and cultivate it in this way from genera- || Egypt, and in many other parts of the tion to generation, without applying any world, where the climate is sufficiently manure, except the stubble of the prece- warm for the purpose. There are several ding crop, and the mud deposited from the species of this plant; of which three kinds water overflowing it. are cultivated in the southern states of the 25. Soon after the waters of the inun- Union-the nankeen cotton, the green seed dation have retired, a spot is inclosed with cotton, and the black seed, or sea island an embankment, lightly ploughed and har- cotton. The two first, which grow in the rowed, and then sown very thickly with || middle and upland countries, are denomithe grain. Immediately, a thin sheet of nated short staple cotton: the last is cultiwater is brought over it, either by a stream | vated in the lower country, near the sea, or some hydraulic machinery. When the and on the islands near the main land, and plants have grown to the height of six or is of a fine quality, and of a long staple. seven inches, they are transplanted in furrows, and again water is brought over them, and kept on, until the crop begins to ripen, when it is withheld.

26. The crop is cut with a sickle, threshed with a flail, or by the treading of cat- || tle; and the husks, which adhere closely to the kernel, are beaten off in a stone mortar, or by passing the grain through a mill, similar to our corn-mills. The mode of cultivating rice, in any part of the world, varies but little from the foregoing || process. The point which requires the greatest attention, is the keeping of the ground properly covered with water.

29. The plants are propagated annually from seeds, which are sown very thickly in ridges made with the plough, or hoe. After they have grown to the height of three or four inches, part of them are pulled up, in order that the rest, while coming to maturity, may stand about four inches apart. It is henceforth managed, until fully grown, like Indian corn.

30. The cotton is inclosed in pods, which open as fast as their contents become fit to be gathered. In Georgia, about eighty pounds of upland cotton can be gathered by a single hand, in a day; but in Alabama and Mississippi, where the plant thrives better, two hundred pounds are frequently collected in the same time.

27. Rice was introduced into the Carolinas in 1697, where it is now produced in greater perfection than in any other coun- 31. The seeds adhere closely to the cottry. The seeds are dropped along, from ton, when picked from the pods; but they the small end of a gourd, into drills made || are properly separated by machines called with one corner of a hoe. The plants, gins; of which there are two kinds,—the when partly grown, are not transferred to roller-gin, and the saw-gin. The essenanother place, as in Asia, but are suffered tial parts of the former are two cylinders, to grow and ripen in the original drills. which are placed nearly in contact with The crop is secured like wheat, and the each other. By their revolving motion, husks are forced from the grain by a ma- | the cotton is drawn between them, while chine, which leaves the kernels more per- the size of the seeds prevents their pasfect than the methods adopted in other sage. This machine, being of small size, countries. is worked by hand.

28. Cotton is cultivated in the East and West Indies, North and South America,

32. The saw-gin is much larger, and is moved by animal, steam, or water-power.

It consists of a receiver, having one side and Morocco. The Spaniards obtained it covered with strong wires, placed in a pa- || from the Moors, and, in the fifteenth cenrallel direction, about an eighth of an inch tury, introduced it into the Canary islands. apart, and a number of circular saws, It was brought to America and the West which revolve on a common axis. The India Islands, by the Spaniards and Portusaws pass between these wires, and entan- guese. It is now cultivated in the United gle in their teeth the cotton, which is States, below the thirty-first degree of thereby drawn through the grating; while || latitude, and in the warm parts of the the seeds, from their size, are forced to globe generally. remain on the other side.

33. Before the invention of the saw-gin, the seeds were separated from the upland cottons by hand,- -a method so extremely tedious, that their cultivation was attended with but little profit to the planter. This machine was invented in Georgia, by Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts. It was undertaken at the request of several planters of the former state, and was there put in operation in 1792.

37. Previous to the year 1466, sugar was known in England chiefly as a medicine; | and, although the sugar-cane was cultivated at that time in several places on the Mediterranean, it was not more extensively used on the continent. Now, in point of importance, it ranks next to wheat and rice in the vegetable world, and first in maritime commerce.

38. The cultivators of sugar-cane propagate the plant by means of cuttings from 34. In the preceding year, the whole the lower end of the stalks, which are crop of cotton in the United States was planted, in the spring or autumn, in drills, only sixty-four bales; but, in 1834, it or in furrows formed by the plough. The amounted to 1,000,617. The vast increase new plants spring from the joints of the in the production of this article has arisen, cuttings, and are fit to be gathered for in part, from the increased demand for it use in eight, ten, twelve, or fourteen in Europe, and in the Northern States, but months. While growing, sugar-cane is chiefly from the use of the invaluable ma-managed much like Indian corn. chine just mentioned.

35. Sugar-cane was cultivated by the Chinese, at a very early period, probably || two thousand years before it was known in Europe; but sugar, in a candied form, was used in small quantities by the Greeks and Romans, in the days of their prosperity. It was probably brought from Bengal, Siam, or some of the East India Islands, as it is supposed that it grew nowhere else at that time.

39. When ripe, the cane is cut and brought to the sugar-mill, where the juice is expressed between iron or stone cylinders, moved by steam, water, or animal power. The juice thus obtained is evaporated in large boilers, to a syrup, which is afterwards removed to coolers, where it is agitated with wooden instruments called stir||rers.

To accelerate its cooling, it is next poured into casks, and, when yet warm, is conveyed to barrels, placed in an upright 36. In the thirteenth century, soon after position over a cistern, and pierced in the the merchants of the West began to traf- bottom in several places. The holes being fic in Indian articles of commerce, the partially stopped with canes, the part which plant was introduced into Arabia Felix, still remains in the form of syrup, filters and thence into Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia, || through them into the cistern beneath,

while the rest is left in the form of sugar, in the state called muscovado.

45. When a sufficient quantity of syrup, of a certain thickness, has been obtained, it is passed through a strainer, and, having been again placed over the fire, it is clarified with eggs and milk; the scum, as it rises, being carefully removed with a skimmer. When sufficiently reduced, it

40. This sugar is of a yellow colour, being yet in a crude or raw state. It is further purified by various processes, such as redissolving it in water, and again boiling it with lime and bullocks' blood, or with animal charcoal, and passing the syrup through || is usually poured into tin pans or basins, several canvas filters. in which, as it cools, it consolidates into hard cakes of sugar.

46. Most of the lands in a state of nature, are covered with forest trees. This is especially the case in North America. When this division of our continent was first visited by Europeans, it was nearly one vast wilderness, throughout its entire extent; and even now, after lapse of three centuries, a great portion of it remains in the same situation. The indus

41. Loaf-sugar is manufactured by pour- || ing the syrup, after it has been purified, and reduced to a certain thickness by evaporation, into unglazed earthen vessels of a conical shape. The cones have a hole at their apex, through which may filter the syrup which separates from the sugar above. Most of the sugar is imported in a raw or crude state, and is afterwards refined in the cities, in sugar-houses. 42. Molasses is far less free from extra-trious settlers, however, are rapidly clearneous substances than sugar, as it is nothing more than the drainings from the latter. Rum is distilled from inferior molasses, and other saccharine matter of the cane, which will answer for no other purpose.

43. Sugar is also manufactured from the sap of the sugar-maple, in considerable || quantities, in the northern parts of the United States, and in the Canadas. The sap is obtained by cutting a notch, or boring a hole, in the tree, and applying a spout to conduct it to a receiver, which is either a rude trough or a cheap vessel made by a cooper. This operation is performed late in the winter, or early in the spring, when the weather is freezing at night, and thawing in the day.

44. The liquid in which the saccharine matter is suspended, is evaporated by heat, as in the case of the juice of the cane. During the process of evaporation, slices of pork are kept in the kettle, to prevent the sap, or syrup, from boiling over.

ing away the natural encumbrances of the soil; and before a similar period shall have passed away, we may expect that civilized men will have occupied every portion of this vast territory which may be worthy of cultivation.

47. The mode of clearing land, as it is termed, varies in different parts of the United States. In Pennsylvania, and in neighbourhoods settled by people from that state, the large trees are deadened by girdling them, and the small ones, together with the underbrush, are felled and burned. This mode is very objectionable, for the reason, that the limbs on the standing trees, when they have become rotten, sometimes peril the lives of those that may be underneath. It seems, however, that those who pursue this method prefer risking life in this way, to wearing it out in wielding the axe, and in rolling logs.

48. A very different plan is pursued by settlers from New-England. The und brush is first cut down, and piled in hea