1. What is the business of the cooper? 2, 3. What is said of the antiquity of this art? and what of the substitutes for its productions? THE COOPER. 4. What woods are chiefly employed in this business? 6, 7, 8. Describe the process of making a tub. 9. What is said of the cedar tree? 10. What is said of the operations in oak? What materials are used for hoops? 11. What is said of this business, as connected with the West India trade? 1. What is a wheelwright? 3. Name the principal kinds of wheel carriages. 4. What is said of the division of labour in this business? 5, 6. What are the constituent parts of a wheel? and of what materials are they composed? 7. What kind of wood is employed for the carriage part, and for the frame of the body? 8, 9. To what particular parts of the wheels and carriage does the blacksmith apply iron? potter? THE WHEELWRIGHT. 10. Describe the process of painting, varnishing, and polishing the body of the coach. 12. Where do we find the first authentic notice of the use of wheel carriages ? 19. When were three coaches introduced into Paris? 20. When were coaches introduced into Spain, Portugal, and Sweden? 21. When were coaches intro 13. What is said of chariots duced into England? of war? 14. What is said of the carriages used by the Romans? 15, 16, 17, 18 What is said of the general practice of riding on the back of the horse and mule during the feudal ages? THE POTTER. 1. What is the business of the 21, 22. What is said on the several processes of throwing, turning, pressing, burning, painting and printing, and glazing? 2. What is said of alumine ? 3. How may the various productions of the pottery be classed? 4. What is the material of the common earthen ware? 5, 6. Describe the process of preparing the material for the most common earthen ware. 7, 8. How is the clay prepared for the best kind of this ware? 9, 10, 11. Of what materials are the white and cream-coloured wares made, and how are they prepared for use? 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 1. What is glass? 2. In what manner are quartz pebbles and flints reduced to powder? 3. What alkaline substances are used? 23, 24. What is said of stone ware? 25. Of what materials do the Chinese make porcelain? 26. In what proportions are the materials combined? 27. What is said of the invention, and early manufacture of porcelain ? 28. When, and by whom, were specimens of the materials of porcelain, and a description of the process of the manufacture, sent to France ? THE GLASS-BLOWER. 22. What historical particulars are stated with regard to the coach in England? 23. What is said of the stagecoach? 24. What is said of the manufacture of carriages in the U. States? 4. 5. What metallic oxides are what manner, are the melting used? 6. Describe the furnace in which the materials are melt ed. 7. Of what materials, and in pots made? 8. What fuel is employed in fusing the metal? 10. Is every species of glass ware made at one glass-house? 13, 14, 15, 16. Describe the several methods of blowing window glass. 17. How is the casting of plate glass performed? 18. By what means are such plates rendered good reflectors? 19, 20. Describe the manner in which vessels are formed by the process of moulding. 1. To whom is the word optician applicable? 2. What is light? 3. Explain the terms in this paragraph marked by italics. 4. What is meant by a medium? When are rays said to be refracted, and when reflected? 5. What is a lens? 6. What is an incident ray? and what a reflected ray? 7, 8. Explain the phenomenon illustrated by the cut. 9. Why is this phenomenon called the camera obscura? 10. Point out the several parts of the eye, exhibited by the cut. 11, 12. What is said of the sclerotica, cornea, iris, crystalline lens, vitreous humour, and retina? 13. Explain the theory of vision, as expressed in this paragraph. 21. How is the operation of pressing performed? 22. In what manner is glass annealed? 23. What is said of cut glass? 24. In what does the process of glass cutting consist? 25, 26. What is the usual story of the origin of the invention of glass? THE OPTICIAN. 14. On what is the art of constructing optical instruments founded? 15. What is said of the visual point? 16, 17. From what particular causes do myopy and presbyopy originate? 19. What is the obstacle to viewing small objects at the usual distance? and how is it removed? 20, 21, 22. What is said of microscopes? 23. What is said of the magic lantern? 24, 25. How many kinds of telescopes are there? and how is each kind constructed? 26. Who was the first systematical writer on light? 28. What is said of Alhazen and Vitellio? 27. How early is it supposed that glass was invented? 28. What is said of this manufacture at Alexandria, and at Rome? 29, 30. What is said of its existence in Italy, Germany, and England, in more modern times? 31, 32. What is said of this manufacture in the United States? 29. What particular fact was demonstrated by Roger Bacon? 30, 31. What is said of Maurolicus, and John Baptista Porta? 32, 33. What circumstances led to the invention of the telescope? 34. What particular discoveries were made by John Kepler? 35. How was the fact demonstrated, that vision depends upon the formation of objects upon the retina? 36. Who discovered the velocity of light? and who published the first proposal for a reflecting telescope? 37, 38. What particular discoveries on light and colours were made by Sir Isaac Newton? 39. What is said of the splendour of Sir Isaac Newton's discoveries? GOLD. THE GOLDBEATER, AND THE JEWELLER. 1. What metals are most extensively employed in the arts? 2. What is said of gold as a representative of property? 3. With what metals is gold most frequently alloyed? 4. What division of this metal has been adopted for convenience in commerce? 5. Where is gold found? 6. How is gold separated from foreign matters with which it may be combined? 7. What is meant by sublimation? and for what purpose is the process employed? 8. In what does the process of cupellation consist? 9. For what purpose is the process of parting used? and in what does it consist? 10. What is said of cementation? 11. What amount of gold is yielded by the southern states? THE GOLD-BEATER 1. What is the business of the gold-beater? 2, , 4. Describe the process of gold-beating. 5. How many perfect leaves are obtained from the two ounces and a half of gold? 7. What is said of party gold leaf? and what of Dutch leaf? 8, 9. What is said of gold-beating and gilding among the Ro mans? 10, 11. What is said of gold wire? and what of gold-thread? THE JEWELLER. 1. What is the employment of the jeweller? 2. Name the principal precious stones. 3. In what proportion are precious stones valuable? 4, 5. How are the weight and value of the most precious stones estimated? 6, 8. What is said of the Pitt or Regent diamond? and what of the Effingham or Russian diamond? 8. What is the size of the largest diamond hitherto known? 10. What particular notion increased the value of precious stones in ancient times? 11. Whence originated the art of the gem-engraver, or gemsculptor? 12. What are the productions of gem-sculpture ? 13. By what means does this artist perform his work? 14. What is said of the engraved gems of antiquity? 15 What is said of the imitation of precious stones generally? 16, 17. In what does the busi- 18. Of what metals is the 21. What are pearls ? 23. In what manner is the di- 25. How are the shells and pearls treated? 27. What is said of the value of pearls? 28. What is said of the employment of the gem-engraver and jeweller by Moses? 29. What evidence have we of the high antiquity of the arts connected with the production of jewelry? 30. What is said of the French and English jewellers? 31. What is said of the manufacture of jewelry in the United States? THE SILVERSMITH, AND THE WATCHMAKER. 10, 11. What is said of Henry de Wick's clock? 12. What is said of the application of the pendulum to clock work? 13. What is said of the introduction of the clock into private dwellings? and what of portable clocks? 14. Who constructed the firs: watch? 16. What is said of the invention of the spring balance? 17. What particular inventions and improvements are mentioned in this paragraph? 18, 19. Describe the mechanism of the clock and watch. 21. Where are watches extensively manufactured? THE COPPERSMITH, THE BUTTON-MAKER, &c. COPPER. 4. How are different pieces 1. What kind of a metal is of this metal united? copper? 2, 3. Describe the process by which copper is separated from sulphuretted ores. 4, 5, 6, 7. What is said of the alloys of copper? THE COPPERSMITH. 1. How is copper formed into sheets? 2. For what purposes does the coppersmith employ this metal ? 5. Why is brass applied to a greater variety of purposes in the arts than copper? 6, 7. What is said of the operations in brass? THE BUTTON-MAKER. THE PIN-MAKER. 2, 3, 4. Describe the process of making pins. 6. How are pins numbered and put up? 7. What is said of the origin of this instrument? 8. What was the origin of the phrase, pin-money? 9, 10. What is said of the pin. manufacture in England, and also in some other parts of Europe? • 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Describe the |