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4. How much timber in a tree 32 feet long, and its girts in the middle of every 8 feet are 64, 56, 52, and 46 inches? Ans. 41 feet 10 inches by the common rule; true content 53 feet 6 inches 9-28 parts.

5. Required the content of a tree 30 feet long, the girts in the middle of every 10 feet being 50-4, 54-8, and 60-8 inches. Ans. 40 feet 1 inch 2·9 parts by the common rule; true content 51 feet 3 inches 11.87 parts.

6. Required the content of a tree 55 feet long, the girts in the middle of every 11 feet being 72, 56, 42, 35, and 25 inches. Ans. 56 feet 11 inches 83 parts by the common rule; true content 72 feet 11 inches 1.92 parts.

7. Required the content of a tree 50 feet long, its mean girt being 7 feet.

Ans. 153 feet 1 inch by the common rule; true content 196 feet.

8. Required the content of a tree 48 feet long, the girts a its ends being 60 and 18 inches.

Ans. 31 feet 8 inches by the common rule; true content 40 feet 6.72 inches.

9. Required the content of a tree 45 feet long, the mean girt being 74 inches.

Aus. 106 feet 11

inches by the common rule; true con

tent 136 feet 10 inches.

10. Required the content of a tree 174 feet long, the girts in five different places being 9.43, 7·92, 6·15, 4·74, and 3-16

feet.

Ans. 42.5195 feet by the common rule; true content 54.425 feet.

MASON WORK.*

RUBLE WORK is measured in three different

ways.

I. When the tradesman furnishes all materials. Find the depth of the foundation at several places, and take the mean height from the foundation to the top of the side walls. Take the length of the side walls on the outside, and the breadth of the gables or cross walls on the inside of the building.

* The rules for the Mensuration of Artificers' Works, with the rious allowances, have been furnished by an eminent surveyor in Edin burgh, and cannot fail to be of great advantage to the students for whom this section is intended. The allowances apply principally to Scotland; but the rules for taking the dimensions are applicable both to England

and Ireland.

Gable-ends are measured by multiplying the height from e level of the side walls to the bottom of the chimney-stalk y half the sum of the breadths at the top of the side walls id at the bottom of the chimney-stalk; and the chimneyalk is measured by multiplying half the girt by the height om the bottom of the stalk to the top of the cope.

Vents are measured by the lineal foot, from the top of the alk to the bottom of the jambs.

Stormonts on side walls are measured by adding the thickess of one haunch to the length of the square part, and ultiplying it by the height from the level of the side walls the bottom of the angle; and the angular part and stalk e measured the same way as a gable-end and chimney-stalk. All breaks and projections, whether external or internal, re found by adding one return to the length, and multiplyng the sum by the height and thickness, and reducing it to ne standard of the wall.

An

An allowance of 1 foot by 9 inches, multiplied by the length, made for every levelling for joists and belts in ruble walls; nd 1 foot by 2 feet, multiplied by the length, is made for evelling the tops of side walls, skews, and chimney-stalks ; ut no allowance is made for belts on ashlar fronts. llowance of 9 inches square by the length is made for levelng for bond-timbers and ragulates for roofs in the chimneyheads only; 1 foot by 9 inches is allowed for ragulates left for tairs; and 1 foot by 6 inches for thin walls. These allowances nust all be reduced to the standard of the walls in which they are made, and rated as workmanship only.

The daylight of all vacancies is to be deducted.

Rough stones more than 3 feet in length, placed as safes ver voids, are to be taken by number, according to their different lengths.

Arches over cellars, &c. are taken by the girt of the soffit and the deepness of the arch-stones, once added for the breadth, and then by the length and thickness of the arch, and are double measure; and arches having been included in the general dimensions are to be again taken by their height, thickness, and length, and reduced to the standard of the wall.

All upright circular walls are double measure; and walls circular on one side only are allowed 1 foot thick round the circular part as double measure, and reduced to the standard of the wall, besides the solid content of the straight part.

The ruble of stair-steps and platts is taken by their length without the wall, and by their breadth and thickness, and in all cases reduced to 1 foot thick.

Ruble is allowed for all pavement, whether laid on lime or sand; and in no case is the thickness reckoned less than 4 inches.

In measuring separated pillars, when the face or front of the pillar does not exceed 5 feet in length, they are taken by their net height and length, and an allowance of 2 feet square by the height is made for carrying up the scontion. But this allowance applies only to pillars at and above 2 feet thick; all below that have the net thickness added to the length.

II. When the tradesman furnishes workmanship only. The dimensions are taken over both side walls and gables, and no deduction is made for voids.

III. When the tradesman furnishes workmanship, lime, and sand.

The outside walls are measured by including the thickness of one side wall, and one-half of the vacancies is deducted.

NOTE. Ruble walls, in all the three cases, at and below 18 inches thick, are to be reduced to 1 foot, and all above 18 inches reduced to 2 feet thick, and measured by the rood of 36 square yards.

On doors and windows where there is no hewn work, an allowance is made of 1 foot square by the length, in name of hammer-dressed or cloured scontions.

HEWN WORK.

Hewn Work in Ruble Walls. The rybats of doors and windows are measured by girting from the bottom of the check outward, including the backset, if any. Soles and lintels are taken for the length over the face of the rybats, including the projection of one end, if projected; and the girt is taken as in the rybats.

Hewn corners are taken by the height for the length, and by the mean girt for the breadth.

Skews are taken by the length and by the girt, and chimney-copes by the extreme length all round, and for the breadth by girting from the open of the vent down to the chimneystalk.

When the whole front of a building is of hewn or polished work, it is taken by the extreme length and height of the different species of work, including the sides of breaks, if any; but no allowance is made for the internal corners of such breaks. All voids are deducted; but the breasts and checks of rybats, together with the under bed and checks of the lintel, and upper bed of the sole, including their rests, are measured and added.

When architrave rybats are placed in a hewn front, the uctions are taken over these; and such moulded architrave ats are measured by the height, and by girting from the tom of the check outwards to the face of the plain ashlar. e lintels are girted in the same manner, and the length is en round the ends.

Moulded architrave rybats of main doors, or otherwise, are en in the same manner, and the whole reported as moulded k, excepting when plain ashlar stones are placed in the ations, between the outband rybats and the checks; in ich case these must be deducted, and added to the plain lar.

The Hewn Work of Arches is measured by finding the an height of the arch stones, and for the length by laying line round the middle of the face of the arch. The soffit 1 check are taken for the length round the check, and for breadth by girting from the bottom of the check outward the face of the arch. Both face and soffit are reckoned ible measure. Arches in upright circular walls are allowed

'ee measures.

When pannels are sunk on ashlar work, after they are luded in the surface, the sunk part, and that round the ges, are taken over again; and if a moulding is round it, e whole is taken as moulded work.

All hewn work cut circular for skews is allowed 6 inches the length for cutting.

Rustic work, whether square or champhered, is first meared superficially, and the checks or champhers are measured er again. Giblat checks, in like manner, are measured over ain, after having been included in the face on scontions. Pilasters, when they are raised out of the solid stones, and ilt in courses along with the ashlar, are girted in along with e ashlar, and the sunk part and edges are taken over again. the pilasters are fluted, they are measured over again as oulded work, girting into the flutes and over the fillets. The cabled part, if any, is measured in the same way, and lowed double measure. The bases and capitals are girted as ouldings.

Columns, of which the shafts are diminished with a curve r swell, are allowed double measure and a half; and if the eck-moulding is wrought on the shaft, they are allowed three measures. When the shafts are diminished straight, without swell, double measure is only allowed, and a half more if the eck-moulding is wrought on the shaft. The fluted and abled parts of columns are measured the same as in pilasters, fter they are taken for plain work, as above. The bases and

side-walls to the bottom of the chimney-stalks, which are 8 feet wide, 3 deep, and 10 high; the skews are 21 feet 11 inches long; the side-walls are 24 feet, and the gables are 3 feet thick; there are 2 doors in the sides, each 74 feet by 4 feet; 12 windows in the sides, and 6 in the ends, each 6 feet by 8 feet. Required the expense of the materials and workmanship of the ruble work, at £10, 6s. 8d. per rood, allowing £2, 14s. per rood for levelling the side-walls.

Ans. £231, 18. Od 5. A house is 41 feet long, 204 feet broad within the walls, and 18 feet 9 inches high from the foundation to the top of the side-walls, which are 2 feet thick; the gables are 24 feet thick, and rise 8 feet 6 inches above the side-walls to the bottom of the chimney-stalks, which are 4 feet wide, 24 feet thick, and 5 feet 1 inch high. The broached hewn work consists of 4 skews, each 11 feet 6 inches by 1 foot 7 inches; 4 corners, each 18 feet 9 inches by 2 feet; and 2 chimney. stalks, the girt of each 13 feet, and the height 5 feet 3 inches The droved hewn work consists of the rybats and lintels of 6 windows, each 13 feet 11 inches by 15 inches; 6 soles of ditte, each 3 feet 11 inches by 19 inches; the rybats and lintels of one window, 9 feet 3 inches by 15 inches; sole of ditto, feet by 19 inches; the rybats and lintel of a door, 191 feet by 15 inches; sole of ditto, 41 feet by 19 inches; 3 pairs of jambs, each 6 feet by 2 feet; the lintels of ditto, each 4 feet 5 inches by 15 inches; 3 inner hearths, each 3 feet 1 inch by 18 inches; 3 outer hearths, each 3 feet 8 inches by 20 inches kitchen jambs, 8 feet 8 inches by 2 feet 3 inches; lintel of ditto, 5 feet 8 inches by 15 inches; the hearth, 4 feet by 21 inches; and also 106 feet of vents. Required the content of the ruble work and of the hewn work, and also the expense of the workmanship; the ruble work being at £3 per rood, the broached hewn work at 5d. per foot, the droved hewn work a 6d. per foot, and the vents at 6d. per foot.

Ans. 10 roods 17 yards 8 feet 10 inches ruble work; 396 feet 10 inches broached hewn work; 307 feet 5 inches drored hewn work. Expense £50, 2s. 31d.

BRICK WORK.

BRICK WORK is measured by the square yard, and reported as brick on edge or brick on bed, 9 inches or 14 inches thick; and all above that is reduced to 14 inches as the standard.

Brick walls are measured the same way as stone walls, and the daylight of all vacancies deducted.

Upright circular walls and arches are allowed measure and

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