437.5 grains (gr.)

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

16 ounces

100 pounds

20 cwt., or 2,000 lb...

1T.

20 cwt. =

2,000 lb.

=

32,000 oz. = 14,000,000 gr.

The avoirdupois pound contains 7,000 grains.

16 ounces

112 pounds

20 cwt., or 2,240 lb.

LONG TON TABLE.

.Oz.

.lb.

cwt.

.T.

= 1.2444

The U. S. struck bushel contains 2,150.42 cu. in. cu. ft. By law, its dimensions are those of a cylinder 18 in. in diameter and 8 in. deep. The heaped bushel is equal to 14 struck bushels, the cone being 6 in. high. The dry gallon contains 268.8 cu. in., being of a struck bushel.

For approximations, the bushel may be taken at 14 cu. ft.; or a cubic foot may be considered of a bushel.

The British bushel contains 2,218.19 cu. in.

= 1.2837 cu. ft.

The U. S. gallon contains 231 cu. in.

or 1 cu. ft. contains 7.481 gal. The following cylinders contain the given measures very closely:

=

.134 cu. ft., nearly;

When water is at its maximum density, 1 cu. ft. weighs 62.425 lb. and 1 gallon weighs 8.345 lb.

For approximations, 1 cu. ft. of water is considered equal to 7 gal., and 1 gal. as weighing 8 lb.

The British imperial gallon, both liquid and dry, contains 277.274 cu. in. = .16046 cu. ft., and is equivalent to the volume of 10 lb. of pure water at 62° F. To reduce British to U. S. liquid gallons, multiply by 1.2. Conversely, to convert U. S. into British liquid gallons, divide by 1.2; or, increase the number of gallons .

THE METRIC SYSTEM.

The metric system is based on the meter, which, according to the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report of 1884, is equal to 39.370432 inches. The value commonly used is 39.37 inches, and is authorized by the U. S. government. The meter is defined as one ten-millionth the distance from the pole to the equator, measured on a meridian passing near Paris.

There are three principal units-the meter, the liter (pronounced lee-ter), and the gram, the units of length, capacity, and weight, respectively. Multiples of these units are obtained by prefixing to the names of the principal units the Greek words deca (10), hecto (100), and kilo (1,000); the submultiples, or divisions, are obtained by prefixing the Latin words deci (), centi (b), and milli (rob). These prefixes form the key to the entire system. In the following tables, the abbreviations of the principal units of these submultiples begin with a small letter, while those of the multiples begin with a capital letter; they should always be written as here printed.

1,000 cubic millimeters (mm3.) = 1 cubic centimeter......... cm3.

.....dm3. m3

NOTE. The liter is equal to the volume that is occupied by 1 cubic decimeter.

NOTE. The gram is the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of pure distilled water at a temperature of 39.2° F.; the kilogram is the weight of 1 liter of water; the ton is the weight of 1 cubic meter of water.

TEMPERING OF STEEL.

The following colors may be made use of in tempering steel-cutting tools:

Corresponding Temperature F

CONVERSION TABLES.

=

1,828.8

121.92

21.336

.3048

.2438

By means of the tables on pages 8 and 9, metric measures can be converted into English, and vice versa, by simple addition. All the figures of the values given are not required. four or five digits being all that are commonly used; it is only in very exact calculations that all the digits are necessary. Using table, proceed as follows: Change 6,471.8 feet into meters. Any number, as 6,471.8, may be regarded as 6,000+ 400 + 70 + 1 +.8; also, 6,000 1,000 X 6; 400 = 100 X 4, etc. Hence, looking in the left-hand column of the upper table, page 8, for figure 6 (the first figure of the given number), we find opposite it in the third column, which is headed "Feet to Meters," the number 1.8287838. Now, using but five digits and increasing the fifth digit by 1 (since the next is greater than 5), we get 1.8288. In other words, 6 feet 1.8288 meters; hence, 6,000 feet = 1,000 X 1.8288 = 1,828.8, simply moving the decimal point three places to the right. Likewise, 400 feet 121.92 meters; 70 feet 21.336 meters; 1 foot = .3048 meter, and .8 foot = .2438 meter. Adding as shown above, we get 1,972.6046 meters.

=

=

=

Again, convert 19.635 kilos into pounds. The work should be perfectly clear from the explanation given above. The result is 43.2875 pounds.

1,972.6046

22.046

19.8416

1.3228

.0661

.0110

43.2875

The only difficulty in applying these tables lies in locating the decimal point; it may always be found thus: If the figure considered lies to the left of the decimal point, count each figure in order, beginning with units (but calling unit's place zero), until the desired figure is reached, then move the decimal point to the right as many places as the figure being considered is to the left of the unit figure. Thus, in the first case above, 6 lies three places to the left of 1, which is in unit's place; hence, the decimal point is moved three places to the right. By exchanging the words "right" and "left," the statement will also apply to decimals. Thus, in the second case above, the 5 lies three places to the right of unit's place; hence, the decimal point in the number taken from the table is moved three places to the left.