NAVIGATION.

134, 607
....137

.132, 168

..4, 73
.184-5
..360

Extent of Inland, 6;
Water Courses suited to, 72; Navi-
gable Rivers, 129; Bays, Sounds, Har-
bors, Rivers, 601, 635.
NEGROES, 31; First Imported, 369; by
whom and number of, 1714-1865, 371;
Free Negroes, 372; Intermixture of
Races, 373; Distribution according to
Elevation and Temperature, 379; Per-
centage in different Regions, 379;
Character of the, 379; First Admission
to Christian Church, 553; Religious
Character of, 554; Trades, 1860, of, 568;
Insane, 574; Criminals, 572. See
Township Reports for Negro Labor,
Wages, &c., &c.

NEWBERRY CO., PIEDMONT: Quality
and Price of Land, Crops, Growth,
Grasses, Granite, Gold, Water-powers,
178-79; Bank of, 154; College, 499;
Schools, 458; Towns and Trading
Points, 710

NUTGRASS;

OATS: ....

.........87, 148

.9, 58, 362

OAKS: 80; 30 Varieties of, 340.
OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE OF
SOUTH CAROLINA, IN 1880: Far-
mers, 93 550; Farm Laborers, 198,147;
Factory Operatives, 2, 314; Clergymen,
1. 165; Physicians, 919; Lawyers, 614;
Teachers, 2, 170, Since 1870 the number
of those engaged in Agriculture has
decreased 4 per cent.; the number of
Lawyers has decreased 46 per cent,;
Clergymen have increased 110 per
cent.; 564-65,

OCONEE CO., ALPINE REGION: Tour-

maline, Lead, Gold, Silver, Copper,
Graphite, Mica, Corundum, 137, 186;
Soils, Water Falls, Winds. Springs,
Climate, 187; College at Walhalla, 501 ;
Township Reports, 378; See Title
Alpine Region; Towns and Trading
Stations, 693.

OIL: Of Cotton Seed and Meal; the Man-
ufacture and Value of, 597.

.137

..361

PACOLET: A Remarkable Fruit Region
in Fairforest and Pacolet Townships,
Spartanburg Co.. lying in the Ther-
mal Belt, not Liable to Frost, 144, 180.
PALAEOZOIC ROCKS OF SOUTH CARO-
LINA
........131, 133
PALMETTO: 18; Varieties of, 342.
PARIS GREEN: For Cotton Caterpillar, 37
PAUPERS.

PEACH..

PEA NUTS

..557
122, 144

121

.....61
...80

PEA, As a Fertilizer..
PEE DEE: Herring in the....
PIEDMONT REGION: Water Courses of
the, 129; Geological Formation of the,
130-136; Ores and Minerals, 137; Soils,
139-143; Climate, 144; Growth and
Productions, 146; Statistics of Farms,
Crops Stock, 149; Systems of Labor
and Farming in the, 153-160; See
Counties of Abbeville, Anderson, Ches-
ter, Edgefield, Fairfield, Greenville, Lan-
caster, Laurens, Newberry, Spartanburg,
York.

PICKENS CO., ALPINE REGION: Asbe-
tos, Copper, Feldspar, Iron, Mica, Lime
stone, Spinel Rubies, Steatite, 137, 186;
Towns and Trading Stations, 716.
PINNACLE, MOUNTAIN: The Highest
Point of South Carolina, 185,
PINCKNEY, GEN. C. C.: Water Culture
for Rice introduced by, 9.

PINES: Short and Long Leaf, 114, 121;
18 Varieties of in South Carolina, 342
PINE BELT, THE LOWER: Physical
and Geological Features of, 44-47.
Phosphate Rock, ib. ; Soils, 52; Growth,
53; Climate, 54; Area of, 55; Rice
Culture, Dry and Wet-General Sta-
tistics, 56; Area of Fertile Swamp
Lands in, 57; Systems of Labor and
Farming in, 59. Housing Crops in,
63. See Charleston, Clarendon, Colleton,
Georgetown, Hampton, Horry, Marion,
Williamsburg.

PINE BELT, THE UPPER: Geological
and Physical Features of, 71, 73; Water
Courses, 72; Soil Analyses of, 74-6;
Climate, Growth, 79; Productions,
Statistics of Farms, Grain, Cotton,
Live Stock, 81; Systems of Farming,
Contracts, Wages, Liens, 82-6; Plant-
ing, Housing and Shipping Crops in, 50.
See Barnwell, Darlington, Marion, Marl-
boro, Orangeburg, Sumter,
PHOSPHATE ROCK: Theories concern-
ing the Formation of, 49; the Location
and Extent of the Formation-the
Companies now engaged in mining
the, 47-52.

PLANTS: Native and Naturalized, of
South Carolina, 312–357.

PLEIOCENE AND POST-PLEIOCENE
FORMATIONS, 14, 20,

PLOWING: 33, 34, 60, 80; Steam Plow for
Rice, 57.

POLYTHALAMIA.....
PORT ROYAL....

.47
..92, 663

POTATOES: Sweet, 25, 69; Irish, 362.
PREPARATION FOR MARKET OF SEA

ISLAND COTTON, 37; Uplands, 63.
PRESSES: Cotton, in use, 92, 594..
PRESBYTERIANS: Institutions of learn-

ing founded by; Erskine College, 492;
Adger College, 501; Columbia Theo-
logical Seminary, 502; Due West Fe-
male College, 517; Brainard, Fairfield |
Normal Institute, 528; Early Church
of the, 552; Relative Standing in 1850-
'60-70; of the Church of the, 555.
PRESS OF SOUTH CAROLINA: Papers,
Religious, Political; Periodicals, Ex-
tinet and Extant; Printing, Publish- ¦
ing and Binding Establishments, 529-
534.

PROPERTY: Laws of......
.439
POPULATION: Indians, 364; Negroes,
369, 371; Free Negroes, 372; Increase
of the Black, ib; Distribution of the,
375; Percentage of Colored, 379; Chro-
nological and Census Tables from
1790-1880 of the different Pursuits of
the, 391; as to Sexes and Ages, Com-
parative Tables, 392-6; Dwellings and
Families, 398; Comparative Mortality
in South Carolina to that of other
States upon the aggregate and classi
fied, 401-408; Diseases of the, 412.
QUARRIES: Of Kaolin, 120; of Granite,
164, 172, 180, 193, 608; of Building
Rock, 164.
QUARTZ.....

RAILROADS.

by, 148.

RICHLAND CO., SAND HILL REGION;
Lies on the dividing line between the
recent and very ancient formations:
Growth, Productions, Climate and
Statistics of, 121–6; See Columbia, 68;
and other Towns and Trading Sta-
tions, 699-701.

RICE: Early Export of, 9; Water-Culture
introduced in 1784; Mills for Cleaning
Rice invented by Lucas, i; Exports
in 1828, 1850, 1870, 10; Dry and Wet
Culture in Lower Pine Belt, 56; Area
Adapted to Water-Culture. Process of
Cultivation, Price of Land and Product
of, 57; Protective Tarifi on, 58.
RIVERS AND CREEKS OF SOUTH
CAROLINA, affording Inland Coast
Navigation, 4-6; Navigable Streams
in the Lower Pine Belt, 45; in the
Sand Hill Region, 118; Synoptical
Table of all the Rivers and Creeks in
the State, 129; with the Water-Powers
afforded by each of them, 204.
ROTATION OF CROPS......61, 87, 158, 191

46-7
.39

.629. 634

RAIN FALL: In Piedmont, 144, 187; in
the State, Average, 199.
RATTLESNAKES: Four varieties of, 235
RECLAIMED LANDS....
......77, 78
REGIONS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Seven:
I. Coast, 14; II. Lower Pine Belt, 44;
III. Upper Pine Belt, 71; IV. Red
Hill, 110; V. Sand Hill, 117; VI.
Piedmont, 126; VII Alpine, 183.
RED HILL REGION: The trend of this
narrow belt, which embraces the
"Ridge" and the "High Hills of San-
tee" below the Sand Hills, whose pro-
trusion occasionally interrupts it, fol-
lows that of the other regions, 110;
Geological Features of the, 111; Soils,
112; Climate, Growth, 114; and Statis-
ties of the, 115; Wedgefield, High
Priced Lands of, 116.

RENT: See Township Reports.
REPTILES OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 234–
240.

.383, 425
SEA ISLANDS: Formation of, 15; Char-
acter of, 18, 19.

STACKHOUSE, E. T.: Cost of Cotton
Crop, 96,

STEAMBOATS: Charges for Transporta-
tion of Cotton, 92.
STEATITE, OR SOAPSTONE, 119, 137,
167, 174, 186.
STOCK LAW:
the, 443.
STOCK, Live, on Coast, 24; Lower Pine
Belt, 55; Upper ditto, 82; Red Hill,
116; Sand Hills, 124; Piedmont, 150;
Alpine, 190. See Tables II., III., IV., V.
STORMS..
..187-198

Counties Exempted from

ST. HELENA: Negro Farmers............31
STRATA: Order of Superposition in
South Carolina, 4.

SUBSIDENCE OF COAST.
SUBMERGENCE

SUGAR LOAF MOUNTAIN..

.15

...15

........117

dian Boats and Early Exports, 612;
Indian Trade of Charleston, 1707, ex-
tended 1000 Miles Inland, 614; Early
Road and Ferry Acts, 615; Two Lines
of Traffic till 1775; Upper Country
Trades with Virginia and the Low
Country through Charleston, Later
Road and Ferry Acts to connect Two
Distinct Peoples of South Carolina,
617-21; Canal System, 623-6; Steam-
boat Navigation, 627; Charleston and
Hamburg Railroad, 629, Public Spirit
and Enterprise of Charleston, ib. : De-
velopment of Railroads results in re-
newing old divergence of Trade Routes,
633-34; Cost of Wagon, Steamboat and
Railway Transportation, 658.

133

WATERMELONS..

56

.121