sort of milk that was going into Boston every day for the supply of infants. This milk averaged more than thirteen per cent of solids. He said laws were needed that would control the sale of milk from diseased cows, the character of their feed, and the places in which they are kept.

In some sections cows are fed largely on brewers' grain and sprouts. Brewers' sprouts are largely made up of sugar, and, if fed dry, are not unhealthful. Dr. William Childs, of New Hampton, said this subject of milk in diseased animals and the absorption of disease has not received sufficient attention. He believed that he had observed that very many cases of what are called summer complaint in the country among children have been cured by simply changing the pasturage of the cows from which they obtained their milk supply. Young children that are obliged to live upon the milk of cows are very liable to have diarrhoea and to become debilitated. He had in mind several cases that he was confident were cured by removing the cows from low land where the feed had become dry during the middle of the summer and where they were obliged to drink water that was filthy from decomposing matter. A wonderful improvement could be made by being watchful of the food source of little children.

S. W. Clarke inquired to what extent brewers' grain was used and what was the effect of feeding ensilage.

Colonel Marvin answered that the use of brewers' grain was limited to its production. The farmers use all they can obtain. The brewers of Portsmouth sell all their refuse to farmers to be used as feed for their animals; it was also fed to swine. Where it is fed in small quantities he believed it would do no harm, but if exclusively used would produce nothing but harm. Ensilage is another mode of feeding cows which needs to be more thoroughly demonstrated. If the feed ferments and is in a state of putrefaction, of course it is unfit for the sustenance of creatures or for the production of milk, but under proper management he believed that ensilage could be made a healthful and economical feed for cattle. He spoke simply from his personal observation, and not as a scientist. Referring to the subject of diseased animals, he said that under the existing circumstances it was no wonder the infant mortality was so large. If children were properly fed, clothed, and warmed, there was very little danger from sickness, and no reason at all for death between the ages of one and five years if properly cared for.

Mr. Clarke inquired why tomatoes were fed to animals if there was no nutriment in them.

Dr. Abbott replied that feed was often given to cattle more to make up bulk than for the real nutriment that it contains. Tomatoes contain a very minute amount of sugar, but are of no use whatever as a feed for cattle; but did not believe they were injurious. As a food for persons he considered them very

healthful.

Prof. E. R. Angell, of Derry, said it seemed to him that there was a mistaken opinion as to the value of ensilage. He did not believe in feeding that or any

other decaying matter to animals calculated to eat fresh food. It was not yet known whether disease germs were produced in silos or not; and until it was demonstrated he preferred to be on the safe side. He would prefer to use milk from animals fed on dry stalks than from those fed on ensilage, and he thought the farmer would find it more economical in the end to dry his grain instead of preserving it in the silo.

Mr. Marvin asked if steaming the dry stalks would not render them as easily digested as the product of the silo.

Mr. Angell replied that he could not say from experience, but it seemed to him that in the process of digestion enough water would be mixed with it to make it equivalent to green food. When the stalks are put in the silo, part of the sugar is lost.

REMARKS UPON THE RELATION OF THE PULPIT TO SANITARY REFORM.

BY REV. C. B. CRANE, D. D., CONCORD, N. H.

There is one word among others that I find in the dictionary which always presents to me a formidable appearance, and the word is "temerity"; and it is all the more formidable to a man when he realizes that he is himself making an exhibition of temerity. I have been looking over the programme and I find that almost all of the speakers are men of the medical profession or of a profession germane to that, and I stand among you the solitary preacher. If you should do me the honor to come into my church next Sunday, you would be the laymen and I the clergyman; in your presence to-day I am the layman.

Upon one occasion Mark Twain was asked to introduce Mr. Howells to an audience. He said: "I have been asked to introduce Mr. Howells to you; but I cannot see why I should introduce him to you, because you know as much about him as I do. You know he has written some stories, and that he is the editor of the Atlantic Monthly,' and that is all I know, and my only function on this occasion is to back up his moral character." (Laughter.) And my only function on this occasion is to back up the doctors in the work of sanitary reform. Besides, it may afford you some comfort to know that we preachers

are

not indifferent to this matter of sanitary reform. I evidence by my presence that preachers, as a class, appreciate the importance of sanitary reform and aid it by their influence. My topic is "The Relation of the Pulpit to Sanitary Reform," and I am anxious at the outset that you should not misapprehend my position. Sometimes in large churches and cathedrals you will find that the pulpit is set on rollers so that it may be moved from one point to another for the convenience of the speaker. I would not slide the pulpit to one side in order that I might speak on the question of sanitary reform, and then slide it back again. The pulpit has legitimate jurisdiction here. I do not believe that religion is an adjunct to life. Some one has said that conduct is seven eighths of life. Conduct is eight eighths of life, and all that goes to make up conduct is within the jurisdiction of what I call religion. I believe that religion has as much to do with the milking of cows as with the preaching of sermons. I say religion covers all life, and if this work of sanitary reform belongs to life it belongs to religion. Body and soul interact, consequently, if sanitary reform is a work in the interests of the health and life of the human body, and if the work is well and wisely performed, you doctors are doing something in the interests of the soul and the spirit; and if I am working for the soul and the spirit I am doing something in the interests of the body. The body is the temple of the Holy Ghost, and we cannot afford that the temple which the Holy Ghost is to inhabit shall be a temple polluted with disease; and therefore I say that the pulpit has legitimate relations to this question of sanitary reform.

The men and women who compose the church are the capital or stock in trade of the minister, they pay their pew-rent and put their hands into their pockets and carry out his plans, and by their munificence the word of God has opportunity of proclamation; so that when such men or women fall out by the way, become victims to some disease which would not have come upon them except they disobeyed the laws which secure good health, do you say he should be regardless of it? My men and women are my capital, and I should do all I can to keep them healthy, that they may do good work for the Master.

I believe that every minister should superintend the sanitary

appliances of his church; if he is not competent to do this, he would better get down and out, and let some other man take his place. In the construction of meeting-houses he should see that provision is made for good ventilation, even if it be at the expense of stained glass and frescoing. He should instruct the sexton to ventilate the church thoroughly between the services. People delude themselves with the idea that because audience rooms are large there is no need of ventilation. You can hardly shoot an arrow to the top of the room, and they imagine that the bad emanations rise into the upper air, so that no one will be troubled thereby. The fact is, if you have a still air in an unventilated room, no matter how high that room is, the foul gases settle into the lower strata. The birds as they fly in the air can see the fishes in the water, and I can stand in the pulpit of a great church whose architect did not know enough to provide for ventilation, and whose sexton does not know enough to open windows and doors, and see the hapless men and women sit there up to their chins, up to the top of their heads, in the foul air which has been there all the year.

A minister in one of our New Hampshire churches suggested not long ago to the director of music that he would like such a selection on such an occasion. The director replied, "You take care of your end of the church, and I will take care of mine." If I had been the minister, either that director would have stepped out or I would have stepped out. Husband and wife are one, but I want to be that one. I remember when I was in Hartford a gentleman asked me to officiate at his wedding. He said to me, "Don't make it too long." I replied, "I will marry you so quick you will not know it is done; I will tie a double bow-knot and put both ends through." "But," said he, "will you give me both ends?" And I demand the privilege of having something to do with both ends of the church management. In the building of new churches there is an opportunity for the clergyman to take practical steps toward sanitary reform. He can take the architect by the shoulder and tell him if there is to be any retrenchment it must be at the expense of stained glass, but not at the expense ventilation and pure air. I think the minister who has anything

of

to do with the providing of the place in which the people are to be gathered for the worship of God should put his foot down firmly in the interests of sanitary reform.

The preacher gathers inspiration from a large congregation, but after a little the respiration and the perspiration of a great crowd in an unventilated church swamp the inspiration. A minister cannot speak well in an unventilated church, and the hearers cannot hear well. Some one has said that it takes two men to make a sermon, the man in the pulpit and the man in the pew; but I tell you in an unventilated church all the men in all the pews could not help to make a sermon fit to be heard by a congregation of born idiots.

The people come to their minister for all sorts of advice, and they come with freedom because they know they will get it for nothing; and I think ministers in city and country churches have a great opportunity for work in this matter of sanitary reform. I once discovered a young couple in my congregation who were sick and broken out with humors, and death had been in the family. By and by I discovered that the cellar of that house was never dry; it was always damp and mouldy, and I knew it was a place of death to them. I see people coming to church looking sick and pale, and I know something is wrong; and I ought to say to them, "You should look to your water supply, and see that there are no nuisances about your premises." A doctor has to be very careful how he goes about and offers his advice to these people, because they would say he was trying to get a job; but the minister can say these things, because they know he is not looking for a job.

New Hampshire is the great sanitarium for a large part of the continent of North America. A majority of the city people who go away for a little trip in the summer do not go to the great and expensive hotels, but find accommodations among the farmers and at the homes of our country people; and I think there is an opportunity for ministers, who know how little knowledge there is on sanitary matters, particularly among the farmers, to tell their people that they should be extremely cautious about inviting summer visitors until they are certain of the proper sanitary condition of their homes. Two of our best Concord