The letter is always replaced in Italian by i; as, for example, for physics (physical science), the Italians say fisica; for stygian, stigio.

the consonants b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v; as, for example, sbarra, | are just so written in Italian. They are nevertheless propronounced zbáhrr-rah, bar, barrier; sdire, zdée-rai, to retract; nounced as if they were written Santippe and Santo. (The sguarda, zgwáhrr-do, lock; slontanare, zlon-tah-náh-rai, to latter word has retained the a principally that it might not be remove; smania, zmáh-neeah, madness; snervare, znerr-váh- confounded in writing with the word Santo, saint). rai, to unnerve; sradicare, zrah-dee-káh-rai, to eradicate; svelto, zvel-to, lively, clever, nimble, easy. I have stated that the particles dis and mis before consonants have the sharp, hissing sound. There is no deviation from this rule, and these particles retain the sharp, hissing sound even before the lastmentioned consonants; for example, disbandire, pronounced dis-bahn-dée-rai, to banish; disdire, dis-dee-rai, to retract; dis- SHOWING THE COMBINATION OF VOWELS WITH SEMI-VOWELS gombrare, dis-gom-bráh-rai, to empty; disleale, dis-laiáh-lai, disloyal; dismettere, dis-mét-tai-rai, to dislocate an arm, to dismiss (an affair); disnervare, dis-nerr-váh-rai, to unnerve; disradicare, dis-rah-dee-káh-rai, to eradicate; disvenire, dis-vainée-rai, to swoon; misgradito, mis-grah-dée-to, disagreeable; misleale, mis-laiáh-lai, disloyal; misvenire, mis-vai-née-rai, to

Italian.

Fere

Refe

SECOND PRONOUNCING TABLE,

IN NATURAL ORDER.

Pronounced.

fê-rai*
rái-fai

Foce

fô-tchai

swoon,

Cefo

tchê-fo

When ss is between two vowels, it does not follow the rule of the singles, but must be sounded with a sharp, hissing sound; as, for example, fosso, pronounced fôs-so, a ditch, a Lago canal; rosso, rós-so, red; posso, pós-so, I can.

Fugo

foo-go

Gufo

Gola

gó-lah

Leso

laí-zo

só-lai

lée-tchai

Sole
Lice
Celi

I have not yet spoken of the letter H. It is named in the alphabet acca (pronounced ah'k-kah). According to its alphabetical sound, and because its two syllables are substantially one, only placed inversely, it might be classed as a semi-vowel; but as it is only an auxiliary letter to modify the sounds of c Lode and y, as I shall have occasion to explain fully hereafter, it is a Delo mere soundless, written sign, not a letter. It also serves to dis- Lume tinguish the words ho, I have, from o, or; hai, thou hast, from Mule ai, dative plural of the article; ha, ne has, from a, the preposition Maro to; and hanno, they have, from anno, the year. This distinction Roma is, however, only for the eye, for in pronouncing, the h is quite mute; and some purists, headed by Metastasio, instead of an h, put the grave accent in those first four words.

The Italian has no aspirates, which essentially distinguishes it from the leading languages of Europe. Only in the middle, and at the end of some few interjections, a kind of aspiration is heard, which is only produced by the prolongation of the sound of the vowel, or of the transition of the voice from one vowel to another, principally, however, by a more emphatic emotion by which such interjections are thrown out; as, for example, ah! ahi! deh! ahimè! eh! oh! ehi! ohi! ohimè! doh!

"

for

In the early period of the language, the Italians wrote all words manifestly of Latin origin with an initial h; as, example, habile, now abile; hinno, now inno; hora, now ora; historia, now istoria. This insignificance of the has given rise to some proverbial expressions: as, "6 Questa cosa non vale "this is not worth an h; un' acca, or, as an Englishman would say, 66 not worth a fig or a farthing; "Non m'importa un'acca," "I don't care an h for it; or, as an Englishman or "Non ne saper would say, "I don't care a straw for it; "not to know an h of something; or, as is often said in England, "an iota of it." When an Italian has to pronounce the h in another language, it is only with the greatest difficulty he can master it.

Rami

Modo

Domo
Muro

Cent

tchê-lee

The heavens

lô-dai

Praise

ráh-mee

mô-do

dô-mo

moo-ro

The sight in artil-
lery, aim

Branches
Manner, mode
Tamed

Wall

To complete my remarks on the alphabet, I must now say something of the letters K, W, X, and Y, important letters in Dori English, but which do not occur in Italian.

Instead of k, the Italians use before consonants and before the vowels a, o, and u, the letter c; and before the vowels e and Baro i, ch. For example, instead of Kalend, the Italians write Rude Calende.

Rasa

*That my pupil readers may thoroughly exercise themselves in pronunciation, in order to give a complete illustration of the junction of vowels and semi-vowels, in natural order, I have selected words of two syllables, in which the first syllable of the first word is the same as the concluding syllable of the second.

The English letter w does not occur at all in Italian. The letter X, which represents properly speaking a compound sound (ks), is unknown in pure Italian words, and the Seco English sound is never heard. În words of foreign origin, which would have this sound in English, the Italians place an or ss, or c; as for the word example (from the Latin exemplum), the Italians write esempio; for extreme (from Latin extremus), they write estremo; for Xenophon, Senofonte; for Xerxes, Serse; for Alexander, Alessandro. The letter e replaces the x in words which are the compounds of the prefix ex, when a follows it; for example, for excellent, they write eccellente; for excess, eccesso, &c. Custom has, however, sanctioned the use of the z in a few words of Greek origin, for Xar 'ippe and Xanto (Xanthus, the river in Asia Minor)

The vowel u in Italian, as a final letter, is only to be found in monosyllables; as, tu, thou; fu, was; or in those words that have the grave accent on the last syllable; as, virtù, virtue; Corfu, Corfu. I am therefore compelled, by the use of the word gufo, and others to follow, to depart from the strict system.

tchai-nee

Rido

rée-do

dó-ree

Roba

rô-bah

báh-ro

róo-dai

Dure

dóo-rai

Sara

sáh-rah

Sarah

ráh-zah

sái-ko

English.
Things

Rendered

Burden

Tom

Sire

Coral

Calf

tired

To scoff
Offended

I suffocate
Wetted

inches long, which he had found would together burn for fourand-twenty hours. Having marked the inches on them thereFormerly Sir, now fore, he ordered that they should be lighted in succession, and each three inches that were consumed he considered as recording the flight of an hour. But finding that the candles burned away more quickly at one time than at another, on account of the rushing violence of the winds, which sometimes would blow night and day without intermission through the doors and windows, the numerous chinks in the walls, or the slender Soft, flexible, supple covering of the tents, he bethought him how he might prevent this inconvenience; and having contrived artfully and wisely, he ordered that a lanthorn should be fairly fashioned of wood and horn, for white horn, when scraped thin, allows the light to pass through even like glass. The candle, therefore, being placed in the lanthorn thus wonderfully constructed, as we have said, of wood and horn, was both protected from the wind and shone during the night as luminously without as within." This is a simple record, but contains a great fact and a wise principle. Alfred loved literature for its own sake; he sucked the flower for the honey, and on account of his having united a virtuous disposition with a well disciplined mind, posterity remembers him as a wise, amiable, and exemplary king. Of the Emperor Julian it is also recorded, that he spent much of his time in the acquisition of knowledge. We are far from justifying all the deeds of this valorous warrior and distinguished monarch, but it is sufficient for present purposes to say, that during his campaigns he was accustomed to spend many hours in literary pursuits, and that he has given to posterity several learned Greek works, as the result of his perseverance in mental cultivation.

I annoy, quibble
Satisfied, satiated,

Catullus
We supped
Dilemma (logical)
Enigma

A blow with the fist

on the under-chin
I smoke (meat)
Deceit

Yard (of a ship)
The Furies
Aaron

Alumnus, pupil
Earnest money
I knock down
Butter

I recur
Azure
Low

Affixed

Other noble and wealthy literati might be named, such as Democritus, Anaxagoras, Charlemagne, James I. of Scotland, Elizabeth, Alphonso, Peter the Great, and John Napier. We have made this brief reference to these men of wealth, as illustrative of the sentiment, that intellectual pursuit is not incomDemoniac, bored, patible with the possession of wealth, and as showing that dunned mental excellence is independent of social position. In considering the case of the wealthy, it is but just to remember, that they have allurements and temptations to which poor students are not exposed, and it redounds greatly to their honour, and proves their magnanimity, inasmuch as they have risen superior to all dissipating influences, and resisted the force of the most powerful temptations, that they might increase in knowledge, and cultivate an acquaintance with the sages, philosophers, poets, and historians, whose works survive their writers and form the text-books of admiring successors.

About, upon one's

self

Moved, shaken, con-
trite

SKETCHES FOR YOUNG THINKERS.

(Continued from page 18.)

MONEY brings pleasure; so do fame, power, and position; but the pleasure of these is not to be compared with the refined, exalted, and exquisite enjoyment of intellectual excellence. No wise man despises money, or denies that it brings a certain amount of pleasure with it. The world, in an important sense, would be paralysed for want of money; "money answereth all things," and he is a happy man who understands its real value, and has a heart to appropriate it to honourable purposes. We avoid equally the extreme of avarice, and that of affecting contempt for money. The intellectual man, in his poverty, has a source of enjoyment unknown to the unlettered Dives who ro's in luxury and wealth. The two however, are by no means incompatible. Biography has embalmed the memory of many who have had this world's wealth in abundance, and have added the riches of a well cultivated and powerful intellect. Alfred the Great was a royal student, and has exhibited an example worthy of the imitation of all his kingly successors. Although the son of a monarch, and possessor of all that was necessary to complete his worldly happiness, he devoted himself to literature with a zeal but rarely surpassed. He was pre-eminently an economist of time, as the following interesting quotation will abundantly testify:—

II. Intellectual excellence is opposed to proud, pedantic, and undue self-satisfaction. The more knowledge a man possesses, the more does he see his own ignorance. This cannot be better exemplified than in the memorable words of Sir Isaac Newton when on his death-bed :-"I know not how others may regard me, but to myself I appear as a little child who has been amusing himself in gathering a few pebbles on the shore, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." This is humility; it is a philosopher speaking as a child, and in that hour he appears as great, if not greater, than in any other hour of his long and laborious life. True greatness looks more at what remains to be done, than at what is already accomplished. Learning tends to simplify, and not to bewilder and confound. Two or three examples may here be inserted as illustrations. In June, 1790, the Rev. John Wesley preached at Lincoln; his text was Luke x. 42: "One thing is needful." When the congregation were returning from the chapel, a lady exclaimed, in a tone of great surprise, "Is that the great Mr. Wesley of whom we hear so much in the present day? Why the poorest might have understood him." The gentleman to whom this remark was made replied, "In this, madam, he displayed his greatness; that while the poorest can understand him, the most learned are edified and cannot be offended." The following is of the same class and equally striking:-The late Dr. C. Evans, of Bristol, having once to travel from home, wrote to a poor congregation to say that he should have occasion to stay a night in their village, and that if it were agreeable to them he would give them a sermon. The poor people hesitated for some time, but at length permitted him to preach. After sermon he found them in a far happier mood than when he first came among them, and could not forbear inquiring into the reason of all this.

thy riches"? to which question the poet thus curtly replied: ("Mecum mea sunt cuncta") "With myself are all my things." Plunderers attack the ship, carry off the booty, and leave the hapless voyagers to console each other under their several misfortunes. Simonides had nothing, and lost nothing, and omitted not the opportunity of sending a moral home to every understanding. Mind is more precious than money. Let this one sentence be believed and acted upon, and in myriads of instances the grasp of the miser will relax, and scatter blessings with a bounteous hand. He who has a mind, has a treasure more priceless than gold, more adorning than a diadem, more enduring than the stars of the firmament! That mind was not bestowed for no purpose. Its history-for minds have histories-is recorded, and we believe that one day that mind will have the power of taking the most minute retrospect of itself, and will either rise to ineffable glory, or be covered with everlasting shame and confusion! Opportunity and exertion, advantages and performances, will be compared; the balance will be struck by an unerring hand, and the irreversible judgment pronounced by the voice of Eternal Truth, in accents more sweet than the songs of morning, or in tones more terrible than the thunders of midnight! Thrice happy the man who has multiplied his talents, and is ready to surrender an account of his stewardship.

Why, sir, to tell you the truth," said one of them, "knowing nihil sumis tuis?"") "Simonides takest thou nothing out of that you were a very learned man, and that you were a teacher of young ministers, we were much afraid we should not understand you; but you have been quite as plain as any minister we ever hear." Ay, ay," the Doctor replied, "you entirely misunderstood the nature of learning, my friend: its design is to make things so plain that they cannot be misunderstood." The next is somewhat different, but contains a severe and humiliating rebuke. Let all whom it may concern ponder the principle contained in it, and beware of the error which is so justly exposed :-Some persons in the Rev. Mr. Romaine's congregation, thinking his style of preaching too plain and common, had requested him to exhibit a little more learning in the pulpit; accordingly, on a certain occasion he read his text in Hebrew. "Now," said he, "I suppose scarcely one in the congregation understands that." He then read it in Greek, and added: "Perhaps there may be one or two that understand me now! I will next read it in Latin." He did so, and said: "Possibly a few more may comprehend me, but the number is still very limited.' He last of all repeated the text in English: There," he continued, "now you all understand it; which do you think is best? I hope always so to preach as that the meanest person in the congregration may comprehend me." These, out of an abundance of similar examples, are presented as containing the true principle of the use of learning. The most learned man is the most unpretending. Solomon has well said: "Seest thou a man wise in his own eyes? There is more hope of a fool than of him." Such a man deems himself above learning, or probably imagines that "wisdom was born with him," and that he dignifies wisdom rather than himself being dignified by what little he does possess. There is more hope of instructing a man who is conscious of his own ignorance, than of training I NEXT take up words in wc, (gen. wog); and in wc and w (gen. him who is "wise in his own eyes." All pedantry is supremely oog ovç). The terminating belongs to the stem. And, first, contemptible. It leads the unlearned to false conclusions. wc (g. wec), e.g., o, i wc, a jackal, and ò npws, a hero. It raises expectation, and then leaves it unfulfilled. Simplicity always attends and recommends true learning. We need not further elaborate this division; it contains one practical lesson, S. N. which, if well studied and carried out in actual life, will prove eminently useful to the learner.

III. That intellectual excellence is independent of social position, is a strong proof of the Creator's benevolence. He has not bestowed wealth and its concomitant influence upon all, but he has given to the great majority of men minds capable of indefinite expansion and the highest cultivation. This thought no doubt led the poet to write,

"A mind is a balance for thousands a-year."

Some men by their birth inherit riches and grandeur of every description, but this is merely an accident, in the logical sense of that term. It does not necessarily imply that they are either the wisest, best, or happiest of men. Hence Watts wisely says,

"Milo, forbear to call him blest

Who only boasts a large estate."

The Scotch poet, Allan Ramsay, also ingeniously remarks, in
his beautiful Scotch pastoral the "Gentle Shepherd,"

"He that has just enough can soundly sleep,
The o'ercome only fashes folk to keep."

(To be continued.)

LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. X.
By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.

ήρωες ήρωτων

Singular.

Plural.

θως

θωτες

ήρως

G.

θωτος

θω-ων

ήρωτος

ήρω-σι

θωτας

ήρωτα & ήρω

ήρως

now-ε

ήρωας & ήρως
ήρωτες
ήρω-οιν

D. N.A.V. Ow-ε G.&D. Ow-ow

Large estates bring annoyance, vexation, and anxiety along with them. The labouring man is too prone to imagine that they are sure to bring unalloyed happiness, and to shield their owners from many, if not from "all the ills that flesh is heir to." There is an old proverb which truly says, He who has little to lose, is safer than the rich;" and Phædrus has well proved this in his fable, "The two Mules and the Robbers," which the youthful reader will do well to ponder. The Creator has bestowed the greater, if he has withheld the less, and in this distribution of mind he has given one of the most convincing proofs of his loving-kindness and beneficence. The poor man may carry all his possessions about with him, but if he has a well-stored mind he has a spring of thought and feeling which will supply him with refined enjoyment under all circumstances. Simonides, in the Shipwreck, has supplied a good illustration of this. He took no property with him; his fellow voyagers brought their possessions to the vessel, and one more Inquisitive than the rest inquired: (“ Simonide, tu ex opibus | αρετην θαυμαζομεν. Οἱ δμωες βιον λυπηρον αγουσιν. Ο του

Пe0w, , power of persuasion.
EveσT, n, good condition.
Zeẞaç, ro (only with the nom.
and acc.), reverence.
Avotag, ov, ó, Lysias.

EXERCISES.

Προσβλέπω, I look at.
Yevow, I lie, deceive.

Пpoσεu, I am present, I am
near, at, belong to.

GREEK-ENGLISH.

Όμηρος ᾄδει πολλους ήρωας (οι ήρως). Την των ηρωων

πατρώος κηπος καλός εστιν. Ορεγου, ω παι, της αίδους. Αιδώς passed into o: e.g., το γενος, Latin, genus, race; το κλεος, αγαθοις ανδρασιν έπεται. Λυσίαν επι τη πειθοῖ και χαριτι fame, glory. θαυμαζομεν. Τη αιδοι προσεστι το σεβας. Μη προσβλεπε το Sin. Γοργοῦς προσωπον. Ω Ηχοι, ψευδεις πολλακις τους ανθρώπους. Παντες ορέγονται ευεστους. Πρέπει παιδι και νεανια αιδώ ἔχειν. Κλειω και Ερατω Μουσαι εισιν. Την μεν Κλειω θεραπευουσιν οἱ ἱστοριοσραφοι, την δε Ερατω οἱ λυρικοι ποιηται.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

Homer sings (of) the hero Achilles. The hero Achilles is sung by Homer. The bravery of the hero is wonderful. We | admire the bravery of heroes. Slaves have (say, to the slaves is) a sad life. The uncle has (say, to the uncle is a fine garden. All rejoice at their (the) good condition. Admire, Ο youth, with (μετα and gen.) modesty the deeds of good men. By | (dat.) the echo we are often deceived.

Nouns in aç, aoç, are declined as follows. neuters belong to this head. The terminating the stem : το σελας, a sun-beam ; το κρεας, flesh.

G. D.

Only a few

Ν.Α.V. γενος

κλεος

G. (γενε-ος)
D. (γενε-ΐ)

γενους

(κλεε-ος)

κλεους

γενει

(κλεε-ϊ) κλει

Plur.

Ν.Α.V. (γενε-α)

γενη

(κλεε-α)

κλεᾶ

G.

(γενε-ων)

γενῶν

(κλεε-ων)

κλεῶν

D.

Dual

Ν.Δ.Υ. (γενε·ε)
G. & D.

γενε-σι
(γενε-οιν)

κλεε-σι

After σελας decline το δέπας, a gloss or goblet; after κρεας decline το γήρας, old age, and το γερας, a present. With these two last may be connected two nouns whose stem ends in τ, namely το τέρας, a prodigy, and το κέρας, a horn, since after dropping the they may be contracted in the same manner; κέρας follows κρεας throughout, but with the contracted forms. It has also regular forms with r: thus κέρας, κέρατος, and κερως, κερατι and κερᾳ, &c.; τέρας, however, has the two forms only in the plural, the contracted are the more common, thus τερᾶ, τερῶν.

Εαρ, έαρος, το, the spring.

Γη, γης, ή, the earth.

Ζημία, ας, ή, disgrace, punish

ment.

θνητος, η, ον, mortal, deadly.
Χαλκος, ου, ο, brass.
Πονηρος, α, ov, wicked.
Ασφαλης, ες, firm, sure.
Κρίνω (Lat. cerno) I separate,
decide, judge.
Αλλα, but.

EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

Η γη καλοις ανθεσίν θαλλει. Μη απέχου ψύχους και θαλπους. Το καλον ου μηκει χρονου κρινομεν αλλα αρετη. Ουκ ασφαλες παν ύψος εν θνητῳ γενει(sc. εστιν). Μη ψευδη λεγε. Απέχου πονηρων κερδων. Κερδη πονηρα ζημιαν αει άνθρωποι κλεους ορέγονται. φέρει. Κατόπτρον ειδους χαλκος, οινος δε νοῦ (sc. εστιν). Οἱ Οἱ ανδρες κλεει χαιρουσιν. ανδρειοι κλεῶν ορεγονται. Θαυμαζομεν τα των ανδρων κλεα. ENGLISH GREEK.

Οἱ

wicked gains. Good men desire honourable deeds, Do not, Keep from (abstain) wicked gains. Good men keep from Ο young man, keep from heat and cold, but from wicked men. Punishment follows a (the) lie. We admire the Greeks on account of their (the) honourable deeds. We avoid wicked gains. The soldiers rejoice in honourable deeds (dat).

Our next class of words ends in ις, υς, ι, υ. Of these we take first those words in ἷς, ὓς, namely ὁ κις, 8. κι ος, the corn weevil, ἡ συς, (Lat. sus.) α sou, ὁ ιχθυς, a fish.

Prodigies are sent by (ὑπο with g.) the gods to men. Soldiers are delighted with horns and trumpets. We taste Σταχυς, υος, ό, an ear of corn. milk and flesh. Death puts an end to (απολύει) the evils of | Παγις, ιδος, ή, a trap. old age. The king sends presents to the soldiers. Presents | Άμπελος, ου, o, a vine. encourage soldiers. Soldiers are encouraged by (dat.) presents.

Ανακύπτω, I emerge. Βασιλευω, (β.) I am king, I reign.

We pursue our task in the third declension, and offer models of nouns in os, g. εος, contracted into ους. The substantives | αγριας στας αγρεύουσιν. Παντες ισοι νεκυες Ψυχών δε θεος of this class are exclusively neuter, and the terminating σ βασίλευει. Η αμπελος φέρει βοτρῦς. Η γη φέρει σταχυς και belongs to the stem. In the nominative, the stem-vowel e has βοτρυς. Τοις μυσι μάχη ποτε ην προς τος βατράχους. Οἱ

An effeminate education unstrings the nerves of both body and mind; too much sleep is useful to neither mind nor body; the winds bring now rain, now sunshine; he who blends the useful with the agreeable is approved by all; credulous hope nourishes Viriathus had carried on war against the Romans for fourteen our life, and always declares that to-morrow things will be better; years; placability and clemency are more praiseworthy than anger; a great part of our men were wounded or slain; Gaul takes special pleasure in beasts of burden, and procures them at a great cost; the husband and the father shouted out; the Senate and the Roman people sanctioned the peace; the Senate and C. Fabricius surrendered the deserter to Pyrrhus; let religion and fidelity be preferred to friendship; Conon lived (vixit) very much in Cyprus,

TO THE EXERCISES IN THE Iphicrates in Thrace, Timotheus at Lesbos, Chares at Sigeum; nor LATIN LESSON S.