longer covered with smoke. Let not the reader undervalue this seemingly rude apparatus. The writer possesses one of the dimensions indicated, which boils four quarts of water in a common iron kettle at the expiration of a few minutes.

Fig. 14.

LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION.-No. IV. THE SEMICOLON.

The discovery of the method of employing the mixed gas has been a great boon to chemists, enabling them to accomplish by its means many results for which furnaces had been hitherto required. Although the flame produced by the method detailed is powerful enough for the generality of purposes, its power

Fig. 15.

admits of being further increased. A very usual way of accomplishing this consists in superimposing a short chimney on the wire gauze top. This chimney affords convenient bearing for little triangular supports of platinum or iron wire, and these in their turn can be used for the support of crucibles, retorts, &c. In the last diagram, fig. 15, a crucible is represented thus exposed to the action of the flame.

Modification of this Flame by Platinised Pumice Stone.-The metal platinum, in the state of minute division, has the remarkable property of causing the ignition of inflammable gases. Taking advantage of this quality, I have used it with great satisfaction for the purpose of adding power, of modifying and imparting steadiness to the mixed gas flame.

To this end proceed as follows: Immerse small fragments of pumice stone, about the size of hazel nuts, and irregularly angular, in a solution of chloride of platinum, and ignite the pieces to redness. By this treatment the pumice stone will be covered and imbued with metallic platinum in the finest state of division. If some pieces of this prepared pumice stone be heated so as to expel all moisture, then laid upon the wire gauze platform, and mixed gas passed between, the pieces will soon begin to glow like ignited charcoal, and this state of glowing will continue as long as the gas is made to pass. Usually the gas does not burst into flame under these circumstances;

;

33. The Semicolon is formed by a period placed above a comma. 34. When you come to a semicolon in reading, you must in general make a pause twice as long as you would make at a comma.

35. Sometimes you must use the falling inflection of the voice when you come to a semicolon, and sometimes you must keep your voice suspended, as directed in the case of the comma. Whatever may be the length of the pause, let it be a total cessation of the voice.

Examples.

That God whom you see me daily worship; whom I daily call upon to bless both you and me, and all mankind; whose wondrous acts are recorded in those Scriptures which you constantly read; that God who created the heaven and the earth is your Father and Friend.

My son, as you have been used to look to me in all your actions, and have been afraid to do anything unless you first knew my will; so let it now be a rule of your life to look up to God in all your actions.

If I have seen any perish for want of clothing, or any poor without covering; if his loins have not blessed me, and if he were not warmed with the fleece of my sheep; if I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless, when I saw my help in the gate; then let mine arm fall from my shoulder blade, and mine arm be broken from the bone.

The stranger did not lodge in the street; but I opened my doors to the traveller.

If my land cry against me, or the furrows thereof complain; if I have eaten the fruits thereof without money, or have caused the owners thereof to lose their life; let thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockles instead of barley.

When the fair moon, refulgent lamp of night, o'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred light; when not a breath disturbs the deep serene, and not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene; around her throne the vivid planets roll, and stars unnumbered gild the glowing pole; o'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed, and tip with silver every mountain's head; then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect rise, a flood of glory bursts from all the skies; the conscious swains, rejoicing in the sight, eye the blue vault, and bless the useful light.

When the battle was ended, the stranger disappeared; and no person knew whence he had come, nor whither he had gone.

The relief was so timely, so sudden, so unexpected, and so providential; the appearance and the retreat of him who furnished it were so unaccountable; his person was so dignified and commanding; his resolution so superior, and his interference so decisive, that the inhabitants believed him to be an angel, sent by heaven for their preservation.

36. Sometimes you must use the falling inflection of the voice when you come to a semicolon, in reading.

Examples Let your dress be sober, clean, and modest; not to set off the beauty of your person, but to declare the sobriety of your mind; that your outward garb may resemble the inward plainness and simplicity of your heart.

In meat and drink, observe the rules of Christian temperance and sobriety; consider your body only as the servant and minister of your soul; and only so nourish it, as it may best perform an humble and obedient service.

Condescend to all the weaknesses and infirmities of your fellow-creatures; cover their frailties; love their excellences; enrage their virtues; relieve their wants; rejoice in their prosperity; compassionate their distress; receive their friendship; overlook their unkindness; forgive their malice; be a servant of servants; and condescend to do the lowest offices for the lowest of mankind.

Struck with the sight of so fine a tree, he hastened to his own, hoping to find as large a crop upon it; but, to his great surprise, he saw scarcely any thing, except branches, covered with moss, and a few yellow leaves.

In sleep's serene oblivion laid, I've safely passed the silent night; again I see the breaking shade, again behold the morning light.

New-born, I bless the waking hour; once more, with awe, rejoice to be; my conscious soul resumes her power, and soars, my guardian God, to thee.

That deeper shade shall break away; that deeper sleep shall leave mine eyes; thy light shall give eternal day; thy love, the rapture of the skies.

In the sight of our law the African slave trader is a pirate and a felon; and in the sight of heaven, an offender far beyond the ordinary depth of human guilt.

What hope of liberty is there remaining, if whatever is their pleasure, it is lawful for them to do; if what is lawful for them to do, they are able to do; if what they are able to do, they dare do; if what they dare do, they really execute; and if what they execute, is in no way offensive to you?

It is not the use of the innocent amusements of life which is dangerous, but the abuse of them; it is not when they are occasionally, but when they are constantly pursued; when the love of amusement degenerates into a passion; and when, from being an occasional indulgence, it becomes an habitual desire. The prevailing colour of the body of a tiger is a deep tawny, or orange yellow; the face, throat, and lower part of the belly are nearly white; and the whole is traversed by numerous long black stripes.

The horse, next to the Hottentot, is the favourite prey of the lion; and the elephant and camel are both highly relished; while the sheep, owing probably to its woolly fleece, is seldom

molested.

The horse is quick-sighted; he can see things in the night which his rider cannot perceive; but when it is too dark for his sight, his sense of smelling is his guide.

from before whom the veil is removed; to whose eyes are revealed the glories of heaven?

Why, for so many a year, has the poet and the philosopher wandered amidst the fragments of Athens or of Rome; and paused, with strange and kindling feelings, amidst their broken columns, their mouldering temples, their deserted plains? It is because their day of glory is passed; it is because their name is obscured; their power is departed; their influence is lost! Where are they who taught these stones to grieve; where are the hands that hewed them; and the hearts that reared them? Hope ye by these to avert oblivion's doom; in grief ambitious, and in ashes vain?

Can no support be offered; can no source of confidence be named?

Is this the man that made the earth to tremble; that shook the kingdoms; that made the world like a desert; that destroyed the cities?

Falsely luxurious, will not man awake; and, springing from the bed of sloth, enjoy the cool, the fragrant, and the silent hour, to meditation due, and sacred song?

But who shall speak before the king when he is troubled; and who shall boast of knowledge when he is distressed by doubt?

Who would in such a gloomy state remain longer than nature craves; when every muse and every blooming pleasure wait without, to bless the wildly devious morning walk?

What a glorious monument of human invention, that has thus triumphed over wind and wave; has brought the ends of the earth in communion; has established an interchange of blessings, pouring into the sterile regions of the north all the luxuries of the south; diffused the light of knowledge and the charities of cultivated life; and has thus bound together those scattered portions of the human race, between which nature seems to have thrown an insurmountable barrier!

Who that bears a human bosom, hath not often felt, how dear are all those ties which bind our race in gentleness together; and how sweet their force, let fortune's wayward hand the while be kind or cruel?

THE COLON.

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38. The Colon is composed of two periods placed one above the other.

39. Sometimes the passage ending with a colon is to be read with the voice suspended; but it should generally be read with the falling inflection of the voice.

total cessation of the voice, and three times longer than that 40. In reading, be careful to let the pause of the colon be a indicated by a comma.

Examples.

Examples.

Hast thou not set at defiance my authority; violated the public peace, and passed thy life in injuring the persons and properties of thy fellow-subjects?

Oh, it was impious; it was unmanly; it was poor and pitiful!

Have not you too gone about the earth like an evil genius; blasting the fair fruits of peace and industry; plundering, ravaging, killing without law, without justice, merely to gratify an insatiable lust for dominion?

Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible to feeling as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind; a false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?

By such apologies shall man insult his Creator; and shall he hope to flatter the ear of Omnipotence? Think you that such excuses will gain new importance in their ascent to the Majesty on high; and will you trust the interests of eternity in the hands of these superficial advocates?

And shall not the Christian blush to repine; the Christian,

are in good condition. They will thrive as much by your care as they will decline by your negligence: their fruits will reward you in proportion to your labour.

A bee among the flowers in spring is one of the most cheerful objects that can be looked upon. Its life appears to be all enjoyment: so busy and so pleased: yet it is only a specimen of insect life, with which, by reason of the animal being halfdomesticated, we happen to be better acquainted.

'Tis a picture in memory distinctly defined, with the strong and unperishing colours of mind: a part of my being beyond my control, beheld on that cloud, and transcribed on my soul. Yet such is the destiny of all on earth: so flourishes and fades majestic man.

Let those deplore their doom whose hopes still grovel in this dark sojourn: but lofty souls, who look beyond the tomb, can smile at fate, and wonder why they mourn.

If for my faded brow thy hand prepare some future wreath, let me the gift resign: transfer the rosy garland: let it bloom around the temples of that friend beloved, on whose maternal bosom, even now, I lay my aching head.

Do not flatter yourselves with the hope of perfect happiness: there is no such thing in the world.

But when old age has on your temples shed her silver frost, there's no returning sun: swift flies our summer, swift our autumn's fled, when youth, and spring, and golden joys, are gone.

A divine legislator, uttering his voice from heaven; an almighty governor, stretching forth his arm to punish or reward: informing us of perpetual rest prepared hereafter for the righteous, and of indignation and wrath awaiting the wicked: these are the considerations which overawe the world, which support integrity, and check guilt.

It is not only in the sacred fane that homage should be paid to the Most High: there is a temple, one not made with hands, the vaulted firmament: far in the woods, almost beyond the sound of city-chime, at intervals heard through the breezeless

47. Although the crotchet and the bracket are sometimes indiscriminately used, the following difference in their use may be noticed:--Crotchets are used to enclose a sentence, or part of a sentence, which is inserted between the parts of another sentence: brackets are generally used to separate two subjects, or to enclose an explanation, note, o observation, standing by itself. When a parenthesis occurs within another parenthesis, brackets enclose the former, and crotchets enclose the latter.

determined to retire, and pass the remainder of their days in the country.

Notwithstanding all this care of Cicero, history informs us, that Marcus proved a mere blockhead; and that nature (who, it seems, was even with the son for her prodigality to the father) rendered him incapable of improving, by all the rules of eloquence, the precepts of philosophy, his own endeavours, and the most refined conversation in Athens.

Natural historians observe (for whilst I am in the country I must fetch my allusions from thence) that only the male birds have voices; that their songs begin a little before breedingtime, and end a little after.

Dr. Clark has observed, that Homer is more perspicuous than any other author; but if he is so (which yet may be questioned), the perspicuity arises from his subject, and not from the language itself in which he writes.

The many letters which come to me from persons of the best sense of both sexes (for I may pronounce their characters from their way of writing) do not a little encourage me in the prosecution of this my undertaking.

It is this sense which furnishes the imagination with its ideas; so that by the pleasures of the imagination, or fancy (terms which I shall use promiscuously), 1 here mean such as arise from visible objects.

The stomach (crammed from every dish, a tomb of boiled and roast, and flesh and fish, where bile, and wind, and phlegm, and acid, jar, and all the man is one intestine war) remembere oft the school-boy's simple fare, the temperate sleeps, and spirits light as air.

William Penn was distinguished from his companions by wearing a blue sash of silk network (which, it seems, is still preserved by Mr. Kett, of Seething-hall, near Norwich), and by having in his hand a roll of parchment, on which was engrossed the confirmation of the treaty of purchase and amity.

Again, would your worship a moment suppose (it is a case that has happened, and may be again), that the visage or countenance had not a nose, pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?

Upon this the dial-plate (if we may credit the fable) changed countenance with alarm.

To speak of nothing else, the arrival of the English in her father's dominions must have appeared (as indeed it turned out to be) a most portentous phenomenon.

Surely, in this age of invention, something may be struck out to obviate the necessity (if such necessity exists) of so tasking the human intellect.

perhaps) screwed up perpendicularly in the seat of torture, I compassionate the unfortunates now (at this very moment, and anon into the ink-bottle, as if to hook up ideas, and under having in the right hand a fresh-nibbed patent pen, dipped ever the outspread palm of the left hand a fair sheet of best Bath post (ready to receive thoughts yet unhatched), on which their eyes are rivetted with a stare of disconsolate perplexity, infinitely touching to a feeling mind.

of having only to grind an answer to one of one's dear five O the unspeakable relief (could such a machine be invented)

hundred friends!

Have I not groaned under similar horrors, from the hour when I was first shut up (under lock and key, I believe) to indite a dutiful epistle to an honoured aunt?

To such unhappy persons, then, I would fain offer a few hints (the fruit of long experience) which may prove serviceable in the hour of emergency.

Examples.

The master told me that the lesson (which was a very difficult one) was recited correctly by every pupil in the class. When they were both turned of forty (an age in which, according to Mr. Cowley, there is no dallying with life), they

To have the fear of God before our eyes, and in our mutual dealings with each other, to govern our actions by the eternal measures of right and wrong: the first of these will comprehend the duties of religion; the second those of morality, which are so inseparably connected together, that you cannot

$ 147, THE PARTICIPLES.

(1) The Participles, in German, are varied by cases, following the same rules of inflection as the adjectives. Having the nature of adjectives, the Present in a few, and the Preterit in many instances, readily admit the degrees of comparison.

(2) The use of the Participle, as such, however, in German, is far more restricted than in English. For, in English, it is commonly used to form a distinct clause of a sentence; and is thus made to indicate the time, cause, or means of effecting that which is expressed in the main clause: thus, we say Walking (that is, by or when walking) uprightly, we walk surely. This mode of expression can rarely, if ever, be adopted in German; into which language, if we desire to translate the above sentence, we must say: wenn wir aufrichtig wandeln, so wandeln wir sicher, that is, when we walk uprightly, we walk surely. (3) So, too, we say in English: Having given him the money, he went away; but since there is nothing in German to correspond to this English compound Participle, it would be a gross error to attempt to render the sentence literally Resort must be had, as in the other case, to a different structure: thus, als er ihm das Geld gegeben hatte, ging er weg, that is, after or when he had given him the money, he went away. In this way must all similar cases be managed: we must employ a verb in each clause, and connect the two together by means of suitable conjunctions; such as, weil, wenn, als, ta and intem.

$ 148. RULE.

The Present Participle, like an attributive adjective, agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case; and may, also, govern the same case as the verb whence it is derived: as,

Der lachende Frühling, the smiling spring.
Kühlendes Getränke, cooling drink.

the compound tenses, but may, also, be construed with nouns, after the manner of Adjectives: as,

Ich habe heute das Buch gelesen, I have read the book to-day.
Ein geliebtes Kind, a beloved child.

Der Mann ist gelehrt, the man is learned.

OBSERVATIONS.

(1) This Participle, in its character as an Adjective, is far more frequently employed in German than in English. Indeed, many Preterites in German, having lost all character as Participles, are now used exclusively as Adjectives.

used in an adverbial manner: thus, tas Buch ist verloren gegangen, (2) The Preterit, like the Present Participle, is sometimes the book is lost (literally, gone, lost).

(3) This is especially the case with certain Participles employed with the verb femmen; as, er kömmt gefahren, he comes driven, i. e. driving in a carriage; er fömmt geritten, he comes ridden, i. e. riding on horseback; er fömmt geflogen, he comes flying; etfömmt gelaufen, he comes running, &c.

to express the condition or state of the subject: as, jest sterb' ich (4) Kindred to this, is its use, when connected with a verb, beruhigt, now I die content; in seine Tugend gehüllt, troßt er der Ver feumbung, wrapped in his virtue, he defies calumny.

accusative, is in some phrases employed absolutely: as, tie (5) The Preterit Participle, usually in connection with the Augen gen Himmel gerichtet, his eyes being directed towards heaven; den Gewinn abgerechnet the profit being deducted; diesen Fall aus, genommen, this case being excepted.

(6) This Participle is sometimes elliptically used for the Imperative. (See $ 145. 3.)

$ 150. RULE.

OBSERVATIONS

(1) This Participle is seldom, if ever, otherwise employed with a noun than in an attributive sense. Its predicative use is found almost altogether in those words that have so far lost character as Participles as to be commonly recognised only as adjectives: as,

Reizend, charming. Kränkend, mortifying. Einnehmend, captivating. Dringent, pressing.

Drückent, oppressive. Fließend, flowing. Hinreißend, overpowering.

Such a combination, therefore, as, I am reading, we are walking, and the like, which is so common in English, is wholly inadmissible in German; save in the instance of those Participles that have lost, as just said, their true participial character: as, die Noth ist dringend, the necessity is pressing.

(2) The Present Participle, in connection with the article, is often used substantively, the noun being understood; as ber Lesente, the reader, (literally) the (one) reading; bie Sterbende, the dying (female).

(3) This Participle, however, cannot in German, as in English, be, by means of an article, turned into an abstract verbal noun. But in order properly to render such phrases as, the reading, the writing, into German, we must use the present of the Infinitive: thus, das Lesen, das Schreiben.

(4) The Present Participle, as stated in the RULE, may govern the case of its own verb; but it must be noted that the word so governed always precedes the Participle: tas uns verfolgende Geschick, the us pursuing fate, i. e. the fate that pursues us. In some instances, the words actually united, forming compounds: as, chrliebend, honour-loving, that is, ambitious; gefeßgebend, lawgiving, &c.

(5) The Present Participle is sometimes used with the power of an Adverb; that is, to express some circumstance of manner or condition thus, weinen sprach er zu mir, weeping (i. e. weepingly) he spoke to me; er seßte sich schweigend nieder, keeping silent (i. e. silently) he sat down.

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§ 149.

RULE.

Eine zu lobende That, a deed to be (i. e. that ought to be) praised.

OBSERVATIONS.

(1) What is called the Future Participle in German, is procan be formed from transitive verbs only, and is always to be duced by placing zu before the present participle as above. It taken in a passive sense. It is chiefly to be found in the case of compound verbs: thus, hochzuehrender Herr, the-highly-to-be honoured, i. e. the honourable, Sir. See Section XLII. § 151. THE ADVERBS. RULE.

Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives and other adverbs: : as,

Er hat ten Gegenstand vortrefflich behandelt, he has treated the sub-
Er schreibt selten, he writes seldom.
ject admirably.

Dieses Buch ist sehr gut, this book is very good.
Er arbeitet nicht gern, he works unwillingly.

OBSERVATIONS.

Almost all adjectives in the absolute form are, in German, employed as Adverbs. See § 102. 3. For remarks on the position of Adverbs in sentences, see the section on the arrangement of words, $ 158.

$ 152. THE PREPOSITIONS.

RULE.

The Prepositions aastatt, außerhalb, diesseits, &c. (See the List $ 109.) are construed with the genitive.

OBSERVATIONS.