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19. To read a number we decompose it into units of the different orders, and state how many groups there are of each kind, commencing with the highest order. Thus, for example, two millions, three thousands, five hundreds, seven tens, and four units.

20. It is clear that the names of all numbers up to a billion are formed by combining the names of the first nine numbers with the words ten, hundred, thousand, million.

21. Usage sanctions the following irregularities:

I. Instead of saying two tens, three tens, four tens, five tens, six tens, seven tens, eight tens, nine tens, we say twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety.

II. The names of the numbers between ten and twenty are eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen.

22. The names of the numbers between twenty and a hundred are:

twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three... twenty-nine, thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three ... thirty-nine,

...

ninety-one, ninety-two, ninety-three... ninety-nine.

23. The names of the numbers between a hundred and a thousand are:

hundred one, hundred two... hundred ninety-nine,

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The first nine of these figures represent the first nine numbers; the last, which is called Zero, Naught, or Cipher, is used to denote the absence of units of the order in which it stands. It is possible to express all numbers by these ten digits by making the value of each figure increase tenfold for every place that it is moved to the left.

25. If we have given a number written in figures, the position of each figure counting from the right indicates the order of units that the figure represents. If we divide the number into periods of three figures each, the first period on the right will be the period of simple units, the second period will be the period of thousands, the third will be the period of millions, and so on. In each period the first figure on the right expresses the units of that class, the second figure the tens, and the third the hundreds. Thus :

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Thus, the number 21,334,334 means and is read 21 millions, 334 thousands, 334 units. If the number is applied to dollars, it means and is read 21 million, 334 thousand, 334 dollars. The next period is the billions' period.

NOTE. The fundamental principle of forming and expressing numbers should be illustrated by making little bundles of wooden toothpicks, ten in each bundle, and then making bundles of hundreds by taking for each hundred ten bundles of ten each. When the pupil has become familiar with forming and expressing numbers consisting of hundreds, tens, and units, he should be shown that the method of forming and expressing numbers of hundreds, tens, and units of thousands is precisely the same, the only difference being that the unit of this period is not a single toothpick, but a pile of ten bundles of a hundred each, which is a thousand.

26. To write a number in figures we write successively the number of units of each order from left to right, beginning at the highest order and taking care to supply by zeros orders of units that may be lacking.

:

27. To read a number written in figures we divide the number into periods of three figures each from right to left this done, we begin to read at the left-hand period and read as if the figures of that period stood alone, adding the name of the period; then the next period to the right is read with the name of that period, and so on.

28. The number 1256 may be read one thousand two hundred fifty-six, or it may be read twelve hundred fifty-six. The number 5004 may be read five thousand four, or it may be read fifty hundred four. The shortest method is the best method of reading any number. Twelve hundred fiftysix is shorter than one thousand two hundred fifty-six; five thousand four is shorter than fifty hundred four.

29. It will be seen that the value of each figure, in any number expressed in figures, depends on two things: First, the value attached to the figure without regard to its position.

And, secondly, the value it acquires from the place it holds in the number.

The value of a figure, without regard to its position, is called its absolute value; and the value it acquires by its position is called its local value.

30. The art of expressing numbers by means of figures is called Notation, and the art of expressing in words a number written in figures is called Numeration.

31. The unit of money is the dollar. Instead of writing the word dollars, this mark $ is used, which is called the

sign for dollars, or the "dollar mark." Thus, if we wish to write five dollars, we write it $5.

It takes ten ten-cent pieces to make a dollar; that is, a ten-cent piece is one-tenth of a dollar. It takes ten single cents to be equal in value to a ten-cent piece. If we have one dollar and one ten-cent piece, we write it $1.10. If we have one dollar, one ten-cent piece, and two cents, we write it $1.12.

The dot which is placed after the one dollar is called the Decimal Point. Figures to the left of the decimal point denote whole units. Figures to the right of the decimal point denote parts of a unit, and are called Decimal Fractions. The expression $1.10 is read "one dollar and ten cents"; and the expression $1.12 is read "one dollar and twelve cents."

Write in figures:

Ex. 1.

1. Two hundred thirty-six, one hundred forty, five hundred two, seven hundred three.

2. Five hundred fourteen, three hundred seventy-six, four hundred thirty, eight hundred two, nine hundred twenty-seven.

3. One hundred ninety, four hundred six, eight hundred ten, two hundred seven.

4. Three hundred ten, two hundred thirteen, six hundred twenty-three, two hundred nineteen.

5. Five hundred fifty, four hundred four, four hundred twenty-five, eight hundred sixty.

6. Eight hundred sixteen, seven hundred eight, nine hundred, seven hundred three.

7. Nine hundred ninety-five, eight hundred eighty, seven hundred, eight hundred seven.

8. Two hundred seventeen, four hundred twelve, four hundred eight, one hundred two.

9. Four hundred seventeen, six hundred nineteen, three hundred six, one hundred eighteen.

Ex. 2.

Read (or write in words):

1. 500, 700, 300, 200, 900, 100. 2. 830, 709, 506, 350, 819, 703. 3. 607, 312, 918, 810, 103, 560. 4. 752, 698, 405, 536, 121, 514. 5. 973, 356, 703, 409, 211, 713. 6. 225, 64, 970, 49, 83, 674. 7. 106, 170, 380, 759, 921, 538. 8. 481, 360, 593, 32, 296, 551. 9. 182, 802, 555, 705, 649, 630. 10. 314, 97, 613, 384, 992, 516.

Write in figures:

Ex. 3.

1. Eight thousand seven hundred three, four thousand forty-five, six thousand three hundred eight, fortyeight hundred.

2. Five thousand forty-eight, nineteen hundred ninety, seven thousand eighty-two, eight thousand fifty. 3. Seven thousand two hundred forty, nine thousand nine hundred nineteen, six thousand seven, eight thousand seven hundred seventy-six.

4. Seven thousand one hundred seven, six thousand eight hundred four, nine thousand one hundred ten, five thousand five hundred fifty.

5. Six thousand eighty-six, four thousand forty, one thousand ten, nine thousand ninety-nine.

6. Eight thousand eighty, seventeen hundred fifty-seven, eleven hundred one, seven thousand seven, fortyfive hundred forty-five.

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