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SECTION II.

ADDITION.

38. If you have 5 cents and 3 cents and 2 cents, and count them together, how many cents do you find there are? Counting them together, you find there are 10 cents.

39. The process of counting numbers together is ad

dition.

40. The result found by addition is the sum or amount of the numbers added. Thus, the sum of 5 and 3 and 2 is 10. 41. The addition of numbers is indicated by the sign +, which is read plus.

The sign

=

indicates equality, and is read equals, or is equal to. Thus, the expression 5+ 3 + 2 = 10 means that the sum of 5 and 3 and 2 is 10, and is read "five plus three plus two equals ten."

42. Oral Exercises.

I. Name the sums of the pairs of numbers expressed below till you can give them rapidly at sight:

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s. By eights, beginning with 7; with 6.

t. By nines, beginning with 8.

III. Add the numbers expressed in the following columns:

(1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.)

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Begin at the bottom and add upward, naming only the results. Thus, in the first column, say 1, 10, 13, 19, 26, 31, 34, 36; sum, 36. Now, to see if you are right, begin at the

top and add downward. Thus, 2, 5, 10, 17, 23, 26, 35, 36; sum again, 36. Practise exercises of this kind till you can add with great rapidity.

For further drill of this sort the teacher is referred to exercises on pages 59 and 61.

Examples for the Slate.

43. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE I.

413, 102, and 134?

WRITTEN WORK.

413

102

134 Sum, 649

Explanation.

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To find the sum of large numbers like these, we add the units, the tens, and the hundreds separately; hence, for convenience, we write the numbers so that units of the same order may be expressed in the same column. (Art. 6.)

Drawing a line beneath, and adding the units (thus, 4, 6, 9), we find there are 9 units, which we write under the line in the units' place. Adding the tens (thus, 3, 4), we find there are 4 tens, which we write under the line in the tens' place. Adding the hundreds (thus, 1, 2, 6), we find there are 6 hundreds, which we write under the line in the hundreds' place. The sum is, then, 6 hundreds 4 tens and 9 units, or 649.

44. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE II. What is the sum of 960, 748, 932, and 867?

WRITTEN WORK.

960

748

932

867 Sum, 3507

Explanation. Writing the numbers as before, and adding the units (thus, 7, 9, 17), we find there are 17 units, which are equal to 1 ten and 7 units. We write the 7 units in the units' place, but keep the 1 ten to add with the tens expressed in the next column. Adding the tens (thus, 1, 7, 10, 14, 20), we find there are 20 tens, which are equal to 2 hundreds and no tens. We write 0 in the tens' place, to show there are no tens in the sum, but keep the 2 hundreds to add with the hundreds expressed in the next column. Adding the hundreds (thus, 2, 10, 19, 26, 35), we find there are 35 hundreds, which are equal to 3 thousands and 5 hundreds. We write 5 in the hundreds' and 3 in the thousands' place. The sum is, then, 3 thousands 5 hundreds 0 tens 7 units, or 3507.

Keeping a number and adding it with the numbers expressed in the next column is called carrying.

In working examples, use as few words as possible. Thus, in the above example, say merely, "7, 9, 17;* 1, 7, 10, 14, 20; 2, 10, 19, 26, 35; sum, 3507."

1. Add together 6234, 785, and 5861.
2. Add together 582, 2, 49, and 124.
3. How many are 2356, 8004, and 987 ?
4. Find the sum of 70639, 600, and 7000.
5. Add 76, 33, 92, 53, 305, 78, 8, and 19.
6. What is 213 + 819 + 37 + 66 ?

Addition of Decimals.

45. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE III. What is the sum of 425.37, 433.126, 0.076, 442.09, 0.6, and 0.319?

WRITTEN WORK.

425.37
433.126

0.076
442.09
0.6
0.319

Sum, 1301.581

Explanation.

Writing the numbers so that units of the same order may be expressed in the same column, we begin with the units of the lowest order (in this case thousandths) to add, and proceed in the manner already explained, briefly thus thousandths, 9, 15, 21; write 1, carry 2; hundredths, 2, 3, 12, 19, 21, 28; write 8, carry 2; tenths, 2, 5, 11, 12, 15; write 5, carry 1; units, 1, 3, 6, 11; write 1, carry 1; tens, 1, 5, 8, 10; write 0, carry 1; hundreds, 1, 5, 9, 13; write 13; sum, 1301.581.

7. Add together 90.7, 43.68, 0.045, and 0.812.

8. Add together 0.005, 2.864, 0.9, and 0.25.

9. Add together forty-two thousandths, one hundred seventeen thousandths, thirteen and twenty-two hundredths, seven and five hundredths.

* Do not stop to say

"write 7 and carry 1," but do it.

46. From the preceding examples we may derive the following

Rule for Addition.

1. Write the numbers to be added so that units of the same order may be expressed in the same column. Draw a line beneath.

2. Add the units of each order separately, beginning with those of the lowest order.

3. When the sum of the units of any order is less than ten, write it under the line in its proper place; when ten or more, write only the units of the sum, and carry the tens to the numbers expressed in the next column.

4. Write the whole sum of the last addition.

Proof.

Repeat the work, adding downward instead of upward.

Adding two or more columns at once.

47. Accountants often add at once the numbers expressed in two, three, or more columns. The following example will illustrate the method:

WRITTEN WORK.

35

72

53

34

87

42

29

Sum, 352

Explanation. Beginning with 29, add to it first the 4 tens and then the 2 units of 42; then to the sum the 8 tens and the 7 units of 87; and so on. Naming the results merely, say 29, 69, 71; 151, 158; 188, 192; 242, 245; 315, 317; 347, 352. Adding downwards, say 35, 105, 107; 157, 160; 190, 194; 274, 281; 321, 323; 343, 352.

After practice it will be found unnecessary to name all the results; and it is by omitting to name them that great rapidity is acquired.

NOTE. The examples on the opposite page embrace the chief varieties in form of examples in Addition. After performing these, and before taking the Applications on page 18, pupils will usually need additional practice in similar work. Examples for such practice will be found on pages 59-63.

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