1. From what did the art of printing arise? 2. What is said of the uncertainty which rests upon the history of printing? 3,4. What statements are made in support of the claims of Haerlem? and what in opposition to them? 5, 6, 7, 8. What particulars are stated of the early operations in printing at Mentz? 9. What is said of Faust and Peter Schæffer? 10. By whose aid did Guttemburg establish another press? 11. Who completed the invention of the art of printing? 12, 13. What particulars are related of the sale of Latin Bibles in Paris by Faust? 14. What is said of the romance of "Dr. Faustus and the Devil"? THE PRINTER. 15. What is said of the death of Faust, Geinsfleisch, and Guttemburg? 16. What is said of the use of vellum for the earliest printed books? 24. What is said of the regular periodicals of Europe? 25. What is said of the workmen in a printing office? 26. How are the types arranged in the case for use? 17. What is said of the secre- 27. What is said of the comcy observed by the Mentz print-posing-stick, and what of the manner of using it? ers? 18. Into how many places was the art of printing introduced before the year 1500? 19. In what country did printed newspapers originate? 20. When did the first newspaper appear in England? 21. What is said of the news papers in Great Britain and Ireland in 1829 ? 22. What is said of the newspapers in the United States? 23. What is said of periodicals in France? 28. What is said of the use of quadrats, and the galley? 29. What is said of dividing the columns of types into pages, and locking them up in a chase? 30. What is said of the proof? 31, 32. Describe the manner in which impressions are taken from the types on paper. 33. What is said of the improvements made in the printing business within the present century? 34. What is said of printing by machinery? 17. By what means, and in what manner. are the fibrous particles formed into a continued sheet of paper? 19, 20. Describe the successive operations necessary to complete the manufacture. 22. Describe the method of making paper by hand or by means of moulds. THE BOOKBINDER. 1. What is bookbinding? 2, 3. What is said of the anti 1. How was the book business carried on, before the invention of typography? 2. What is said of the copying performed by the monks? 3. What is said of the value of books in those times ? 4. What is said of the dealers in books called stationarii? 1. What is the general sense of the word architecture? 2. Why may we suppose that architecture was brought to considerable perfection before the flood? 3. From what circumstances originated the different styles of building? 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. What is said of the foundation, the column or pillar, the wall, the lintel, the arch, the vault, the dome or cupola, and the roof? 14. Name the different styles of building which have been recognized in modern times. 1. What is the business of the carpenter? 2. What is said of the joiner? 3. What is said of the subserviency of carpentry and joinery to the professional architect? quity of this art? and the earliest method of binding books? 4. In what manner is the folding of the sheets performed? 5. In what manner are they gathered? what manner, are the books covered? 10. In what manner are the covers sprinkled or marbled? 11. What more is done, to prepare the books for the reception 6. In what manner are the of the ornaments? sheets sewed together? 7. How does the workman proceed in preparing the book for the application of the pasteboard? 8. With what instrument are the leaves trimmed? 12, 13. In what do the ornaments consist? and in what manner are they applied? 14. When are books said to be full-bound? and when halfbound? 15. How are the different sizes 9. With what material, and in of books designated? THE BOOKSELLER. 5. Who were the first booksellers, after the invention of printing? 6. Who was the first bookseller that was not also a printer? 8. Name some of the cities which are centres of the book trade in Europe? 9, 10, 11, 12. What is said of THE ARCHITECT. 15, 16, 17. What is said of the Egyptian, Chinese, and Grecian styles of building? 18. What is meant by the orders of architecture? 19, 20, 21. What is said of the three Grecian orders? 23. What is said of the general form of the Grecian temples? 24. When was Grecian architecture at its greatest perfection? 25. What is said of the Roman style? and what of the Tuscan and Composite orders? 26. What is said of the temples of the Romans? 27, 28. What is said of the THE CARPENTER. 4. What is said of contracts for the erection of buildings? 6. By what are the carpenter and joiner guided in the performance of their work? 7. Name the principal tools 8. What kinds of timber are used for building in the U. States? 9, 10, 11. What is said of the lumbering business? THE STONE-MASON, THE BRICKLAYER, &c. THE MASON. 1. What does the art of masonry include ? 2. Name the rocks most used in building in the United States. 3. What is the particular business of the quarrymen? 4. By what means are the blocks of stone divided, and reduced to form ? 5, 6. By what means, and in what manner, are the stones polished? 8. From what sources does the stone-cutter derive a great proportion of his profits? THE STONE-MASON. 1. Where do the stone-cutters set their own work? 3, 4. What is the composition of the mortars used in laying marble? THE BRICKMAKER. 2. Where do we find the ear- 3, 4. What methods of manufacturing bricks were practised in ancient times? 5. What was the size of the most common bricks employed by the Romans? 6. What is said of the great use of bricks in the United States? 7, 8. Describe the operations of making bricks. 9. What is a day's work for a gang? 11. What is said of machines for making and pressing bricks? 12. What is said of tiles? THE BRICKLAYER. 6. What is said of lime? 1. What is the particular bu7,8,9. What is said of mason-siness of the bricklayer? ry required in situations under water? 10. What is said of the walls of buildings in the construction of which costly stones are employed? 11. What instruments are employed in cutting and laying stone? 13. What was the state of this art in ancient times? 9. What does Hollingshead say of the age preceding that of Queen Elizabeth? THE PLASTERER. 1. In what departments of architecture is plastering more particularly applied? 2. Of what materials is the mortar for the several coats composed? 3. What tools are used by the plasterer? 4. What is said of the use of cornices? and what of their materials, and mode of applica tion? 5. What is said of ornaments of irregular shape? 6, 7. What is said of roughcasting? THE SLATER. 1. For what particular prop 2, 3, 4. Describe the two meth-erty is slate stone valuable? ods of laying brick, mentioned in these paragraphs. 6. What is said of the invention of the chimney? 7. In what part of the house did the Romans locate the hearth or fireplace? 8. What method of heating dwellings was invented in the time of Seneca ? 2, 3. Whence are obtained the slates used in the United States? and how are they pre pared for application? 4. In what manner are slates applied to roofs? 5, 6. What is said of the value of slates, as compared with shingles? and what of metallic roofs ? THE PAINTER, AND THE GLAZIER. THE HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTER. 1. To what does house and sign painting relate? 11. What is said of mixing | what manner, are panes cut to colours for use? any proposed size? 12, 13. What particulars are 2. Name some of the sub-stated in regard to the execution stances employed by this art- of house painting? ist. 3, 4, 5. In what manner is the manufacture of white lead and litharge conducted? 6. What is said of Spanish brown, yellow ochre, terra di sienna, red ochre, and chrome yellow? 7, 8, 9. What is said of linseedoil, and spirits of turpentine? 10. What is said of the preparation of paints? 14, 15. What is meant by graining? and what by ornamental painting? 17. What is said of painting and lettering signs? THE GLAZIER. 1. Describe the operation of fitting and confining panes to window sashes. 3. By what means, and in 4. What is said of the windows in the houses of oriental countries? 5. What substances were used for windows by the Romans? 6. What statement is made by Gregory of Tours, with regard to the employment of glass windows? 7. What does Æneas Sylvius say of glass windows in Vienna, in 1458? 8, 9, 10. What is said of coloured glass? and what of painting on glass? 1. What is said of the extensive application of this art? 2. In what kind of an apparatus is turning performed? 3, 4. How is the wood fastened in the lathe in the different kinds of turning? THE TURNER. 5. What instruments are used in turning wood? and in what manner are they employed? 6. What is said of the grooving tool? and what of instruments for turning metals? 7. What is said of the calipers? 8. In turning different substances, what particular thing is to be especially regarded? 9. What is said of the perfec tion and accuracy of this art? 10. What is said of the antiquity of the lathe ? THE CABINET-MAKER, AND THE UPHOLSTERER. THE CABINET-MAKER. 1. What is the business of the cabinet-maker? 2, 3. What qualifications are required to make a finished cabinet-maker? 4. What is said of the changes continually taking place in the form and construction of furniture ? 5. What kinds of wood are most frequently employed by the cabinet-maker? 6, 7. What circumstances led to the introduction of mahogany as a material for cabinet ware? 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Describe the process of constructig a bureau. 14, 15. With what substances, and in what manner, is the bureau varnished and polished? 17. By what means, and in what manner, are logs of mahogany sawn into thin pieces for veneering? 18. What is said of the different kinds of mahogany? THE UPHOLSTERER. 1. What is the business of the upholsterer? 2, 3, 4. Of what materials are beds and mattresses composed? 5. What is the best material for mattresses? 6. Of what use is drawing in this business? 7. Who are the principal operators in this business? 8. What is said of the skins of beasts as applied for beds? 9. What was the first advancement from the use of skins? 10. What kind of beds did the Romans use? 11. When did the Romans adopt the eastern custom of reclining at their meals ? 12, 13, 14. What particulars are stated regarding this custom? 15. What is said of the origin, use, and manufacturé of carpets? 1. What is said of the use of the chair by the nations of antiquity? 2, 3. What is said of the seats used by the barbarous conquerors of the Roman empire? 4. What is said of our oldfashioned chair? THE CHAIR-MAKER. 5. Where was the Windsor chair first used? and what was its original construction? 6. Whence do the chair-makers obtain their stuff? 7. Describe the Windsor chair. 8. Describe the process of its construction. 9, 10. Describe the process of finishing and ornamenting chairs. 11. What is said of other kinds of chairs made by the common chair-maker? 12. What is said of the manufacture of mahogany chairs? THE CARVER. THE CARVER, AND THE GILDER. 1. What is meant by carving? 2. What is said of the anti! quity of carving in wood? 3. What is said of the application of this art? 4. What is said of the style of Louis the Fourteenth ? 5. In what manner is carving executed? 6 What are the particular | most frequently employed? and qualifications necessary to make a finished carver? THE GILDER. 1. What is said of the union of the two employments, carving and gilding? 2. For what purposes is gilding in what does the process consist? 3, 4. Describe the process of preparing the surface for the application of the metal. 5. With what instrument is the gold leaf applied? What is meant by gilding in oil? 6. How are the ornaments on the frames produced? |