and 15,270 out. door), being 5 per cent. of the population, the proportion for England being 8.6 per cent. The illegitimate births in 1830 were 736, or 1 in 17; in England in 20. Bastard The county-rate levied at different periods during the last half-century, and the principal disbursements, so far as they can be made out, are shown in the following table: Income 1801. 13,218 19,568 1831. 1838. £ 18,367 £ Gaols 1,459 8,765 638 1,005 6,308 ... In 1839 the length of streets and highways in the county, and the expenditure thereon, were as under: Streets and roads repaired under local acts All other highways the other 6 the sentence was commuted. Of 666 offenders ber committed 783 were males and 140 females: 216 Savings' Banks.-There are 18 of these institutions in the county; and the number of depositors and amount of deposits on the 20th of November in each of the following years, was as under: 1838. 1839. 1840. 1833. 1936. 1837. 12,509 10,212 10,296 11,512 11,911 No. of depositors 8,058 Am. of deposits £250,617 £313,073 £311,723 £345,457 £355,870 £369.151 The various sums placed in the savings' banks in 1830, 1834, and 1839, were distributed as follows: Miles. 30 601 2,347 1830. Depo- 1834. Depo 1839.' Depo 50 65,532 " Deposits. sitors. Deposits. sitors. Deposits. 4,376 £32,391 6,450 £47,084 3,762 £27,106 101,225 79,699 3,313 2,504 2,183 410 :00 926 66,013 1,005 69,696 1,371 95, 121 150 320 38,301 360 43,713 479 57,825 21,980 190 31,555 245 41,287 Above 200 67 7,387 15,881 234,848 53 13,329 The number of turnpike trusts in the county in 1839 was 47; income from tolls, 54,6487.; from parish compositions, in lieu of statute duty, 2127.; and the total income (including 2787. borrowed) was 58,1287.; the total expenditure for the same year being 59,7527. The assets, including arrears of income, amounted to 16,2937.; the debts to 217,2647. In 1836 the debt was equal to 4.43 years of the annual income; the propor-the proportion for England being 4:56 years; tion of unpaid interest to the total debt was 20 per cent., the average for England being 12 per cent. In 1839 the church rates levied amounted to 8,5037.; and with 47727. derived from other sources, were applied to defray expenses connected with the established church: in 1832 the sum derived from other sources' included 4757. from estates and rent charges. The sum expended for the purposes of the establishment amounted to 12,6147. in 1839, out of which sum 66951. were for repairs of churches. Crime.-Number of persons charged with criminal of fences in the four septennial periods ending 1819, 1826, 1833, and 1840:1827-33. 1834-40. The deposits of 235 friendly societies, not reckoned above, amounted in 1840 to 48,498.; and 10,2007. were invested by 176 charitable institutions. the following table:Freeholders of every class The state of the election franchise in 1839-40 is shown in N. div. 7,181 Copyholders and customary tenants 382 S. div. 6,416 Total. 13,597 449 831 122 2,227 15 10,020 8,469 18,489 Education.-Summary of the Returns made to Parlia Infant schools Schools. Scholars Total. 790 The numbers committed, convicted, and acquitted in each year from 1834 to 1839 were as under: Number of children at such schools; Males Females 1838. 1839, 1840. Sex not specified 744 746 2,372 847 1835. 1936. 1934. 636 649 715 Committed 601 539 589 666 412 452 395 Convicted 229 308 341 257 263 241 237 Acquitted In 1834 the proportion of persons committed, to the total population of the county, was 1 in 633; and in 1840, allowing for the increase of population, 1 in about 541. Of 923 criminal offenders tried at the assizes and sessions in Staffordshire in 1840, there were 68 charged with offences against the person; 80 with offences against property committed with violence; 715 (including 572 cases of simple larceny) with offences against property committed without violence; 13 with malicious offences against property; 10 for forgery and uttering base coin; and 37 for various misdemeanors, including 29 for riot and breach of the peace. Above seventy per cent. of the offences were those against property committed without violence; and above sixty-one per cent. were cases of simple larceny, Sentence of death was recorded in 8 cases; in 2 execution took place, and in 15,820 12,199 33,338 912 35,710 388 Number of children at such schools; 23601 Females 22,492 Sex not specified |