4. How many pounds in 95 s.? in 100 s.?

5. How many pence in a crown? in a florin?

6. How many shillings in a guinea? in a half-sovereign?

7. What part of a pound are 4 s.? 5 s.? 8 s.?

8. What part of a shilling are 6 d. ? 4 d.? 3 d.?

9. How many pence in 1 s. 3 d.? in 2 s. 6 d.? in 3 s. 2 d.?

Ex. 124.

1. Reduce £432 15 s. 10 d. to pence.

2. Change 4238 farthings to higher denominations.

3. Express in dollars the value of £18.

4. Express in English money $60.83.

5. Express in United States money £3 16 s.

6. How many sovereigns are equal in value to $389.32?

7. Reduces. to the fraction of a guinea.

8. What part of 13 s. 2 d. 1 farthing are 9s. 10d. 2 farthings? 9. Find the value of £5.375.

10. Reduce 6s. 5 d. 3.04 farthings to the decimal of a pound. 11. Express in pounds £5 9 s. 3 d.

12. Add £0.75, 0.125 guineas, 0.54 s., 0.55 d.

The weight of a bushel of potatoes, corn, etc., varies slightly in different States, but the weights here given are those generally adopted in business transactions.

1. How many barrels in 75 t. of beef?

2. In a car-load of 36,000 lbs. of wheat, how many

bushels?

3. Find the weight of 27 bu. of potatoes.

4. How much paper will be used by an author who sends to a semi-weekly paper 6 sheets of manuscript twice a week for a year?

5. Reduce of a quire to the fraction of a bundle.

6. Reduce 2 bundles 6 quires 6 sheets to the fraction of 2 bales 1 bundle.

7. Reduce 3 bundles 7 quires 18 sheets to the decimal fraction of a bale.

8. A button manufactory makes 96 dozen buttons a day. How many great gross will it make in 24 wks.?

9. Find the weight of 103 bu. 3 pks. 4 qts. of barley. 10. In 5 t. 624 lbs. of oats, how many bushels?

LONGITUDE AND TIME.

189. A meridian is any line drawn straight around the earth, and passing through both poles.

190. The longitude of a place is the angle of inclination of the two planes which are supposed to pass through the centre of the earth, and contain, the one the meridian of that place, and the other the standard meridian. Thus, the longitude of C, reckoned from meridian ABE, is the angle BOC. A plane passing through ABE divides the earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Places on the Eastern Hemisphere are in East Longitude; on the Western Hemisphere, in West Longitude.

E

191. As the earth turns upon its axis once in twentyfour hours, a point on the earth's surface will describe. a circumference (360°) in twenty-four hours. Therefore longitude may be reckoned in time as well as in degrees.

In one hour a point on the earth's surface describes of

360° 15°; in one minute of 15° 15'; and in one second

of 15'15".

4

Again, since it requires one hour (60 min.) for a point to pass over 15°, to pass over 1° it requires of 60 min. min.; and to pass over l' it requires

of 4 min. = 4 sec.

192. Express 20° 36′ 15′′ of longitude in time. 15) 20° 36' 15"

1 hr. 22 min. 25 sec.

Since 15° longitude give 1 hr. in time, 15′ longitude 1 min., and 15" longitude 1 sec., divide 20° 36′ 15" by

15, as in compound division, and the quotient will be the time required.

193. Express 1 hr. 4 min, 4 sec. in degrees.

1 hr. 4 min. 4 sec.

15

16° 1' 0"

gitude required.

Since 1 hr. of time equals 15° of longitude, 1 min. of time 15′, and 1 sec. of time 15'', multiply 1 hr. 4 min. 4 sec. by 15, as in compound multiplication, and the product will be the lon

194. Hence, if longitude is expressed in degrees, divide by 15; the quotient is the equivalent number of hours, minutes, and seconds.

195. If longitude is expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds, multiply by 15; the product is the equivalent number of degrees, minutes, and seconds.

Ex. 126.

1. The difference in time between New York and Paris is 5 hrs. 5 min. 20 sec. What is the difference in longitude?

2. Boston is 71° 3′ and San Francisco 122° 26′ west of Greenwich. What is the difference in clock-time between the two cities?

3. The difference in clock-time between New York and Canton is 12 hrs, 28 min. 12 sec. Find the difference in longitude.

4. The difference in longitude between Cincinnati and Boston is 13° 26'. Find the difference in time.

5. New York is 74° and Cincinnati is 84° 30′ west longitude. Find the difference in time.

6. The difference in time between Canton and Cincinnati is 13 hrs. 10 min. 8 sec. Find the difference in longitude.

7. The difference in longitude between New York and Canton is 187° 3'. What is the difference in time? 8. Find the difference in time between Philadelphia, longitude 75° 10' West, and Buenos Ayres, longitude 58° 22′ West.

9. The difference of time between St. Petersburgh and New Orleans is 8 hrs. 1 min. 16 sec. What is the difference in longitude?

10. Find the difference in time between the Cape of Good Hope, longitude 18° 28' East, and Halifax, longitude 63° 36' West?

196. Since the sun appears to move from east to west, sunrise will occur earlier at all

points west, of a given place.

points east, and later at all Hence, clock-time will be

later in all places east, and earlier in all places west, of a given meridian.

Therefore, if the time of a place be given,

To find the time of a place east, add to the given time the difference of time between the two places.

To find the time of a place west, subtract from the given. time the difference of time between the two places.