In multiplication,

MULTIPLICATION

The number multiplied is the multiplicand.

The number by which we multiply is the multiplier.
The result found by multiplying is the product.

Review the multiplication tables through 9 x 9, reading the sign x,"times." Then complete the tables through 12 × 9, and thoroughly commit them to memory.

MULTIPLICATION TABLES

Complete, write in full, and memorize the table of:

For complete tables through 12 x 12 see page 345.

Oral Exercises

Give results quickly in each group first by rows; then

Oral Exercises

1. At 2 cents each, how much will 3 lemons cost? 6 lemons? 10 lemons? 8 lemons? 12 lemons? 7 lemons?

2. At 3 cents each, what is the cost of 5 bags of popcorn? of 8 bags? of 6 bags? of 10 bags? of 12 bags ?

3. At 4 cents each, how much will 3 oranges cost? 6 oranges? 10 oranges? 7 oranges? 12 oranges? 5 oranges? 8 oranges

?

4. How much do 3 roses cost at 5 cents each? 5 roses?

8 roses? 6 roses? 9 roses? 12 roses?

5. At 6 cents a quart, what is the cost of 2 quarts of milk? of 5 quarts? of 9 quarts? of 11 quarts?

6. When you can buy 7 cards for a cent, how many can you buy for 5 cents? for 8 cents? for 10 cents?

7. A room has 7 rows of 8 seats each. How many seats are there in the room? in 3 rows? in 6 rows?

8. Find the cost of 3 pads at 9 cents each; of 8 such pads; of 5 pads; of 7 pads; of 11 pads; of 9 pads.

9. How many snowballs did Elmer make, if he had 6 piles with 6 snowballs in each pile?

10. Our country's flag has 6 rows of stars and 8 stars in each row. How many stars are there in the flag?

11. Agnes fed 9 nuts to each of 5 squirrels. How many nuts did she feed to the squirrels ?

MULTIPLIERS OF ONE FIGURE

Oral Exercises

In each exercise, add in the first column, multiply in

the second, and compare results :

1. How many are three 42's, or 3 times 42?

42

42

42

126 sum

The sum of three 42's is 126.

Three 42's may be added like this:

Three 2's are 6, the number of units; three 4's are 12, the number of tens.

The sum is 126.

Here is a shorter way of finding 3 times 42.

Multiplication is a short way of adding equal numbers.

There are two short ways of writing 42+ 42 +42.
First way: 3x 42, read "3 times 42."

Second way: 42 × 3, read "42 multiplied by 3."

We see, then, that the sign x is read "times" when it is before the number to be multiplied, and "multiplied by " when it follows that number.

2. Find the value of 33 +33 +33 first by addition; then by multiplication. Which way is the shorter?

3. Find, in the shortest way, the value of 21 +21 +21.

In each exercise, add in the first column, multiply in the second, and compare results: