balance should be perfectly exact, the following conditions must be fulfilled: 1st. The two arms of the beam, that is, the distances from the knife-edge at x to the points of suspension of the scales, must be perfectly equal; for it is proved in Mechanics, that two equal forces can only be in equilibrium by means of a lever when the two arms are equal. Yet there is a method by which the exact weight of a body can be obtained from a balance although its arms are unequal. It cannot be inferred that the two arms of a balance are equal, by the single circumstance that when the scales are empty the beam is horizontal; for it is enough to hang from the longer arm a lighter scale in order to make it so. To determine whether the arms are equal, place weights in the two scales so that the beam may take the horizontal position. Make these weights change places from one basin to another; the beam will still be horizontal if the arms are equal; if not, it will incline to the side of the longer arm. 2nd. The length of the arms of the beam must remain perfectly invariable during the oscillations of the balance. For this purpose, the beam and the scale hooks must be furnished with very sharp points of support. 3rd. When the beam is horizontal, its centre of gravity must be in the vertical passing through the knife-edge and a little below this edge; unless this be so, the beam will not assume the position of stable equilibrium. 4th. The balance must be very sensible, that is, it must oscillate with a very small difference of weight in the scales; and this requires that the beam should be very easily put in motion. For this purpose, it is made to rest on two supports in agate, or in well-tempered and polished steel; this greatly diminishes the friction. In general, the sensibility of a balance is greater in proportion to the length of the arms of the beam; the lightness of the beam and scales; the proximity of the centre of gravity of the beam and the knife-edge, or point of support; and the length of the needle which marks the oscillations of the balance. In order to increase at pleasure the sensibility of a balance, a button-screw or nut is placed on the beam at c, fig. 10. When this screw is raised, the centre of gravity of the beam approaches the knife-edge, and gravity acting on a shorter lever-arm round the axis of suspension, its effect in opposing the oscillations of the beam is diminished. If the centre of gravity reaches the knifeedge, the balance is in a state of indifferent equilibrium; if it passes this point, the equilibrium is unstable, and the balance is then useless. Now mark the difference between these two verbs, go and pull; the first, you know, is intransitive, the second is transitive. The first has an object, but not without the aid of a preposition, and the business of the preposition is to define the relation of the verb go to the objects city and country. The second or transitive verb has one object in immediate dependence on itself, and another object connected with itself by means of a preposition; and the business of the preposition is to define the relation of the verb to the second object, that is, to the shore. Hence you learn that transitive verbs in the active voice have two objects, the immediate and the mediate (or the near and the remote), the former dependent on themselves exclusively, the latter dependent on themselves through the link of a preposition. The verb and preposition may indeed be regarded as one wordthus, to come-from, to go-to-when by means of the several suffixes a modification of meaning is in each instance caused. These intransitive verbs thus supplemented become transitive, that is, have an immediate object, for we can say, I come-from Bath; I go-to Bath, &c. The preposition is thus seen to stand between the verb and its object in order to assist the former in the expression of the latter. As, however, the object stands in immediate dependence on the preposition, and only in remote dependence on the verb, so we may frame the rule thus : A noun as an object may be dependent on a preposition; or thus: A preposition may govern a noun as its object; e. g., "Ah! who can tell the triumphs of the mind, By truth illumin'd, and by taste refin'd ? "—Rogers. comparison with our model, namely, "a beverage made of wine The use of the participle refined here brings this example into and water." By comparing the two together, we see that past participles take after them a preposition governing an object, and that the preposition varies with the sense; it is, indeed, dictated by the usages of the language. In the usages which determine what of the idiom of our English tongue is involved. Equally does a preposition should follow participles, adjectives, and verbs, much regard to a propriety of speech require attention to the exact meaning, and the right application of the several prepositions, that is, to the syntax of the prepositions. of a verb in the finite mood; as, We have already seen that an infinitive mood may be the object I love to wander ; I love wandering; or, I love a stroll. Method of Double Weighing.-This method, due to M. Borda where wander is an infinitive governed by I love. Now, instead of of Paris, of ascertaining the exact weight of a body by means of to wander you may supply a noun and say, a balance whose arms are unequal, is the following:-Place the body to be weighed in one of the scales, and make an equilibrium in the other scale with lead drops or sand; then, remove from the former scale the body to be weighed, and in its place put known weights of any kind until the equilibrium is again established. The amount of known weights thus obtained is the exact weight of the body; for in the operation, the body and the weights act on the same arm of the beam, in order to produce an equilibrium with the same resistance. LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. LXX.. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. THE preposition is intimately connected with two other parts of speech, the verb and the noun. The relation of the verb to its object, or of the doer and the doing to the thing done, is often expressed but imperfectly by the verb. Thus, when I say I go, I make a merely general statement; if I wish to give specific information, I say, I go from the city into the country. it is not every object, however, which requires a preposition. When I say, I pull the boat, boat stands in immediate dependence on pull, and neither has nor needs any preposition; but if I add a second object with that object, I (for the most part) employ a preposition; e. g., I pull the boat from the shore. The preposition to, you thus see, connects its object with a transitive verb, when that object is a verb. The preposition in such cases is a connecting word, but a connecting word which is essential to the import. That it is essential you may learn by removing it; thus, I love, wander. Here, too, the object wander is in immediate dependence on to, and only in remote dependence on I love; consequently, we may say that The latter of two verbs connected together by the preposition to is dependent on, or governed by, that preposition. We may also lay it down as a fact that The preposition to stands before a verb when it is used in its most general application, or in the infinitive mood. Now a verb so used is in meaning very near to the noun. It is, indeed, a verbal noun; e. g., To learn to die is the great business of life. Usage allows the preposition to, thus employed, to be in one kind of sentence strengthened by another preposition, namely, for, which, however, has its own object; e. g., "For us to learn to die is the great business of life." The preposition for thus set at the beginning, followed by an infinitive, forms a clause or member which is the subject of the finite verb. As prepositions govern nouns, so may they govern whatever stands as, or is used with, the force of a noun, and consequently prepositions may govern 1. A present participle used as a noun; as, He accused the boys of fighting. 2. A present participle and a noun; as, He accused the soldiers of being cowards. 3. A present combined with a past participle; as, He accused the soldiers of having been cowards. 4. A clause of a sentence or a phrase; as, He accused the troops of having acted in a cowardly manner. In the following example, many words, combining to form a substantive clause, stand as the object to the preposition above; within the clause is a minor clause dependent on the preposition of : "A quick wit and a nice judgment could not raise this man above being received only upon the foot of contributing to mirth and diversion." -Steele. This, however, is a form of a sentence which cannot be recommended for imitation. Prepositions in general stand before the nouns they govern, but by poetic license they may be placed after; e. g., "Wild Carron's lonely woods among."-Langhorne. In verbs used with separable prepositions, the preposition, when separated, may stand after its object, and even at the end of the sentence : "This you pride yourself upon and this you are ruined by." In some phrases the preposition follows the noun; e. g., "Civil and religious liberty all the world over.” An affectation of elegance, which was devoid of a knowledge of the Teutonic idiom of our language, led Dr. Blair, and has led a host of blind imitators, to proscribe what that superficial critic with little accuracy called "splitting of particles," which he declares "is always to be avoided; he gives as an instance this sentence : "Though virtue borrows no assistance from, yet it may often be accompanied by, the advantages of fortune." Yet it is certain that sentences so formed are sanctioned by the highest authority; e. g., "To suppose the zodiac and planets to be efficient of and antecedent to themselves."-Bentley. The sense may require two prepositions used in combination; e. g., And from before the lustre of her face White break the clouds away."-Thompson. bution, in denotes presence in a place, and so requires its object to be one, one individually, or one collectively; e. g., In a great nation many are found among whom charity may find deserving objects. Among the thousands who live in England there are a few philosophers. In differs from into, since while the former denotes rest, the latter denotes motion : Being in a boat, we went into the harbour. In many phrases, however, in is employed where motion is signified or employed. In the Bible we find "rent in twain ;" "cut in pieces; " "pulled in pieces." logy in determining what preposition shall follow a word. The correct signification has greater influence than the etymo LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.-No. XXIII. LECTURES ON EUCLID. PROPOSITION XVI.-THEOREM. If one side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle is greater than either of the interior opposite angles. In fig. 16, let A B C be a triangle, and let its side BC be produced to D. The exterior angle A C D is greater than either of the interior opposite angles C B A and BA C. B E. E Fig. 16. Bisect (I. 10) AC in E, join BE and produce it to f. Make EF equal (I. 3) to Join F C. Because A E is equal (Const.) to x c, and BE (Const.) to EF; therefore in the triangles AEB and CEF, the two sides A E and E B of the one, are equal to the two sides C E and E F of the other, each to each. But the angle A E B is equal (I. 15) to the angle CEF, because they are vertical angles. the base cF, the triangle AEB to the triangle CEF, and the Therefore the base AB is equal (I. 4) to remaining angles of the one to the remaining angles of the other, each to each, viz., those to which the equal sides are opposite. Wherefore the angle BAE is equal to the angle EC F. But the angle ECD is greater (Ax. 9) than the angle ECF. Therefore the angle ACD is greater than the angle BAE. In the same manner, if the side BC be bisected, and A c be produced to G, it may be demonstrated that the angle BCG is greater than the angle A B C. But the angle ACD is equal (I. 15) to the angle BCG. Therefore, if one side, &c. Q. E. D. Scholium.-The student should, for the sake of practice, write out the demonstration of the second part here alluded to; other Ellipses of prepositions have given rise to idiomatic phrases; Therefore the angle A CD is greater than the angle A B C. e. g., We rode (over) sixty miles (on) that day. Like, near, next, and other adjectives and adverbs, are used with wise, the truth of the proposition will not be so completely fixed an object immediately dependent on them : "And earthly power doth then show likest God's Care must be taken not to confound prepositions with adverbs, especially with regard to the words which are used both ways. Before is an instance; e. g., Adverb: She entered before. You may ascertain whether in any particular case before (and The king came near. The king came near the city. In the first place, near does no more than qualify came; in the second, near governs the city. The prepositions between and among have specific meanings, and should be used accordingly. Between (twain, two) is by two, that is, two individuals, or two sets or classes of individuals. Among denotes distribution to several : He divided the apple between his brother and sister. He divided the apples among the children. in his mind. A new axiom is taken for granted in the demonstration of this and some subsequent propositions, viz., If two things be equal to one another, and the one be greater than a third, so is the other. EXERCISE TO PROPOSITION XVI. From a point without a straight line, only one perpendicular can be drawn to it. the straight line BC; only one per- From the point A, by Prop. XII., to B C. the point A be perpendicul to BC. Fig. T. BC, the angle ADE is a right angle; for the same reason, the Among differs from in in this, that while among denotes distri-angle A E B is a right angle; therefore, by Axiom XI., the angle ARB is equal to the angle ADE, that is, the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite angle; but by Prop. XVI. the exterior angle is greater than the interior and opposite angle; therefore, the angle A E B is both equal to, and greater than, the angle ADE, which is impossible. Wherefore the straight line A is not perpendicular to BC; and in the same way it may be shown that no other straight line but A B can be perpendicular to Bc. Therefore, from a point without a straight line, &c. Q. E. D.* Corollary 1.-If from any point without a given straight line two straight lines be drawn, one perpendicular to it, and the other not, the perpendicular will be on that side of the straight line which is not perpendicular, where it makes the acute angle with the given straight line. Corollary 2.-The two equal angles of an isosceles triangle are both acute angles. Corollary 3.-Only two equal straight lines can be drawn to another straight line from a given point without it. greater than three right angles; thus the following exercise is The two exterior angles of every triangle are together greater than two right angles; and the three exterior angles of every triangle are together greater than the three right angles. In fig. 17, let A B C be any triangle; any two exterior angles of this triangle are together greater than two right angles; and all the three exterior angles are together greater than three right angles. For every exterior angle, together with its adjacent interior angle, is equal to two right angles; therefore, any two exterior angles, together with their adjacent interior angles, are equal to four right angles; but, any two interior angles are together less than two right angles, by Prop. XVII.; therefore their two exterior angles are together greater than two right angles. Again, the three exterior angles, together with their adjacent interior angles, are together equal to six right angles; but in the preceding Corollary 4.-A circle cannot cut a straight line in more points exercise it was shown that the three interior angles of any triangle than two. PROPOSITION XVII.-THEOREM. are less than three right angles; therefore, the three exterior angles are greater than three right angles. Scholium.-This demonstration depends on the axiom, that if Any two angles of a triangle are together less than two right two unequal quantities are together equal to a gnity, and angles. In fig. 17, let A B C be any triangle; any two of its angles are together less than two right angles. Fig. 17. C D Produce B C to D. Because A CD is the exterior angle of the triangle ABC, the angle A C D is greater (I. 16) than the interior and opposite angle ABC. To each of these unequals, add the angle А СВ. Therefore the two angles ACD and ACB, are greater (Ax. 4) than the two angles A B C and A CB. But the two angles ACD and ACB are together equal (1. 3) to two right angles. Therefore the two angles A B C and B CA are together less than two right angles. In like manner, it may be demonstrated, that the two angles B A C and A CB, as also the two angles CA B and ABC, are together less than two right angles. Therefore, any two angles, &c. Q. E. D. EXERCISE 1. TO PROPOSITION XVII. The three interior angles of any triangle are together less than three right angles. In fig. 17, let A B C be any triangle, its three interior angles ABC, BCA, and CA B are together less than three right angles. For, by Prop. XVII., the two angles ABC and BCA are together less than two right angles; the two angles BCA and CAB are together less than two right angles; and the two angles CA B and A B C are together less than two right angles; therefore, in all, the three angles A B C, BCA, and C AB taken twice are less than six right angles; wherefore, the three angles ABC, BCA, and CAB taken once are less than three right angles. Therefore, the three interior angles, &c. Q. E. D.† Scholium.-Here there is evidently a new axiom implied in the demonstration, namely, that the halves of unequals are unequal, and that the inequality remains, after halving, on the same side as it did before halving. Another mode of demonstration proposed by T. Bocock, Great Warley, is this: That as every exterior angle with its corresponding interior is equal to two right angles, so all the three exterior angles with their corresponding interior angles are together equal to six right angles; but by Prop. XVII. every exterior angle is greater than its opposite interior angle, therefore all the exterior angles together are greater than all their corresponding interior angles together. But all the interior angles together with their corresponding interior angles are equal to six right angles, therefore all the interior angles are together less than three right angles, and consequently all the exterior angles are This exercise was solved by NON SUTOR, Colchester; J. H. EASTWOOD, Middleton; T. Bocock, Great Warley; E. L. JONES, Pen broke; C. L. HADFIELD and J. GOODFELLOW, Bolton-le-Moors; QUINTIN PRINGLE, Glasgow; D. H., Driffield; E. Russ, Pentonville; E. J. BREMNER, Car Hsle; and others. This exercise was solved by J. H. EASTWOOD, Middleton; QUINTIN PRINGLE, Glasgow; E. J. BREMNER, Carlisle; E. Russ, Pentonville; R B. N. Ross, Camberwell; T. Bocock, Great Warley; and others. if one of the unequal quantities be less than half of the given quantity, the other of the unequal quantities must be greater than half of the given quantity. PROPOSITION XVIII.-THEOREM. The greater side of every triangle is opposite to the greater angle. In fig. 18, let ABC be a triangle, of which the side a c is greater than the side AB; the angle ABC is greater than the angle B C A From A C the greater, cut off by Prop. III. the part AD equal to the less AB; bisect the angle BAD, by Prop. IX., by the straight line A E, meeting B C in B; and join E D. B Fig. 18. E Because, in the two triangles A BE and A D E, the side A D is equal to the Iside A B, by construction, and the side AE is common to both triangles, therefore the two sides A B and AE in the triangle ABE, are equal to the two sides AD and AE in the triangle ADE; and the angle B A E is equal to the angle DAE, by construction; therefore, by Prop. IV., the base BE is equal to the base DE, and the angle ABE to the angle A DE. But, by Prop. XVI., the exterior angle ADE of the triangle DEC is greater than the interior DCE; wherefore, also, the angle ABE is greater than the angle DCE; therefore, in the triangle ABC, the angle ABC is greater than the Wherefore, the greater side of every triangle, &c. angle BCA. Q. E. D.* Scholium. This demonstration is different from Euclid's, and preferable to it, on account of its being more direct, and not requiring the à fortiori argument. Corollary-One side of a triangle is greater than, equal to, or less than another, according as the angle opposite to the former is greater than, equal to, or less than the angle opposite to the latter. In Cassell's Euclid this corollary is misplaced, as it is there attached to the 19th proposition; and the corollary there attached to the 18th should be appended to the 19th. This misplacement was pointed out by Mr. G. Williams, Bristol. "Of curious arts, art thou more fond? then mark In number, weight, and measure, all ordain'd. To prudent pomp, magnificently wise." This exercise was solved by T. Bocock, Great Warley; QUINTIN PRINGLE, Glasgow; J. H. EASTWOOD, Middleton; R. B. N. Ross, Camberwell; and others. LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. LXXXI. By Professor LOUIS FASQUELLE, LL.D. § 138.-ADVERBS OF NEGATION. (1.) The negation is composed of ne placed before the verb, and pas or point, after it in the simple tenses. The second negative comes between the auxiliary and the verb, in the compound tenses : Le ciel sur nos souhaits ne règle pas le choses. CORNEILLE. Rome n'attache point le grade à la noblesse. CORNEILLE. L'estime est le vrai principe de la considération, qui n'est pas jours attaché aux dignités Heaven does not regulate things according to our wishes. Rome does not by any means confine offices to the nobility. 51 Esteem is the true principle of con- 139.-THE PREPOSITION.-REGIMEN OF PREPOSITIONS AND tou-sideration, which is not always attached to offices. FONTENELLE. Les rois ne sont point protégés par les lois. CHÉNIER. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES. (1.) Prepositions may be divided according to their regimen Kings are by no means protected into three classes :by laws. It will be seen in the above examples, that the negative point is stronger than pas. The meaning of these two words, which are in fact substantives used adverbially to strengthen the negative ne, will sufficiently explain this: N'allez pas means n'allez un pas, do not go or move one pace or step. N'allez point means n'allez un point, do not go, or move a point or dot. (2.) The second negative may be suppressed after the verbs pouvoir, oser, savoir, and cesser :— 1st. Prepositions governing nouns without the aid of another preposition. They are:" She dare not re-enter her apart-Dessus, above ment He who lives hated by all, cannot exist long. Liberty cannot cease to be worthy of love. Dessous, under Devant, before Durant, during 2nd. Prepositions A wicked man never knows how Près, near to forgive. (4.) Ne used Idiomatically. Proche, near A cause, on account A côté, by the side The negative ne is used without any negative sense after conjunctions à moins que, unless; de peur que, de crainte for fear that : A la faveur, by means requiring the preposition de after A la mode, according to the fashion For fear, or lest you might be de A la réserve, reserving ceived. A l'exception, excepting A l'égard, with regard (5.) Ne is used in the same manner after autre, different; autrement, otherwise; plus, moins, mieux, forming a compari-A l'insu, unknown son, and after the verbs craindre, avoir peur, trembler, appréhender, empêcher : Il est tout autre qu'il n'était. Il parle autrement qu'il n'agit. Il est plus modeste qu'il ne le parait. Je crains presque, je crains, qu'un songe ne m'abuse. RACINE. Vous avez bien peur que je ne change d'avis. NARIVAUX. La pluie empêcha qu'on ne se promenât dans les jardins. RACINE. He is very different from what he was. He speaks and acts very differently. He is more modest than he appears. I am almost afraid that (lest) a dream is deceiving me. You fear much, lest I may change my mind. The rain prevented their taking a walk in the gardens. A l'opposite, contrary A raison, by reason, at the rate Au rez, on a level Au deça, this way Au delà, that way, beyond Au dessous, under Au dessus, above Au dedans, within Au dehors, without Au devant, before, to meet Au lieu, instead Au moyen, by means Au prix, at the price Au travers, through Aux dépens, at the expense Aux environs, in the neighbourhood En dépit, in spite of Le long, along § 140.-REMARK. LESSONS IN ITALIAN GRAMMAR.-No. IV By CHARLES TAUSENAU, M.D., Languages at the Kensington Proprietary Grammar School. (Continuea from p. 42.) The rules which we have given [§ 92, (1.) (2.) note, and $133] with regard to the regimen or government of verbs and adjectives, apply also to prepositions. When two prepositions Of the University of Pavia, and Professor of the German and Italian require the same regimen, it is useless to repeat this regimen after each one, but if they require a different regimen, it is necessary to give to each its proper object. It would, therefore, be incorrect to say,-Un magistrat doit toujours juger suivant et conformément aux lois :-A magistrate should always judge in accordance with, and conformably to, the laws; because the preposition suivant governs the noun in the régime direct, that is without the aid of another preposition, and conformément governs the noun in the régime indirect by means of d. should say: Un magistrat doit toujours juger suivant les lois, et conformément à ce qu'elles prescrivent. MARMONTEL. We A magistrate should always judge in accordance with the laws and conformably to what they prescribe. §141.-REPETITION OF PREPOSITIONS. 1. The prepositions à, de, en, and sans, must be repeated before every regimen, be it a noun, a pronoun, or a verb :This world is but a lottery of goods, of ranks, of dignities, of rights. Ce monde ci n'est qu'un loterie de biens, de rangs, de dignités, de droits. VOLTAIRE. L'éloquence est un art très sérieux, destiné à instruire, à réprimer les passions, à corriger les mœurs, à soutenir les lois, &c. FénéLON. Telle est la multitude, et sans frein et sans lois. LA HARPE. 6. S, named in the alphabet esse (pronounced ês-sai). This consonant has considerable variations, and is one of the most difficult to pronounce throughout correctly, for even in Italy there are variations. An irreproachable pronunciation of this consonant can only be acquired by closely marking its utterance in all its shades by Italians who speak purely. Speaking generally, there are two leading sounds. One is a sharp, hissing sound, as in the English words, sing, sieve; the other is a much milder sound, as in the English words, cheese, fleas, ease, please, &c. The following general rules will be sufficient for the present: Ishall state the exceptions more fully hereafter. 88. First, the sharp sound of this consonant may be said to be the ruling sound, because it is heard in the greater number of syllables and words. I shall invariably mark it by the single letter s; and wherever this is used, the reader will remember that it represents the sharp, hissing sound of the letter, thus avoiding multiplicity of signs, which would be caused by using It has always the sharp, hissing sound in the beginning of a word before a vowel; as, for example, sale, pronounced sáhlai, salt; sole, só-lai, the sun; sempre, sêm-prai, always; subito, sóo-bee-to, suddenly. It has also the sharp, hissing sound Eloquence is a very important art, before the consonants e, f, p, g, and t; as, for example, in destined to instruct, to repress pas-scaltro, skáhl-tro, shrewd; sforzo, sfôr-tzo, compulsion; crespo, sions, to correct manners, to support the laws, &c. krái-spo, crisp; pasqua, páh-skwah, Easter; pasto, páh-sto, a meal. It has also the sharp and hissing sound after the conSuch is the multitude, without resonants 1, 2, and, and I may say a pre-eminently hard and hissing sound in this case; as, for example, falso, fáhl-so, false; corso, kórr-so, course; arso, áhrr-so, burnt; forse, fórrsai, perhaps; pianse, peeahn'-sai, he wept; vinse, vín-sai, he vanquished. In Rome, the sharpness of the s after 1, n, and r, is generally so very audible, that it almost amounts to the utterance of a ts, as if the examples just given were written with the hard z pronounced with the English sound in the word Switzer; which, however, with all respect for the eternal city and the "bocca Romana," I must pronounce to be a provincialism. straint and without laws. 2. The other prepositions must also be repeated before every noun, pronoun, or verb, unless the words used as regimens have a similarity of meaning; in which case the prepositions may be placed before the first regimen only, or before all, at the option of the speaker :- Je vous donne ceci pour vous et pour votre frère. Il perd sa jeunesse dans la mollesse et (dans) la volupté. give you this for you and for your brother. He wastes his youth in effeminacy and voluptuousness. BUFFON. In Europe, in France, in Paris, in my room. In America the bisons have a bunch on their back. In South America the ox was entirely unknown. Secondly, the milder sound of the s occurs generally when it is placed between two vowels. As the nearest possible approach to it, I shall follow the practice of Mr. Walker in his English pronouncing dictionary, and mark it with a ; for example, avviso, ahv-vée-zo, opinion; guisa, gyée-za, guise, manner; tesoro, tai-zô-ro, treasure; usura, oo-zó-rah, usury; sposa, spô-za, bride; accusa, ahk-kóo-zah, accusation; miseria, mee-zê-reeah, misery; misura, mee-zóo-rah, measure. This rule is subject to several exceptions, the most important of which I must state here. Many Italian adjectives end in oso and osa, and whenever before these terminations there is a vowel, the terminational s has the sharp, hissing sound; as, for example, glorioso, pronounced glo-reeó-so, glorious; virtuoso, virr-tooó-so, virtuous; tortuoso, torr-tooó-so, tortuous. There are many compound words in Italian having the particles dis and mis, and before consonants the finals of these particles must have the sharp, hissing sound; as, for example, disposizione, pronounced dis-po-zee-tseeo'-nai, disposition; dismisura, dis-mee-zóo-rah, excess; (the reader will note in the two foregoing words, that the s of the particle dis has the hissing sound, while the next s, placed between two vowels, follows the general rule, and has the mild sound); dispiacenza, dis-peeah-tchên-tsah, displeasure; discreditare, dis-krai-deetáh-rai, to discredit. In the greatest part of compound words, where s begins the syllable, it has the sharp, hissing sound; as, for example, (3.) Chez might be rendered in English by at the house of, proseguire, pro-sai-gwée-rai, continue; risolvere, ree-sôl-vai-rai, with, among, &c. :to dissolve; presumere, prái-sóo-mai-rai, to presume: risorgere, sórr-jai-rai, to rise again; trasustanziato, trah-soo-stahntsee-to, transubstantiated. There are other exceptions which I shall take occasion to point out as examples occur. Chez votre pére; chez vous. La condition des comédiens était At your father's; at your house.ree The condition of comedians was infame chez les Romains, et hono-infamous among the Romans, and rable chez les Grecs. honourable with the Greeks. LA BRUYÈRE. Further, & has the mild sound when it immediately precedes |