The lighters convey the goods to the river of Singapore, According to this statement the number of vessels which where they discharge them at a convenient quay, and at the entered the port in 1836 exceeded the number in 1835 by door of the principal warehouses. There is no want of com- 22, and by 9540 tons; and the number of vessels which mon artisans. The Chinese follow the occupations of shoe- cleared out in the first-mentioned year exceeded that of the makers, bakers, butchers, blacksmiths, gunsmiths, gold-preceding year by 16, and by 9443 tons. This statement smiths, and carpenters; they also manufacture pearl sago however does not include the native craft, which are largely on an extensive scale, for the European market, the mate- used in the intercourse with Sumatra, the Malay Peninrial being obtained from the island of Sumatra. They also sula, Rhio, Borneo, and the neighbouring islands, and which employ a great number of forges, in which native arms in 1836 amounted to 1484, of 37,521 tons. If these are and domestic and agricultural implements are made. These added, the shipping that entered the port in 1836 amounted latter articles are mostly sent to the settlements of the to 203,574 tons. Chinese on the different islands of the Indian ArchipeJago. The principal public buildings at Singapore are the government-house, a court-house, a gaol, custom-house, Mission chapel, and the Singapore Institution. Sir Stamford Raffles formed a very extensive plan for this institution, which however has not been carried into effect. At present t consists of three schools, English, Malay, and Tamul, and | the number of scholars amounts to upwards of seventy. A Chinese school on a large scale was contemplated in 1837, and has probably been opened. Some Chinese youths are to be admitted as students, to reside at the institution, and to receive instruction both in English and Chinese for a term of four or five years. There are several native schools in the town. The commerce of the newly established colony increased at first with incredible rapidity. In the year 1824, only five years after its foundation, the imports amounted to 6,914,536 Spanish dollars, and the exports to 6,604,601. In the following year however it suffered some slight diminution, and it may be said that it has been nearly stationary since that period; for in 1835 the imports amounted only to 6,611,778 dollars, and the exports to 6,238,131. In the former account however the exports to and the imports from Malacca and Penang probably were included, whilst they were not taken into account in 1836. In this year goods to the value of 160,970 dollars were imported from Malacca, and others amounting to 168,867 dollars exported to that settlement. The commercial intercourse with Penang was much more important; the goods imported from that settlement If the commerce of Singapore were limited to the pro- were to the value of 426,176 dollars; and those that were duce of the place, it would hardly give employment to two exported rose to 544,640 dollars. If these sums are added, or three vessels. Besides the pearl sago and the iron im- the exports in 1835 amounted to 7,325,285 dollars, and the plements, it exports only a small quantity of pepper and imports to 6,825,277; and the whole commerce exceeded gambier, and perhaps at present coffee of its own growth, that of 1824 by 631,425 dollars. From 1835 an increase together with a large quantity of aggar-aggar. But Singa- both in imports and exports took place; for in the year endpore has become the London of Southern Asia and the In-ing with the 30th of April, 1837, the imports amounted to dian Archipelago. All the nations that inhabit the countries 8,243,629 dollars, and the exports to 7,806,965 dollars, exbordering on the Indian Ocean resort to it with the produce clusive of the trade with Malacca and Penang, so that the of their agriculture and manufacturing industry, and take difference between that year and the preceding was 1,900,032 in exchange such goods as are not grown or produced in Spanish dollars. their own countries. All of them find there a ready market, which at the same time is well stocked with European goods. This effect has partly been produced by the wise policy of declaring the harbour of Singapore a free port, in which no export or import duties, nor any anchorage, harbour, nor lighthouse fees are levied. The effect of this policy was evident even at the beginning of the settlement. In the first year the exports and imports by native boats alone exceeded four millions of dollars, and during the first year and a half no less than 2889 vessels entered and cleared from the port, of which 383 were owned and commanded by Europeans, and 2506 by natives: their united tonnage amounted to 161,000 tons. In 1822 the tonnage amounted to 130,689 tons, and the total value of exports and imports to upwards of eight millions of dollars. Number and tonnage of square-rigged vessels which entered into and cleared at the port of Singapore in 1835 and 1836. Names of Places from and to. Bourbon. China Manilla. INWARD. 1835. 1836. OUTWARD. 1835. 1836. The commerce of Singapore may be divided into the Eastern trade, that of the Straits, and the Western trade. The Eastern trade, or that which is carried on with the countries east and south-east of Singapore, comprehends the commerce with China, the Spanish settlement of Manilla, the independent tribes of the Indian Archipelago, the Dutch settlements on the island of Java and at Rhio, and the countries of the Peninsula beyond the Ganges which lie east of the Malay Peninsula. The most important branches of this commerce are those with China, Java, and Siam. The commerce with China is entirely carried on in Chinese vessels. The Chinese junks come from the ports of Canton, Changlim, and Ampo, in the province of Quantong, from Amoy in the province of Fokien, and from the island of Hainan. They leave their respective ports during south-west monsoon, which blows from April to October. the north-east monsoon, about January, and return with the They perform the voyage from Canton in from 10 to 20 days, and from Fokien in 12 or 15 days. The most valuable, but not the largest of the Chinese junks are from Amoy; the largest come from the province of Quantong, and the No. Tonnage No. Tonnage No. Tonnage No. Tonnage smallest and least valuable from Hainan. They bring an 120 1 5596 32 Calcutta 30,965 87 9432 25 665 2 357 Tringanu and the 646 8 825 6 Rhio. other neighbouring ports Bally and Eastern Islands. 7210 2147 214 5771 2214 147 8566 nually from 2000 to 2500 emigrants to Singapore. The imports from China amounted, in the year ending the 30th of April, 1836, to 712,265 dollars; the most important articles were Spanish dollars, 138,927 in number; raw silk, 66,023 113,942 dollars; chinaware, 93,902; tea, 57,509; tobacco, 1834 47,239; cassia, 93,092; nankeens, 25,715; and gold17,131 thread, 11,016 dollars. Minor articles were camphor, 18,704 copperware, earthenware, ironware, paints, piece-goods, 1378 salt, sugar-candy, and woollens. The imports entered under the head of sundries amounted to 152,440 dollars. The ex5390 ports to China amounted in the same year to 1,079,752 dollars, and consisted chiefly of opium and such articles as 2759 had been brought to Singapore from the Indian archipelago 2009 Next to opium, which amounted to 252,327 dollars, the most 1636 important articles were edible birds'-nests, to the amount of 394 162,852; tin, 117,386; and trepang, 74,723 dollars. Rice was sent there to the amount of 59,408; pepper, 56,023; betelnut, 44,962; and ratans, 36,019 dollars. Other articles of importance were woollens (25,064 d.), European piece-goods (20,796 d.), cotton-twist (18,100 d.), raw cotton (16,155 d.), aggar-aggar (16,100 d.), camphor barus (16,155 d.), spices (11,314 d.), tortoise-shell (12,684 d.), sandal-wood (11,143 d.), and lakka-wood (10,800 d.). Minor articles were antimony, 11.082 2862 218 2683 648 988 7 birds' feathers, canvas, dragon's-blood, gambier, gold-dust, glassware, European gold thread, hides, garro-wood, spirits, and sundries. Spanish dollars were sent to China to the number of 21,864. The commerce between Singapore and Manilla is carried on partly by Spanish and partly by American and English vessels. In the year ending on the 30th of April, 1836, the imports from that settlement into Singapore amounted to 166,086 dollars, of which cigars constituted more than onehalf the amount, viz. 89,468 dollars. Sugar was brought to the amount of 23,190 dollars, and the other minor articles were trepang, cotton, hides, indigo, mother-of-pearl shells, oils, wines, sapan-wood (8802 d.), spirits, and sundries (8842 d.). Cowries were imported to the amount of 2252 dollars, and also 3000 dollars. The trade with Celebes is almost exclusively in the hands of the Bugis of Waju, a country on the western side of that island, the inhabitants of which have colonized many islands of the Indian Archipelago, and carry on what may be called the foreign trade of the countries in which they have settled. They disperse the goods obtained at Singapore over most of the islands east of Celebes, as far as the coast of New Guinea, and also over that chain of islands called the Lesser Sunda Islands. [SUNDA ISLANDS.] Their country vessels, called prahus, arrive at Singapore during the prevalence of the eastern monsoon. The goods brought by the Bugis from Celebes in 1835 amounted to 214,703 dollars. The most important articles were tortoise-shell (61,878 d.), gold-dust (23,230 d.), mother-of-pearl shells (21,277 d.), coffee (14,098 d.), trepang (12,755 d.), birds'nests (10,190 d.), and rice (10,501 d.). Minor articles were birds' feathers and birds of paradise, bees'-wax, hides, oils, paddy, ratans, aggar-aggar, spices, and tobacco. The importation of sundries amounted to 23,287 dollars, and 21,650 dollars in specie were also brought to Singapore. The value of the goods exported to Celebes was 339,966 dollars, and the principal articles were derived from Europe and Hindustan, viz. opium (71,162 d.), India piece-goods (66,236 d.), European piece-goods (47,881 d.), cotton-twist (44,244 d.), and copper coin brought from England (12,076 d.). The exportation of raw silk (17,498 d.) and of gambier (13,334 d.) was also considerable. Minor articles were arms, benjamin, or benzoin, chinawate, earthenware, gold thread, ivory, iron and steel (7315 d.) ironware and cutlery (5510 d.), nankeens, stick-lac, tobacco (7569 d.), and woollens (7547 d.). Besides, there went 8792 dollars in specie and 4000 Java rupees. The commerce between Singapore and the northern coast of Borneo is almost exclusively carried on by native vessels, many of which are of great size; some of them are managed by Bugis. The articles imported from that island in 1835 amounted to 268,074 dollars. The most important article was gold-dust, to the value of 128,748 dollars. Other articles of importance were edible birds'-nests (30,355 d.), ratans (28,776 d.), antimony-ore (24,872 d.), pepper (17,847 d.), and camphor barus (10,478 d.). Minor articles were sago (9102 d.), tortoise-shell (8624 d.), bees' wax (8360 d.), trepang (5067 d.), ebony, hides, rice, sugar, tobacco, garrowood (5957 d.), and lakka-wood (4472 d.). The sundries amounted to 7137 dollars, and the dollars in specie to 5290. The goods exported to Borneo were to the value of 231,342 dollars. The largest articles were India piece-goods (110,934 d.), opium (73,490 d.), nankeens (17,311 d.), Malay piecegoods (17,024 d.), and European piece-goods (9150 d.). There were also arms (5507 d.), iron and steel (6775 d), ironware and cutlery (4449 d.), raw silk (5155 d.), china-ware (3138 d.), gambier (3792 d.), cotton-twist (2627 d.), gunpowder (2001 d.), and China sundries (2309 d.). Minor articles were trepang, benjamin, earthenware, ivory, rice, salt, saltpetre, stick-lac, tea, tobacco, woollens, Java and Eastern sundries. To these were added 9389 dollars in specie, Java rupees to the amount of 4840 dollars, and copper coin to the amount of 100 dollars. An active commerce is carried on between Singapore and the rival settlement of the Dutch at Rhio. [RHIO.] The imports into S.ngapore from that place amounted, in 1835, to 111,395 dollars, of which the pepper alone amounted to 82,483 dollars, and the rice to 12,349. Minor articles were bees'-wax, cotton, gambier, hides, sugar, tin (2700 d.), and Java sundries; there were also 7933 dollars in specie imported. The exports to Rhio amounted to 167,461 dollars, and consisted especially of dollars in specie (84,882), European piece-goods (25,938 d.), India piece-goods (16,940 d.), | rice (12,911 d.), and opium (5252 d.). Minor articles were anchors and grapnels, arms, chinaware, ebony, iron and steel, lead, oils, paints, ratans, raw silk, sago, salt, spelter, tea, lakka-wood, and sundries, with Java rupees amounting to 400 dollars. The direct commerce between Singapore and Java is limited to the three ports of Batavia, Samarang, and Surabaya, but European and India goods may be shipped from these places to any other Dutch settlement on the island of Java, or on the other islands of the Archipelago, the Moluccas excepted. The exports of Java to Singapore, in 1835, amounted to 876,321 dollars. The most considerable articles were-tin (155,527 d.), European piece-goods (142,317 d.), birds'-nests (101,949 d.), and rice (86,479 d.). Next to these were tobacco (44,139 d.), spices (41,845 d.), ratans (34,589 d.), spirits, especially hollands (26,938 d.), Java sundries (26,145 d.), pepper (18,176 d.), sandal-wood (18,490 d.), sugar (17,043 d.), gold-dust (14,523 d.), cotton (10,751 d.), and tortoise-shell (10,059 d.). The importations werewoollens (9394 dollars), European sundries (8088 d.), arrack (7856 d.), hides (7519 d.), glass-ware (6275 d.), mother-of-pearl shells (5308 d.), and cotton-twist (4223 d.). Minor articles were camphor, camphor barus, coffee, copper-ware, copper sheathing, ebony, ivory, indigo, oils, paints, provisions, spelter, stick-lac, sugar-candy, tea, wine, garrowood, and Eastern sundries. There were also brought to Singapore 48,374 dollars in specie, Java rupees to the amount of 4709 dollars, doubloons (980 dollars), and cowries (150 dollars). The exports from Singapore to the ports of Java were of the value of 568,470 dollars. The most valuable articles were India piece-goods (135,900 d.), opium (118,495 d.), and China sundries (70,790 d.). Next to these were raw silk (40,135 d.), cigars (27,112 d.), china-ware (22,336 d.), gunnies (15,252 d.), tea (14,310 d.), wheat (11,749 d.), and nankeens (10,994 d.); European sundries (9231 d.), China piece-goods (7617 d.), India sundries (7308 d.), copper (6433 d.), pepper (6014 d.), iron and steel (5537 d.), Straits sundries (4935 d.), tobacco (4829 d.), saltpetre (4449 d.), tin (4000 d.), and cassia (3340 d.) Minor articles were arms, benjamin, bees'-wax, canvas, cordage, dragons'-blood, earthenware, glue, glassware, gunpowder, ivory, lead, oils, provisions, European piece-goods, Malay piece-goods, sago, stick-lac (3758 d.), woollens, and American sundries (2052 d.). There are still to be added 7024 dollars in specie, and Java rupees to the amount of 2000 dollars. The island of Bally, whose surface does not much exceed 2000 square miles, sent to Singapore goods to the amount of 59,724 dollars, of which the rice alone fetched 37,274 dollars; the tobacco 8288 d., the tortoise-shell 4021 d., and the edible birds'-nests 2755 d. Minor articles were trepang, bees'-wax, coffee, hides, sandal-wood, and Eastern sundries (1230 d.); also 4270 dollars in specie. The goods exported from Singapore to Bally amounted to 65,073 dollars, and consisted especially of opium (24,264 d.), copper coin (13,339 d.), India piece-goods (10,119 d.), and European piece-goods (4583 d.), with several minor articles, as arms, chinaware, earthenware, gold thread, ivory, ironware, China piece-goods, raw silk, woollens, and China sundries, with 200 dollars in specie. The commerce between Singapore and the several islands which lie in the sea between the settlement and Java, including Banca, is also considerable. The goods brought from then amounted to 133,536 dollars. The larger articles were tin (47,461 d.), trepang (10,662 d.), India sundries (7942 d.), Eastern sundries (5622 d.), pepper (5689 d.), aggaraggar (4869 d.), and tortoise-shell (4882 d.). Minor articles were bees'-wax, birds' nests, chinaware, coffee, ebony, ghee, gambier, gold-dust, gram, oils, paddy (3612 d.), ratans, rice, sago, tobacco, wheat, garro-wood, and sapan-wood. There were also 12,296 dollars in specie sent to Singapore. The exports from our settlements amounted to 101,180 dollars, and consisted principally of opium (18,528 d.), India piecegoods (12,450 d.), rice (11,902 d.), raw silk (6858 d.), European piece-goods (5829 d.), and Malay piece goods (5047 d.). Minor articles were anchors, arms, cotton-twist, earthenware, gambier, gold thread, gunpowder, iron and steel, iron ware, nankeens, oils, sago, stick-lac, sugar, tea, tobacco (2500 d.), wheat, garro-wood, spirits, and sundries. Besides, 17,110 dollars in specie and 300 dollars in copper coin were exported. The commerce between Singapore and Siam is mostly carried on by the Chinese who are settled in that country. And in junks built at Bangkok and other places. The imports from Siam amounted, in the year terminating with the 30th of April, 1836, to 282,019 dollars. The principal articles were sugar (114,453 d.), rice (43,330 d.), stick-lac (18,264 d.), iron-ware (12,379 d.), sapan-wood (11,674 d.), oils (8485 d.), salt (7959 d.) and Eastern sundries (6483 d.). Minor articles were china-ware (2147 d.), hides, ivory, paddy, India piece-goods, raw silk, sugar-candy (2250 d.), tea, spirits, and China sundries. The imported silver consisted of 12,120 dollars, and ticals to the amount of 35,913 dollars. The goods imported into Siam were of the value of 180,604 dollars. The principal articles were European piece-goods (58,155 d.), India piece-goods (26,845 d.), cotton-twist (19,913 d.), opium (18,925 d.), ratans (9533 d.), ebony (9200 d.), bees'-wax (8475 d.), woollens (5085 d.), gambier (4708 d.), and iron and steel (4560 d.). Minor articles were anchors, arms, betel-nut, earthenware, lead, lakka-wood, and European, India, China, and Eastern sundries. Only 400 dollars, and cowries to the amount of 100 dollars, were sent to Siam. The commerce with Cochin China is much less considerable. It is likewise carried on by the Chinese settled at Kangkao and Saigun in Camboja, and at Quinhon, Faifo, and Hué in Cochin China. In 1835 the imports from these places amounted to 62,319 dollars, and consisted chiefly of sugar (27,055 d.), rice (10,356 d.), copper (9300 d.), and salt (4388 d.), with some ebony, indigo (2970 d.), iron, oils, raw silk, tea, and Eastern sundries. The exports amounted to 91,073 dollars, and the principal articles were woollens (28,534 d.) and opium (26,019 d.). The other articles, as arms, canvas, copper sheathing, gambier (4708 d.), iron, iron-ware (2485 d.), lead, piece-goods, ratans, saltpetre, spelter, tea, tobacco, sapan-wood, European sundries (3267 d.), and China and Eastern sundries, amounted in general to small sums; but 9500 dollars in specie were exported. The commerce of the Straits is carried on with the Malay Peninsula and with the island of Sumatra. The harbours on the eastern side of the peninsula, which trade with Singapore, are Pahang, Tringanu, and Calantan, and this trade is rather active. The trade with the western coast of the peninsula is not important, and is almost entirely limited to the harbour of Salangore. In 1835 the imports from these places to Singapore were 319,134 dollars. The most valuable articles were gold-dust (145,040 d.) and tin (107,670 d.). Pepper amounted to 11,273 dollars, and sugar to 4210 dollars. The other articles were trepang, bees'-wax, birds'-nests, coffee, ebony, ghee, hides, ivory, iron-ware, ratans (2216 d.), raw silk, rice, stick-lac, tortoiseshell, garrowood, lakka-wood, and several other articles; 31,313 dollars were also imported. The exports in 1835 amounted to 316,370 dollars. The principal article was opium, to the amount of 169,348 dollars, and next to it followed cottontwist (40,867 d.), tobacco (30,034 d.), Malay piece-goods (21,538 d.), European piece-goods (14,994 d.), and India piece-goods (9474 d.). Minor articles were arms, bees'-wax, cotton, earthenware, gambier, iron and steel (3431 d.), ironware and cutlery, raw silk, salt, and several sundries. There were also 14,408 dollars sent from Singapore to these ports. The commerce between Singapore and the island of Sumatra is almost entirely limited to the ports along the eastern coast of the island; there is hardly any commercial intercourse with the Dutch settlements of Bencoolen, Padang, and Trappanuli, which are on the western coast. The commerce of the eastern coast is divided between Singapore and Penang. The ports south of the free port of Batu Bara send their goods to Singapore, whilst those which are farther north visit Penang. The harbours connected with the firstnamed settlement are Campar, Siack, Indragiri, Iambie, Assahan, and Batu Bara. The goods imported from these places amounted to the sum of 130,921 dollars. The principal articles were coffee (44,842 d.), betel-nut (24,946 d.), cotton (12,134 d.), sago (10,972 d.), ratans (8261 d.) golddust (5936 d.), and benjamin (4652 d.). Minor articles were trepang, bees'-wax (3712 d.), dragon's-blood, gambier, hides, ivory, iron, iron-ware, mother-of-pearl shells, paddy, pepper, rice (3682 d.), spices, tortoise-shell, lakka-wood, and several sundries. There were also sent to Singapore 1250 dollars, and Java rupees to the amount of 300 dollars. The goods exported to these places amounted to the value of 165,601 dollars. The principal articles were India piecegoods (37,774 d.), European piece-goods (16,443 d.), raw-silk (12,680 d.) opium (11,767 d.), Malay piece goods (10,937 d.), China sundries (8995 d.), iron (6390 d.), and salt (5915 d.). Minor articles were arms (2475 d.), brass-ware, china-ware (3196 d.), copper sheathing, cotton-twist, earthenware, gold thread, gunpowder, iron-ware, nankeens, oils, stick-lac, tea, tobacco, wheat, woollens, and several sundries. There were also sent to Sumatra 26,906 dollars, and Java rupees to the amount of 1800 dollars. The western trade of Singapore comprehends that with Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, the island of Ceylon, and Arabia, with the Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, and Australia, and with Europe and America. In the commerce which is carried on between Singapore and Calcutta larger capitals are employed than in that with China or Great Britain. The imports from Calcutta amounted, in 1835, to 1,191,390 dollars. The principal article was opium, of which 1640 chests, of the value of 957,855 dollars, were imported. Next to it were India piece-goods, which amounted to 135,679 dollars; gunnies (24,745 d.), cotton (21,060 d.), rice (14,042 d.), wheat (13,978 d.), India sundries (8024 d.), and saltpetre (7451 d.). The other articles, as brass-ware, canvas, copper-ware, cordage, copper sheathing, ebony, ghee, hides, mother-of-pearl shells, tobacco, and European sundries, amounted only to small sums. The exports from Singapore to Calcutta were to the value of 876,851 dollars. The most valuable article was gold-dust, which amounted to 473,565 dollars. Tin was sent to the amount of 69,045 dollars, pepper 44,839 d., cigars 29,550 d., European piece-goods 20,669 d., sapanwood 18,829 d., spirits 17,992 d., ratans 13,465 d., gambier 10,230 d., Java sundries 8402 d., spices 6333 d., Eastern sundries 5721 d., canvass .5931 d., cotton-twist 5619 d., European sundries 4712 d., and tea 4510 d. Minor articles were anchors and grapnels (2014 d.), arms, benjamin, bees'wax, betel-nut (3589 d.), cassia (3951 d.), copper, cordage, glass-ware, iron and steel, sago (3142 d.), sugar-candy, tobacco, wine, sandal-wood, woollens, and India, China, and American sundries (3916 d.). From Singapore there were sent to Calcutta 70,189 dollars, sicca rupees to the amount of 5092 dollars, Java rupees 1943 dollars, sycee silver 650 dollars, ticals 25,004 dollars, sovereigns 475 dollars, gold mohurs 93 dollars, and cowries 2989 dollars. The commerce with Madras is much less important. The imports from that place to Singapore amounted only to 151,133 dollars. The largest article was India piece-goods (132,679 d.), and all the others, except ebony (6822 d.), amounted to small sums, and were trepang, earthenware, ghee (2993 d.), mother-of-pearl shells, European piecegoods (2880 d.), rice, wine, spirits, and a few sundries. The exports to Madras amounted to 138,365 dollars, and consisted principally in money, viz. 99,758 dollars in specie, ticals to the amount of 17,000 dollars, sicca rupees 311 dollars, and Java rupees 125 dollars. Cigars, amounting to 5187 dollars, were the most important article. Other articles were benjamin, chinaware, cordage, earthenware, gold-dust, glassware, iron and steel, ironware (2984 d.), European piece-goods, ratans, sago, spices, sugar-candy, woollens (2168 d.), spirits, and some sundries. The commerce with Bombay is more important. The imports from that place amounted to 156,904 dollars. Opium was to the amount of 117,195 dollars, and India piece-goods 19,578 dollars. The other articles were of little value, and consisted of brassware, cotton (2308 d.), grain, saltpetre, tortoiseshell, woollens, and a few sundries; there were also imported 13,000 dollars. The exports to Bombay amounted to 196,757 dollars. The largest articles were gold-dust (38,683 d.), tin (31,050 d.), sugar (30,489 d.), spices (17,051 d.), piece-goods (11,202 d.), ratans (7598 d.), and cigars (5441 d.). Minor articles were benjamin, betel-nut, cassia (2962 d.), gambier, ivory, oils, pepper, raw silks, sago, garro-wood (3360 d.), sapan-wood, spirits, and several sundries. Bombay received also from Singapore 30,437 dollars, ticals to the amount of 5896 dollars, Bombay rupees 371 dollars, gold coins 92 dollars, and doubloons 62 dollars. The exports from Singapore to Ceylon amounted only to 3849 dollars, and consisted of chinaware (1097 d.), ratans, cigars, sugar (1358 d.), and a few sundries. But Ceylon sent to Singapore goods to the amount of 30,876 dollars, of which ebony alone was of the value of 19,872 dollars. The other articles, except cordage (4669 d.), were small, and consisted of trepang, birds' feathers, canvas, ghee, hides, India piece-goods, wheat, spirits, and some sundries. The imports from Arabia to Singapore amounted only to 6395 dollars, and consisted of India sundries (4240 d.), and small quantities of gold thread, tortoiseshell, oils, and salt. But Singapore exported to Arabia, probably on account of the pilgrims who go from the Malay Peninsula and the Indian Archipelago to Mecca, the value of 70,153 dollars, of which 41,000 dollars were in specie. The largest articles of goods were benjamin (8708 d.), tin (6779 d.), sugar (5885 d.), and garro-wood (4710 d.) Minor articles were gold-dust (607 d.), pepper, India piece-goods, rice, sago, spices, sugar-candy, sapan-wood, and a few sundries. coloured cotton-twist (2541 d.), dragons'-blood, ebony, golddust (4355 d.), nankeens (3440 d.), oils, China piece-goods, rice, cigars, wines, sapan-wood (4262 d.), and India sundries (3106 d.). There were also sent to Great Britain 95 sove reigns, and cowries to the value of 1086 dollars. Such is the state of the commerce of Singapore at present,. but it will probably increase largely in a few years. If the Chinese government continue the vexatious restrictions on The imports into Singapore from the Cape, Mauritius, and our commerce at Canton, it may be expedient to discontinue Australia amounted only to 4860 dollars, of which 2900 the direct commercial intercourse with the Celestial empire. were in specie, to which arms and ebony in small quantities Instead of Canton, the settlement of Singapore would be were added. But Singapore exported to these places goods the market to which tea and other articles of Chinese into the amount of 88,674 dollars. The most important dustry would be brought, and our goods adapted for their articles were tin (12,570 d.), cigars (11,272 d)., wheat consumption would be sold. The consumption of all these (11,017 d.), Eastern sundries (8739 d.), sugar (6425 d.), and articles, with the exception of opium, would probably be coffee (5886 d.) The other articles were of less importance, much increased by such a change, for the Chinese themand consisted of antimony, bees'-wax, canvas, cassia, cord-selves would be able to sell their goods at a less price at age (2608 d.), gram, gambier, gold-dust, gunnies, opium Singapore than we have hitherto paid for them at Canton (2400 d.), pepper, paddy, provisions (2302 d.), ratans, rice Our vessels and merchants have to pay very heavy dues, (2633 d.), sago, sugar-candy, tea (2360 d.), tobacco, wines, whilst Chinese vessels pay very little in comparison, and are spirits, and European sundries (3216 d.). almost entirely free from dues whenever a part of their The United States of America carry on an active com- return cargo consists of rice. This article is at present merce with Singapore, but as most of their goods are not always to be had at Singapore, and might be grown to an adapted for the market of Southern Asia, they generally indefinite extent in the eastern districts of Sumatra and in pay for the goods that they buy with ready money. They our Tenasserin provinces, if there was a demand for it. imported 87,800 Spanish dollars, and also manufactured Thus it is probable that the Chinese junks would be able to goods (14,548 d.), provisions (9853 d.), and American sun- sell tea and other articles at least 10 per cent. less than we dries (9122 d.) Minor articles were canvas, cordage, gun- pay for them at Canton; besides, the tea is brought to Canton powder, hides, cigars, and tobacco (1556 d.) The whole by a transport over land of many hundred miles, whilst importation amounted to 125,897 dollars, whilst the articles the countries in which it grows are near the sea; and it exported were of the value of 177,526 dollars. The most im- could be brought directly from Amoy, Ningpo, and Sanghae, portant articles among the exports were tin (43,751 d.), to Singapore, at a much less expense. The only difference sugar (38,184 d.), coffee (34,279 d.), pepper (19,793 d.), would be, that our vessels, instead of proceeding to Canton, tortoise-shell (6784 d.), rice (6258 d.), and gunnies (5760 d.). would stop at Singapore; but that can hardly be considered Minor articles were antimony, betel-nut, canvas, cassia a loss, when we reflect that the increased consumption (3956 d.), cordage, dragon's-blood, gambier, hides, oils, of Chinese goods, in consequence of the decrease in price, opium (2660 d.), India piece-goods, ratans (2117 d.), sago, would certainly be attended by an increase of our shipping. cigars, spices (2400 d.), tea, and several sundries. As to the harbours of continental Europe, that of Hamburg had the greatest share in the trade. But the imports from these places amounted only to 65,657 dollars, and the largest articles were spirits (12,876 d.), piece-goods (12,700 d.), wine (10,578 d.), and European sundries (16,584 d.). Minor articles were arms, canvas (3000 d.), cordage (2300 d.), cotton-twist (2340 d.), glassware, gold thread, iron (2161 d.), ironware, lead, oils, paints, provisions, salt, and woollens. The goods exported from Singapore to these parts amounted to 115,303 dollars. The largest articles were coffee (42,649 d.), tin (23,319 d.), sugar (15,942 d.), pepper (13,772 d.), European sundries (5329 d.), and cassia (3355 d.). Minor articles of export were bees'-wax, cordage, gold-dust, hides, rice, ratans, sago (2084 d.), cigars (2386 d.), tortoise-shell, sapan-wood, arrack, and some sundries. The commerce of Singapore with Great Britain is nearly equal to that with Calcutta, and more active than that with China. Great Britain imported into the port of Singapore in the year ending with the 30th of April, 1836, goods to the amount of 1,150,808 dollars. The most important article consisted of several kinds of piece-goods, to the amount of 675,776 dollars. Other articles of importance were cottontwist (58,994 d.), European sundries (56,772 d.), iron (49,409 d.), woollens (48,976 d.), arms (45,778 d.), earthenware (31,560 d.), glassware (23,480 d.), gunpowder (20,793 d.), copper sheathing and nails (16,728 d.), ironware and cutlery (15,486 d.), anchors and grapnels (14,383 d.), and wines (13,445 d.). The importations were beer (8281 d.), canvas (5188 d.), cordage (6684 d.), opium (2000 d.), paints (3077 d.), provisions (4220 d.), spelter (3296 d.), and spirits (4724 d.). Minor articles were brassware, gold thread, lead, and tea. Great Britain sent also to Singapore 17,000 Spanish dollars, and copper coin to the amount of 25,072 dollars. The goods shipped at Singapore for Great Britain amounted to the value of 890,017 dollars. The most important articles were tortoise-shell (125,101 d.), tin (101,204 d.), pepper (91,289 d.), raw silk (70,675 d.), sugar (62,406 d.), Eastern sundries (59,586 d.), coffee (53,644 d.), tea (44,376 d.), sago (35,891 d.), spices (34,939 d.), mother-of-pearl shells (27,570 d.), China sundries (25,544 d.), bees'-wax (22.656 d.), cassia (22,298 d.), antimony (18,704 d.), gambier (16,339 d.) hides (13,950 d ), benjamin (8708 d.), Java sundries (7982 d.), ratans (6988 d.), Straits sundries (5943 d.), and ivory (5053 d.). Minor articles were birds' feathers and birds of paradise, camphor, cordage (2524 d.), History.-On the site of the present British settlement formerly stood the capital of a Malay kingdom. According to the history of that nation, Sang Nila Utama, from Menangkabau in Sumatra, founded the city of Singhapúra (the lion's town) about 1160, and Raffles was able in 1819 to trace the outer lines of the old city. It then was the capital of the kingdom of Malacca. This town was taken in 1252 by a king of Java, and the residence of the king was transferred to the town of Malacca, which was then founded. After that event the town seems gradually to have decayed, and the country to have been abandoned; for when the British, after having restored the town of Malacca to the Dutch in 1816, wished to form a settlement on the shores of the Strait of Malacca or its neighbourhood, that they might not be entirely excluded from the commerce of the Indian Archipelago by the Dutch, they found on their arrival at Singapore that the population of the whole island did not exceed 150 individuals, as already stated. It was then a part of the kingdom of Johore, which had been so reduced by internal discord, that some of the superior officers had become independent. One of them, the Tumungong, or chief justice, had got possession of the island of Singapore and the adjacent country, and from him the British obtained, in 1819, permission to build a factory on the south shore of the island. Soon afterwards a person who had some claim to the throne of Johore came to the British settlement and received a small pension. From this person, who was afterwards king of Johore, and the Tumungong, the British obtained, in 1824, the sovereignty and fee-simple of the island, as well as of all the seas, straits, and islands, for the sum of 60,000 Spanish dollars, and an annuity of 24,000 Spanish dollars for their natural lives. In 1826 Singapore was placed under the provincial government of the Straits Settlement, which is fixed on the island of Penang. (Crawfurd's Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China; Finlayson's Mission to Siam and Huć; Moor's Notices of the Indian Archipelago, &c.; Newbold's Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca.) SINIGAGLIA. [PESARO ET URBINO.] SINTOC, or SINDOC, sometimes written Syndoc, is the bark of a species of Cinnamomum, which has been called C. Sintoc by Blume, who says it is a tree 80 feet : SIOUX INDIANS, one of the most numerous and powerful of the native tribes within the territories of the United States of North America. They inhabit a large tract between 42° and 49° N. lat. and 90° 30′ and 99° 30′ W. long., comprehending nearly the whole of the country between the Mississippi on the east and the Missouri on the west, north of 42° 30' N. lat., or the present territory of Iowa. They also occupy a large tract of the territory of Wisconsin on the east of the Mississippi, extending along the river from Fort Crawford on the south to the St. Croix river, and the whole country west of the lastmentioned river as far north as Lake Spirit, and westward to the eastern banks of the Mississippi. In these parts their country borders on that of the Algonquins, who occupy the tract west of Lake Superior, but along the banks of the Red River of Lake Winnipeg the Sioux claim the whole tract to the boundary-line of the United States (49° N, lat.). On the banks of the Missouri they are found near Fort Mandan on the north (47° 30′), and at the mouth of the Soldiers' River (42°) on the south, and it is stated that they hunt in the country west of the Missouri between 43° and 47° N. lat. The southern boundary of their country may be marked by a line drawn from the mouth of Soldiers' River to Fort Crawford. height, indigenous in the primeval forests of Java. It is in The Dacotas who live along the Mississippi and St. Peter's flattish pieces, of a warm spicy taste, but is seldom seen in river raise maize, and they also cultivate beans, pumpkins, this country. It resembles the Calilawan bark, called clove- and other vegetables. But these agriculturists constitute bark by some, which is called kulie-lawan by the natives of only a small portion of the tribe: by far the larger part ocJava, and is the produce of a nearly-allied species, the Cin-cupy themselves with hunting wild animals, especially the namomum Calilawan of Blume, which grows in similar buffalo. The other animals which abound in their country situations with the former, and of which the bark is used as are beavers, otters, martens, minxes, musk-rats, lynxes, a spice, and its essential oil is employed as a medicine and wolverines, elks, moose deer, bears, and wolves. As the as a perfume by the Javanese. wild animals are so abundant in their country, the Dacotas are not obliged to live in small societies, but they generally live in camps consisting of eighty or a hundred lodges, each lodge containing several families. Sometimes there are above three hundred warriors in one encampment. (Lewis and Clarke's Travels up the Missouri, &c.; and Keating's Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of the St. Peter's River, &c., under the command of Major Long.) SIPHNO, called also Siphanto and Sifanno (by Carpacchi, Isole del Mondo), an island in the Archipelago, forming one of the group called the Cyclades. The original name was Merope; it was called Siphnus from a personage of that name. It was colonised by Ionians from Athens. (Herodot., viii. 48.) In the reign of Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos, about 520 B.C., the inhabitants were very flourishing in consequence of their gold and silver mines, and, according to Herodotus (iii. 57), they were the most wealthy of the islanders. They had a deposit at Delphi of the tenth of the produce of the mines. Some exiles, who were expelled from Samos by Polycrates [SAMOS], invaded Siphnus about this time, and levied a contribution of 100 talents. The Siphnians were among the few inhabitants of the Archipelago who resisted the Persian claim of earth and water, and they contributed one small ship of war at the battle of Salamis. (Herod., viii. 48.) Their mines were not afterwards so valuable (Demosthenes, Tepi ovvrážews). Pausanias (x., 11) says that after a time they ceased to send treasure to Delphi, and that in consequence the sea broke in on their mines and destroyed them. Siphnus is very little noticed by antient authors. From Stephanus Byzantinus, Hesychius, and Suidas we learn that the natives were of dissolute manners, insomuch that to do like a Siphnian (Zipviáše) was a term of reproach. In the work of Constantine Porphyrogennetus De Thematibus,' Siphnus is in the theme of Hellas, and in the Synecdemus of Hierocles it forms part of the Provincia Insularum. The Sioux Indians call themselves Dacotas, but in their external relations they assume the name of Ochente Shakoan (the nation of the seven fires or councils), a name which refers to a division into seven great tribes, of which they were formerly composed. The French Canadians divide them into Gens du Lac and Gens du Large. The former once lived about Spirit Lake, and are now principally found along the banks of the Mississippi. They live in villages, and have begun to apply themselves to the cultivation of the ground. The Gens du Large, under which name the greater number of the tribes are comprehended, rove about in the prairies between the Mississippi and Missouri, and live almost exclusively by the chase. On these prairies the buffalo is found in uncommon numbers, and probably there is no part of North America in which this animal is so plentiful. Hence the means of subsistence are very abundant, and the nation of the Dacotas is more numerous than any other in such high latitudes. It is stated that the Dacotas themselves compose a population of 28,000 individuals, and that there are above 7000 warriors. The Assiniboines, who live north of the Dacotas, within the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company, formerly constituted an integral portion of the Dacotas, but separated from them in consequence of a quarrel, whence they are named, by the Dacotas, Hoka (the revolted). The Chippewas name them Assiniboines or Stone Boines, and the Dacota they call Boines. This branch of the Dacota Indians is stated to be no less numerous than the Dacotas themselves. The language of these two tribes differs from that of their neighbours, yet some distinctions of the nature of dialects appear to prevail in some words as spoken by the roving Indians and by the Dacotas. They believe in the existence of a Supreme Being, and a great number of subordinate beings, whose powers and attributes vary much. The Supreme Being is called Wahkan Tanka, or Great Spirit, and they consider him as the Creator of all things, and as the ruler and disposer of the universe; they hold him to be the source of all good and the cause of no evil. The next spirit in respect to power is the Wahkan Shecha, or Evil Spirit, whose influence is exclusively exerted in doing evil. The third divinity is the thunder, whose residence they fix in the west, and some believe that it dwells on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, because in this country all thunder-storms come from the west. The thunder is considered the spirit of war. They offer sacrifices to these three powers, and these sacrifices are accompanied with prayers, but not with dances. To rise early, to be inured to fatigue, to hunt skilfully, to undergo hunger without repining, are the only points to which the Dacotas think it important to attend in the education of their children. In the reign of Henry I., Latin emperor of Constantinople, Marco Sanado, the first duke of Naxos, conquered the island and made it part of his dominions. It passed from him into the hands of the Gozzadini family, who held it till it was wrested from them by Barbarossa, after the capture of Rhodes in the time of Soliman II. It was, in common with the neighbouring islands, partially protected from the oppressions of the Turks by the Venetians; and Tournefort (Voyage du Levant) mentions that about 50 years before his visit to the place, so little was the power of the Porte there, that the inhabitants, assisted by a Provençal corsair, expelled the Turks who had been sent there to work the lead-mines. Siphinus is between 36° 50' and 37' 10' N. lat., and in 25° 10' E. long. : it is situated to the south-east of Serpho, northeast of Milo, and south-west of Paro, lying immediately opposite Antiparo. It is of an oblong form, narrower at the north than at the southern extremity. Pliny reckons it at about 28 Roman miles in circumference, and Carpacchi (Isole del Mondo) at 40. Tournefort mentions five ports, which were much frequented about 50 years before his visit there: Faro, Vathy, Kitriani, Kironisso, and Kastron, of which Kastron is on the east, Faro and Kitriani on the south, and Vathy on the west side. Another on the east side, Agia Sosti, is marked in the map attached to Fiedler's 'Reise durch Griechenland,' 1841. Tournefort gives the names of five villages, Artimone, Stavril, Catavati, Xambela, and Petali; and of four convents of caloyers, Brici or La Fontaine, Stomongoul, St. Chrysostome, and St. Hélie. Fiedler mentions only two towns: Kastron, on a strong and rocky hill overlooking the sea, which is the residence of the governor; and Stawri, the Stavril of Tournefort, in the centre of the island. Siphnus is in the pashalik of Nakscha. The bishop is also bishop of Milo. The population in the time of Tournefort was about 5000; they were taxed in the year 1700 at 4000 crowns of French money. The lands are chiefly laid out in vineyards; the wine is not so good as that of the neighbouring islands. The chief trade is in silk, figs, honey, wax, sesame, and cotton stuffs, which are cele |